1,721,057 research outputs found
I disturbi emozionali associati a malattie neurologiche.
No full textLe emozioni sono risposte complesse dell’organismo a stimoli adeguati, che si manifestano con specifici repertori di azioni e con modificazioni dello stato interno, che possiamo osservare e misurare. In questo capitolo prenderemo in esame come si modifica la percezione e l’espressione delle emozioni in seguito a specifiche lesioni o malattie neurologiche. Studiando il riconoscimento delle espressioni emozionali del volto, è stato possibile dimostrare che il riconoscimento di alcune espressioni può essere colpito in modo selettivo. Ciò dimostra che non esiste un unico «centro» o un unico «circuito» per le emozioni, ma che diverse strutture entrano in gioco per rappresentare la percezione di diverse emozioni e le risposte collegate
Recognition of emotions from visual and prosodic cues in Parkinson's disease
No full textOBJECTIVE: To assess whether Parkinson Disease (PD) patients are impaired at perceiving emotions from facial and prosodic cues and whether any putative defective performance concerns recognition of a particular emotion. BACKGROUND: Braak et al. [1] demonstrated that in different stages PD pathology involves the nigrostriatal system, the amygdala, and the insular cortex. Discrete brain lesions to these structures can cause selective deficits in recognising facial and prosodic stimuli expressing particular emotions. However, the investigation of facial and prosodic emotional processing in PD patients has lead to conflicting results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 27 cognitively unimpaired PD patients with control subjects by means of the Facial Emotion Recognition Battery and the Emotional Prosody Recognition Battery. RESULTS: PD patients were impaired in recognising, selecting, and matching facial affects. In particular, the Facial Emotion Recognition Battery demonstrated a severe impairment in recognising sad and fearful faces. In the Emotional Prosody Recognition Battery PD patients demonstrated a diffuse impairment, including the recognition of emotional and propositional prosody. CONCLUSIONS: Face emotion processing is impaired in PD patients, with a disproportionate deficit involving fear and sadness. The pattern of face expression processing impairment in PD patients might depend on the regional distribution of the pathology. The widespread involvement of both emotional and propositional prosodic processing parallels the aprosodic characteristics of Parkinsonian speech production
Recognising a hand by grasp
No full textThe present study aimed to demonstrate that motor representations are used to recognise biological stimuli. In three experiments subjects were required to judge laterality of hands and forearms presented by pictures. The postures of the hands were those assumed when holding a small, medium and large sphere. In experiment 1, the sphere held in hand was presented, whereas in experiment 2 it was absent. In experiment 3, the same images, showing holding-a-sphere hands, as in experiment 1 were presented, but without forearm. In all experiments one finger of each hand could be absent. In experiment 1 recognition time was longer for those hand postures for which the corresponding grasping motor acts required more accuracy. This was confirmed by a control experiment (experiment 4), in which subjects actually grasped the spheres. Absence of fingers did not influence right–left hand recognition. However, the absence of target object in experiment 2, and of forearm in experiment 3 reduced the effects of the type of holding on hand laterality recognition. The results of the present study indicate that grasp representations are used to recognise hand laterality. In particular, the visual description of how hand and object interact in space (the opposition space [M.A. Arbib, Programs, schemas and neural networks for control of hand movement: beyond the RS frameworks, in: M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and Performance XIII: Motor Representation and Control, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990, 111–138; M.A. Arbib, T. Iberall, D. Lyons, Coordinated control programs for movements of the hand, in: A.W. Goodman, I. Darian-Smith (Eds.), Hand function and the neocortex, Springer, Berlin, 1985, pp. 135–170]) and the anchoring of the hand to the agent are the features of the grasp representations used in hand-recognition processes. The data are discussed according to the more general notion that motor representations are automatically extracted in the process of intuiting situations, or people's intentions. These motor representations, which are compared with those of other people, contain concrete information on the actions (the motor program) by which a situation is created and on the aim of the agents executing those actions
Parole ed emozioni: Come il significato delle parile si riflette nell’attività cerebrale
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Impaired control of an action after supplementary motor area lesion: A case study
No full textThe kinematics of the action formed by reaching±grasping an object and placing it on a second target was studied in a patient
who su ered from an acute vascular left brain lesion, which a ected the Supplementary Motor Area proper (SMA-proper)
(Matelli M, Luppino G. Thalamic input to mesial and superior area 6 in the macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative
Neurology 1996;372:59±87, Matelli M, Luppino G, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G. Thalamic input to inferior area 6 and area 4 in the
macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1989;280:468±488), and in ®ve healthy control subjects. The reach kinematics of the controls was a ected by the positions of both the reaching±grasping and the placing targets (Gentilucci M,
Negrotti A, Gangitano M. Planning an action. Experimental Brain Research 1997;115:116±28). In contrast, the reach kinematics
of the patient was a ected only by the position of the reaching±grasping target. By comparing these results with those
previously found in Parkinson's disease patients executing the same action (Gentilucci M, Negrotti A. Planning and executing an
action in Parkinson's disease patients. Movement Disorders 1999;1:69±79, Gentilucci M, Negrotti A. The control of an action in
Parkinson's disease. Experimental Brain Research 1999;129:269±277), we suggest that the anatomical ``motor'' circuit formed by SMA-proper (see above), Basal Ganglia (BG) and Thalamus (Alexander GE, Crutcher MD. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends in the Neurosciences 1990;13:266±271, Hoover JE, Strick PL.
Multiple output channels in the basal ganglia. Nature 1993;259:819±821) may be involved in the control of actions: SMA-proper assembles the sequence of the action, whereas BG updates its parameters and stores them
Temporal Production and Visuo-Spatial Processing
No full textCurrent models of prospective timing hypothesize that estimated duration is influenced either by the attentional load or by the short-term memory requirements of a concurrent nontemporal task. In the present study, we addressed this issue with four dual-task experiments. In Exp. 1, the effect of memory load on both reaction time and temporal production Was proportional to the number of items of a visuospatial pattern to hold in memory. In Exps. 2, 3, and 4, a temporal production task was combined with two visual search tasks involving either pre-attentive or attentional processing. Visual tasks interfered with temporal production: produced intervals were lengthened proportionally to the display size. In contrast, reaction times increased with display size only when a serial, effortful search was required. It appears that memory and perceptual set size, rather than nonspecific attentional or short-term load, can influence prospective timing
Gains and losses in intertemporal preferences: a behavioural study
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate individual behavior in choosing symmetric monetary gains and losses under certainty. As in previous research, results showed that gains and losses are not equal and seem to be drawn by different internal principles of choice. Subjects preferred to lose sooner in time against average or high losses. Furthermore, considering the proportional difference between short and long-term alternatives of choice, the percentage of responses for early outcomes was increasing for losses and decreasing for gains
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