7,309 research outputs found
Clinical characteristics of erythropoietin-associated pure red cell aplasia.
No full textRecombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) was first used for the treatment of anemia resulting from renal disease in 1986. During the first 10 years of its use, there were only three cases of epoetin-induced antibodies reported, which resulted in pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). Between 1998 and 2002, 191 chronic kidney disease patients developed PRCA during the course of epoetin treatment. Clinical characteristics of patients with PRCA include an absolute resistance to epoetin therapy, with a rapid development of severe anemia and very low reticulocyte count. In addition, patients developed high titre, high affinity neutralizing antibodies, which are detectable by immunoassays. The diagnosis of PRCA requires the onset of severe anemia, erythropoietin neutralizing antibodies in circulation, the lack of red cell precursors in the bone marrow aspirate, and normal to elevated transferrin saturation. Patients require blood transfusions to maintain an acceptable level of hemoglobin. Cessation of epoetin treatment alone does not improve PRCA. Patients have required immunosuppressive treatment. However, the most efficacious treatment has been kidney transplantation accompanied by immunosuppressive agents that prevent organ rejection. Evaluating patients receiving recombinant epeoetin therapy who experience a sudden loss of epoetin efficacy for the possibility of antibody-mediated PRCA is crucial. Timely identification and treatment of this rare syndrome can prevent the development of severe red blood cell transfusion requirements and the potential complications of iron overload, which results from these transfusions
Cybaeus torosus Bennett & Copley & Copley 2019, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus torosus Bennett spec. nov. Figs 54–55, 71 Type material. Holotype ♀. U.S.A.: California: Alameda County [no other locality data], 22 March 1941, W.M. Pearce (AMNH). Paratypes. U.S.A.: California: Alameda. 3♀, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin for “muscular, bulging” and refers to the resemblance of the vulva of this species in dorsal view to a muscle-flexing body-builder. Diagnosis. The male is unknown. The female of C. torosus is unlikely to be confused with females of other adenes group species and is distinguished by a combination of features of the atrium and the copulatory ducts. The atrium is inverted, U-shaped, and widest posteriorly (Fig. 54). The outer lateral margins of the copulatory ducts are clearly visible through the integument in ventral uncleared view of the epigynum (Fig. 54) and the ducts themselves are broad and lightly sclerotized anteriorly at their origin at the atrium and narrowed and heavily sclerotized closer to the spermathecal heads (Fig. 55). Description. Abdomen very dark; femora lightly banded. Female: (n=4). Length of atrium (from epigastric groove to anterior margin) about twice width (between lateral margins) (Fig. 55). (n=4). CL 2.6–3.0 (2.9), CW 1.70–2.10 (1.93), SL 1.24–1.43 (1.35), SW 1.12–1.30 (1.25). Holotype CL 2.9, CW 1.93, SL 1.35, SW 1.29. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Alameda County on the east side of San Francisco Bay in west central California (Fig. 71).Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2019, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade, pp. 245-274 in Zootaxa 4711 (2) on pages 265-268, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/357693
Cybaeus coylei Bennett & Copley & Copley 2021, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus coylei Bennett spec. nov. Figs 8–10, 13–15, 41 Type material. Holotype male. U.S.A.: California: Tuolumne County ¸ Pinecrest, 10.9.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V. D. Roth (AMNH). Paratype. U.S.A.: California: Tuolumne. 1♀, Pinecrest, 10.9.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V. D. Roth (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honouring arachnid ethologist and systematist Frederick A. Coyle, a valued friend and early mentor who guided Robb Bennett through his initial graduate work and with whom he experienced memorable road and field trips; name in genitive case. Diagnosis. Cybaeus coylei spec. nov. is grouped with C. aspenicolens and C. blasbes in the informal aspenicolens subgroup. Distinguishing the aspenicolens and fraxineus subgroups is discussed in the aspenicolens species group diagnosis. The male of C. coylei spec. nov. is diagnosed by the relatively smoothly curved retrolateral margin of the massive, blunt patellar apophysis with about 2 dozen very small peg setae dorsally (Figs 8, 13) as well as the strong dorsal deflection of the tip of the proximal arm of the tegular apophysis (Fig. 10) such that much of the proximal arm is hidden in ventral view (Fig. 9). The female of C. coylei spec. nov. is diagnosed primarily by the form of the epigynum (Fig. 14) which lacks any significant sclerotization and the relatively inconspicuous epigynal depression with a weakly defined anterior margin. Diagnostic differences distinguishing other species of the aspenicolens subgroup from specimens of C. coylei spec. nov. are discussed under C. aspenicolens. Description. Ventral tibia I macrosetae: 2–1p–2–1p– 1p. Male: (n=1). About 40 or 50 stout peg setae retrolaterally on massive, blunt patellar apophysis; about two dozen very small peg setae dorsally (Figs 8, 13). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis (Figs 9–10) strongly deflected dorsally; large, broad, retrolaterally uncinate with tip weakly corkscrewed. Measurements. Holotype CL 3.3, CW 2.43, SL 1.55, SW 1.50. Female: (n=1). Atrium (Fig. 14) with paired unobscured openings; epigynal depression poorly developed, not strongly bordered anteriorly. Vulval ducts (Fig. 15) contiguous from posterior end of copulatory ducts nearly to location of Bennett’s glands, apparently not joined anteriorly. Measurements. CL 3.4, CW 2.35, SL 1.55, SW 1.48. Distribution. Known only from the type locality on the western flank of the southern Sierra Nevada in Tuolumne County (Fig. 41).Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2021, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the aspenicolens species group of the Californian clade, pp. 224-244 in Zootaxa 4926 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/450608
Cybaeus pearcei Bennett & Copley & Copley 2019, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus pearcei Bennett spec. nov. Figs 33–34, 71 Type material. Holotype ♀. U.S.A.: California: Alameda County, Calaveras Dam, 15 March 1939, W.M. Pearce (AMNH). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honoring W.M. Pearce, the collector of the only known specimen of this species. Diagnosis. The female of C. pearcei is characterized by its small atrium (Figs 33–34): strongly concave and inverted U–shaped with inconspicuous relatively narrowly separated parallel lateral margins and length (from epigastric groove to anterior margin) 2.5–3.0 times width (between lateral margins). Other females of the adenes group that possess strongly concave inverted atria have the margins farther apart and not usually parallel and length to width ratios of 1.2–2.0 (C. adenes: Figs 4, 9; C. amicus: Figs 15–16; C. grizzlyi: Fig. 30; C. sanbruno: Figs 47–48; C. schusteri: Fig. 53; C. torosus: Fig. 54). The male is unknown. Description. Femora unbanded. Female: (n=1). Copulatory ducts (Fig. 34) attached to anterolateral margins of atrium, nearly contiguous anteriorly; Bennett’s glands small and inconspicuous although possibly the specimen is newly matured and the glands are not fully developed (see Bennett 2006). Holotype CL 2.00, CW 1.38, SL 1.03, SW 0.98. Distribution. Known only from the type locality near the southern boundary of Alameda County in west central California (Fig. 71).Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2019, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade, pp. 245-274 in Zootaxa 4711 (2) on pages 256-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/357693
Greek Myth and Religion in the Sicilian Context
No full textThe paper provides a complete panorama of the divine and heroic figures specific to Sicilian cultural contexts. It focuses on a number of mythological threads that are documented by iconographic sources and that define the ethnic and civic, political, and sociocultural identities of communities, groups, or individuals, as well as the island's religious landscape, in all its public, domestic, and funerary manifestations
Cybaeus viator Bennett & Copley & Copley 2022, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus viator Bennett spec. nov. Figs 37–39, 43–48, 50 Type material. U.S.A.: California: Holotype male. Colusa County, two miles northwest of Fouts Springs, 17.x.1955, Schuster, (AMNH). Paratypes. Colusa. 1♂ 4♀, 2 mi. NW of Fouts Springs, 17.x.1955, Schuster, (AMNH); Lake, 1♂, Paul Hoberg Airport, nr. Howard Springs, 21.ii.1954, no collector (CAS); Mendocino. 2♀, 4.2 mi. S of Piercy, 17.ii.1967, V. D. Roth (CAS). Etymology. The specific name is taken from the Latin for “wayfarer” and refers to the resemblance of the patellar apophysis in dorsal and retrolateral views to the universal hitchhiker's thumb gesture. Diagnosis. The male of C. viator spec. nov. is diagnosed by the form of the patellar apophysis (Figs 43–44) and the proximal arm of the tegular apophysis (Figs 45–46, 48) and is discussed in the diagnoses of C. chauliodous and C. somesbar. The female of C. viator spec. nov. is distinguished by the small, parenthesis-like atrial openings (Figs 37–30) and the reduced vulval ducting (Figs 38–39); these characteristics are discussed in the diagnoses of C. chauliodous, C. lockeae spec. nov., C. septatus, and C. somesbar. Description. As in diagnosis. Other descriptive characters are presented here. Ventral tibia I macrosetae 2–1p(or 0)–2–1p–0. Femora very lightly banded ventrally in some specimens. Male (n=3). Patellar apophysis (Figs 43–44, 47) longer than width of patella; tip angular and arched dorsally; up to six peg setae with usually three on tip and one, slightly larger, isolated near middle of patellar apophysis. Measurements (n=3). CL 2.10, 2.18, 2.40; CW 1.55, 1.65, 1.80; SL 1.05, 1.09, 1.20; SW 0.99, 1.05, 1.11. Holotype largest specimen. Female (n=6). Vulva (Figs 38–39) heavily sclerotized with very thick walls; spermathecal stalks very short, nearly linear, not contiguous; spermathecal bases relatively small. Measurements (n=4). CL 2.05–2.23 (2.15), CW 1.38–1.50 (1.45), SL 1.03–1.12 (1.07), SW 0.98–1.04 (1.00). Distribution and natural history. (Fig. 50) Mendocino, Lake, and Colusa Counties in central northwestern California. The males were collected in October and February.Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2022, The Californian clade of Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) in the Nearctic: the septatus species group and three unplaced species, pp. 189-223 in Zootaxa 5100 (2) on pages 201-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/614551
Cybaeus schusteri Bennett & Copley & Copley 2019, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus schusteri Bennett spec. nov. Figs 50–53, 65–66, 70 Type material. Holotype ♂. U.S.A.: California: Napa County, 10 miles south of Monticello, 6 January 1957, R. O. Schuster (AMNH). Paratypes. U.S.A.: California: Napa. 1♀, 5 mi. S of Monticello, 6.i.1957, R. O. Schuster (AMNH); 2♀, 10 mi. S of Monticello, 16.iii.1956, R. O. Schuster (AMNH); 1♀, 10 mi. S of Monticello, 17.ii.1957, R. O. Schuster (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honouring the late R.O. Schuster who collected the holotype and paratypes of this species. Diagnosis. The male of C. schusteri is diagnosed by the combination of about ten small peg setae arranged linearly along the dorsal surface and tip of the patellar apophysis (Fig. 51) and, on the proximal arm of the tegular apophysis (Figs 50, 65–66), the bifid tip with the terminations small, not pincer-like, and only slightly convergent and the presence of a small but prominent angular dorsal keel. Although no other male of the adenes group has this combination of characters, the males of C. schusteri and C. sanbruno can be confused; see the diagnosis of C. sanbruno for further discussion. The female is distinguished by the inverted vase-shaped atrium which is narrowest anteriorly and widest posteriorly (Fig. 53). It may be difficult to differentiate some females of this species from females of C. adenes and C. grizzlyi. See the diagnosis of C. adenes for further discussion. Description. Femora unbanded. Male: (n=1). Small inconspicuous retrolateral ridge anteriorly on tibia dorsal to carinate retrolateral tibial apophysis (Fig. 51). Holotype. CL 1.73, CW 1.30, SL 0.94, SW 0.86. Female. (n=4). Length of atrium (from epigastric groove to anterior margin) about twice width (between lateral margins) (Fig. 53). Vulva (Fig. 53) as for C. adenes. CL 1.75–2.10 (1.94), CW 1.26–1.45 (1.35), SL 0.94– 1.09 (1.02), SW 0.85–0.99 (0.93). Note. The female of C. adenes from near St. Helena, Napa County (Figs 9–11), may prove to be a specimen of C. schusteri. Males and a larger sample of females from that area are needed to determine if one or both of C. adenes and C. schusteri occur in the St. Helena area. Distribution. Monticello area near south end of Lake Berryessa, Napa County, in west central California (Fig. 70).Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2019, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade, pp. 245-274 in Zootaxa 4711 (2) on pages 264-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/357693
Cybaeus wilsonia Bennett & Copley & Copley 2021, spec. nov.
No full textCybaeus wilsonia Bennett spec. nov. Figs 17–19, 23–25, 28, 31–32 Type material. U.S.A.: California: Holotype male. Tulare County, Wilsonia, Kings Canyon National Park, 13.ix.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V.D. Roth (AMNH). Paratypes. Tulare. 3♀, Wilsonia, Kings Canyon National Park, 13.ix.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V.D. Roth (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. The male of C. wilsonia spec. nov. is unlikely to be confused with the males of C. bilectus spec. nov. or C. bryoncavus spec. nov., the other members of the devius species group with known males. The male of C. wilsonia spec. nov. is diagnosed by the narrow elongate distal arm of the tegular apophysis (length about 2.5 times width) (Fig. 24) and the laterally projecting patellar apophysis which is about as long as the width of the patella, somewhat concave dorsally, and has about 15 peg setae scattered dorsally about the distal half (Figs 23, 28). The female of C. wilsonia spec. nov. is diagnosed by the form and configuration of the vulval components (Figs 18–19) and is only likely to be confused with the females of C. devius or C. echo spec. nov. Distinguishing the females of these three species is discussed under C. devius. Description. Tibia I ventral macrosetae 2-1p-2-1p-0. Femora very lightly banded or unbanded. Male: (n=1). Embolus (Fig. 24) relatively broad and ribbon-like, about twice the thickness of the emboli in males of C. bilectus spec. nov. and C. bryoncavus spec. nov. Proximal arm of tegular apophysis (Figs 24–25, 30) simple, elongate, acuminate, basally swollen. Measurements (n=1). CL 2.13, CW 1.68, SL 1.12, SW 1.08. Female: (n=3). See note under description of C. devius. Atrium (Figs 17–18) very small, about 1/4 width of vulva. Spermathecal heads exit vulval ducts ventrally posterior to region enclosed by copulatory ducts, dorsolaterally deflected (Figs 18–19). Measurements (n=3). CL 1.95, 2.08, 2.30; CW 1.38, 1.43, 1.63; SL 1.01, 1.07, 1.18; SW 1.00, 1.04, 1.11. Distribution and natural history. (Fig. 32). Known only from the type locality on the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada in Kings Canyon National Park in Tulare County. All known specimens were collected in September.Published as part of Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2021, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) in the Nearctic: the devius and tardatus species groups of the Californian clade, pp. 451-479 in Zootaxa 5026 (4) on pages 460-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5026.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/530063
Neocybaeina xantha Bennett & Copley & Copley 2023, comb. nov.
No full text<i>Neocybaeina xantha</i> (Chamberlin and Ivie) comb. nov. <p>Figs 18, 29–39, 84</p> <p> <i>Cybaeina xantha</i> Chamberlin and Ivie 1937: 225, fig. 65. Roewer 1954: 87. Bonnet 1956: 1296. Roth and Brown 1986: 2. World Spider Catalog 2023.</p> <p>“New genus #2” Bennett 2005: 88, figs 22.37, 22.39, 22.44; Bennett 2017: 99, figs 23.37, 23.39, 22.44.</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> U.S.A.: Oregon: Holotype female. Douglas County, Comstock [approximately 32 miles south of Eugene], 9.ix.1935, R.V. Chamberlin & W. Ivie (AMNH). <b>Note:</b> Epigyne and vulva of holotype have been lost.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> <b> U.S.A.: <i>Oregon</i>:</b> Coos, 1♁, Charleston, 9.viii.1941, B. Malkin (AMNH); 1♁, Camp Myrtlewood, S of Bridge, 28.vii.1954, V.D. Roth (CAS); 5♁ 1♀, Camp Myrtlewood, S of Bridge, 27.vii/4. viii.1954, V.D. Roth (CAS); 1♀, 3 mi. N of Bandon, 30.ix.1959, V.D. Roth (CAS); Douglas, 1♁, Bogus Creek, E of Glide, 23.vii.1962, V.D. Roth (CAS); 2♀, Comstock, 7.i.1950, V.D. Roth (CAS); 1♀, 9 mi. SW of Cottage Grove, 23.viii.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V.D. Roth (AMNH); 2♀, Idleyld Park, North Umpqua R., 23.viii.1959, W.J. Gertsch & V.D. Roth (AMNH); 3♀, 27 mi. E of Roseburg, 26.viii.1955, V.D. Roth (CAS); 7♀, 32 mi. E of Roseburg, Bogus Creek Forest Camp, 13.ix.1955, V.D. Roth & Capizzi (CAS); 4♁, Susan Creek, E of Glide, 23.vii.1962, V.D. Roth (CAS); Lane, 1♀, Oakridge, vi.1952, S. Mulaik & D. Mulaik (AMNH); 1♁, 7 mi. S of Cottage Grove, 1/ 15. vii.1953, V.D. Roth (CAS); 1♁ 1♀, 9 mi. S of Cottage Grove, 24.vii.1962, V.D. Roth (CAS).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Distinguishing the male of <i>N. xantha</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> is discussed in the genus diagnosis. Distinguishing the female of <i>N. xantha</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> from that of <i>N. burnetti</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> is discussed in the diagnosis of <i>N. burnetti</i> <b>spec. nov.</b></p> <p> <b>Description.</b> As in diagnosis and description of the genus and the diagnosis of <i>N. burnetti</i> <b>spec. nov.</b> Additional descriptive characters presented here. Abdomen usually patterned (holotype unmarked), legs unbanded.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>: (n=14). Patellar apophysis (Figs 18, 31–34) elongate, curved dorsally, with tapered tip bearing three to six peg setae. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (Figs 31–35) with medial component present but greatly reduced, usually represented by a single short stout basally articulated seta (or, occasionally, a rigid spine-like process) situated distal to dorsal row of tibial trichobothria (Fig. 35), rarely such a seta or process absent; distal component of retrolateral tibial apophysis nearly as long as tibia, somewhat swollen anterolaterally. Genital bulb (Fig. 29–30) with embolus moderately long, thin; proximal arm of tegular apophysis laterally flattened with short, acuminate tip.</p> <p>Measurements (n=12). CL 1.78–2.18 (1.96+0.13), CW 1.33–1.70 (1.47+0.11), SL 1.00–1.17 (1.10+0.06), SW 0.94–1.07 (1.01+0.04).</p> <p> <i>Female</i>: (n=20). Atrium (Figs 36, 38–39) anteriorly located on epigyne, inconspicuous (barely discernible in uncleared epigynes). Vulva (Figs 37–39) with copulatory ducts separated; spermathecal heads at anterior margin of spermathecae, undifferentiated from spermathecal stalks; stalks short; Bennett’s glands large, conspicuous; spermathecal bases usually visible through epigynal integument (Fig. 36), large, bulbous, rounded with short, slightly constricted anterior region adjacent to Bennett’s glands gradually expanding into posterior bulbous region; fertilization ducts attached to ventral surface of posterior region of bases.</p> <p>Measurements (n=15). CL 1.55–1.95 (1.73+0.11), CW 1.10–1.33 (1.27+0.10), SL 0.91–1.04 (0.96+0.05), SW 0.81–0.94 (0.86+0.04). Holotype CL 1.58, CW 1.20, SL 0.91, SW 0.81.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and natural history.</b> (Fig. 84). <i>Neocybaeina xantha</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> is known only from Coos, Douglas, and Lane Counties of western Oregon, U.S.A. where it has been recorded from the southern upland reaches of the Willamette Valley to the southwestern slopes of the coastal mountains. Males have been collected from July to early August. This species was most recently recorded in 1962 and its conservation status is unknown.</p>Published as part of <i>Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2023, Revision of the western Nearctic spider genus Cybaeina including the description of Neocybaeina gen. nov. and Rothaeina gen. nov. (Araneae: Cybaeidae: Cybaeinae), pp. 97-129 in Zootaxa 5318 (1)</i> on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.1.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8158357">http://zenodo.org/record/8158357</a>
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestispopulations: significant negative impacts on survival
No full text1. Cowpox virus is an endemic virus circulating in populations of wild rodents. It has been implicated as a potential cause of population cycles in field voles Microtus agrestis L., in Britain, owing to a delayed density-dependent pattern in prevalence, but its impact on field vole demographic parameters is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that wild field voles infected with cowpox virus have a lower probability of survival than uninfected individuals. 2. The effect of cowpox virus infection on the probability of an individual surviving to the next month was investigated using longitudinal data collected over 2 years from four grassland sites in Kielder Forest, UK. This effect was also investigated at the population level, by examining whether infection prevalence explained temporal variation in survival rates, once other factors influencing survival had been controlled for. 3. Individuals with a probability of infection, P(I), of 1 at a time when base survival rate was at median levels had a 22.4% lower estimated probability of survival than uninfected individuals, whereas those with a P(I) of 0.5 had a 10.4% lower survival. 4. At the population level, survival rates also decreased with increasing cowpox prevalence, with lower survival rates in months of higher cowpox prevalence. 5. Simple matrix projection models with 28 day time steps and two stages, with 71% of voles experiencing cowpox infection in their second month of life (the average observed seroprevalence at the end of the breeding season) predict a reduction in 28-day population growth rate during the breeding season from λ = 1.62 to 1.53 for populations with no cowpox infection compared with infected populations. 6. This negative correlation between cowpox virus infection and field vole survival, with its potentially significant effect on population growth rate, is the first for an endemic pathogen in a cyclic population of wild rodents
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