395 research outputs found
Featured Speaker: Dwayne Reed
No full textDwayne Reed is an educator, speaker, author, and rapper. Catapulted by his blockbuster video Welcome to the Fourth Grade, Mr. Reed has been featured on Good Morning America, World News Tonight, BBC News, The Jimmy Kimmel Live Show, and in The Washington Post and Time Magazine. Mr. Reed, an EIU graduate, will share about his teaching journey to guide you on yours
Property Rights, Labor Markets, and Efficiency in a Transition Economy: The Case of Rural China
No full textThis paper investigates the consequences of imperfect and uneven factor market development for farm efficiency in rural China. In particular, we estimate the extent to which an inverse relationship in farm productivity can be attributed to the administrative (instead of market) allocation of land, and the extent of unevenly developed non-agricultural opportunities. Using a recently collected household survey, we show that a considerable amount of inefficiency exists in the countryside, especially in the employment of labor. Our results show that this inefficiency is alleviated by the development of external labor markets, but perhaps more surprisingly, that in the context of the current imperfect market environment, administrative reallocations help improve both efficiency and equity on the margin. They do not go far enough, however, which raises important questions about constraints on rental activity and the link between administrative reallocation and decentralized land exchange.
Did higher inequality impede growth in rural China ?
No full textThis paper estimates the relationship between initial village inequality and subsequent household income growth for a large sample of households in rural China. Using a rich longitudinal survey spanning the years 1987-2002, and controlling for an array of household and village characteristics, the paper finds that households located in higher inequality villages experienced significantly lower income growth through the 1990s. However, local inequality’s predictive power and effects are significantly diminished by the end of the sample. The paper exploits several advantages of the household-level data to explore hypotheses that shed light on the channels by which inequality affects growth. Biases due to aggregation and heterogeneity of returns to own-resources, previously suggested as candidate explanations for the relationship, are both ruled out. Instead, the evidence points to unobserved village institutions at the time of economic reforms that were associated with household access to higher income activities as the source of the link between inequality and growth. The empirical analysis addresses a number of pertinent econometric issues including measurement error and attrition, but underscores others that are likely to be intractable for all investigations of the inequality-growth relationship.Access to Finance,Inequality,Rural Poverty Reduction,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Services&Transfers to Poor
Property Rights, Labour Markets, and Efficiency in a Transition Economy: The Case of Rural China
No full textThis paper investigates the consequences of imperfect and uneven factor market development for farm efficiency in rural China during transition. In particular, we estimate the extent to which an inverse relationship in farm productivity can be attributed to the administrative (instead of market) allocation of land, and the extent of unevenly developed non-agricultural opportunities. Using a recently collected household survey, we show that a considerable amount of inefficiency exists in the countryside, especially in the employment of labour. Our results show that this inefficiency is alleviated by the development of external labour markets, and that in the context of the current imperfect market environment, administrative reallocations help improve on the margin both efficiency and equity. They do not go far enough, however, which raises important questions about constraints on rental activity, the link between admin istrative reallocation and decentralized land exchange, and property rights formation more generally.Rural institutions, property rights, labour markets, transition economies, farm efficiency
Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural Vietnam under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions
No full textThis paper exploits the panel dimension of the Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) in order to analyze the main changes occurring in agriculture in Vietnam over the period 1993-1998. This period was marked by a continuation of the reforms that began in 1988 with the implementation of Resolution 10, Vietnam s own version of the Chinese Household Responsibility System. We focus on the impact of two main policy changes: first, the increase in the rice export quota and the significant increase in the price of rice, especially in the south; and second, the liberalization of the fertilizer market and the sharp drop in the price of fertilizer. To this end, we document changes in the empirically observable institutional environment, exploring changes in rice and other crop prices as well as fertilizer prices. With this as background, we examine changes in rice production, consumption and marketing, and their links to changes in prices and incomes. We also estimate the degree to which these increases can be explained by increased use of inputs like fertilizer, cropping intensity, and increased yields. Finally, we investigate the distributional impacts of these changes, including a detailed examination of the linkages between rice marketing and income distribution using nonparametric econometric techniques. We find that the agricultural reforms had a largely beneficial impact on the well being of rural households throughout Vietnam, but that farmers in the south gained most, consistent with expectations given the policy changes. More generally, our conclusions suggest that market reforms can have a significant impact on incentives, without adverse consequences for income distribution.economic reforms in Vietnam; trade liberalization; agricultural productivity; welfare distribution
The Evolution of Income Inequality in Rural China
No full textWe document the evolution of the income distribution in rural China, from 1987 through 1999, with an emphasis on investigating increases in inequality associated with transition and economic development. With a backdrop of perceived improvements in average living standards, we ask whether increases of inequality may have offset, or even threaten welfare gains associated with economic reforms. The centerpiece of the paper is an empirical analysis based on a set of household surveys conducted by the China’s Research Center for Rural Economy (RCRE) in Beijing. These surveys permit us to construct a set of comparable estimates of household income and consumption from a panel of over 100 villages from nine Chinese provinces. We provide a variety of summary statistics, including Gini coefficients, as well as more nonparametric summaries of the income distribution (i.e., Lorenz curves). In addition, we decompose the sources of inequality, exploring the contributions of spatial inequality to overall inequality, and the role of non-agricultural incomes in explaining rising dispersion of incomes. We find that the distribution of income improved by most measures during the early part of the period, as average incomes rose substantially with only a modest increase in inequality. However, the distribution has worsened significantly since 1995, with rising inequality, and falling absolute incomes, especially at the bottom end of the income distribution. We attribute most of the recent decline in welfare to collapsing agricultural incomes, probably brought about by lower farm prices. At the same time, increasing non-farm incomes have widened the gaps between those with and without access to nonagricultural opportunities. Based on explorations with different data sets, our RCRE-based results probably understate the divergence due to non-agricultural income growth and the increase in inequality over time. Our results highlight the need for further evaluation of the role of farming as a source of income in the countryside, and also underline the limitations of a land-based (and essentially grain-based) income support and redistribution mechanisms.Rural inequality; China; welfare and transition; poverty; farm incomes
Mt. Hood RSA final report
No full textprepared for: Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) ; prepared by: Dwayne Hofstetter, P.E.Title from PDF title page (viewed on December 9, 2019)."Audit Dates: November 16-18, 2011 and February 17, 2012"--Cover.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
AGING, WELL-BEING, AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN RURAL NORTH CHINA
No full textWe explore the economic position of the elderly in rural North China. In particular, we examine the work patterns and incomes attributable to the elderly, and explore the role of extended families in protecting the welfare of the elderly. Our objective is to document the channels by which private, family-based social security exists in rural China. Drawing upon a 1995 household survey, as well employing household surveys from 1935 and 1989 as benchmarks, we show that extended families, while still important, play a smaller role than in the "glory days" of extended families. We also show that urban-rural distinctions in terms of the role of the family are not very important. The primary difference is that the urban elderly live in higher income households, to some extent because of their more generous state-funded pensions. The main conclusion from our analysis is that the rural elderly merit considerably more attention than has been paid to them, and that it would be unwise to assume that "filial piety" will guarantee the living standards of elderly in rural areas.
The Distribution of the Male/Female Earnings Differential, 1970-1990.
No full textThe authors examine the male/female earnings differential between 1970 and 1990. Their objective is to provide consistent estimates that can be compared and interpreted over time, and to assess the sensitivity of their results to alternative specifications. The authors find that women made modest gains over the period. Standard decomposition techniques reveal that gender differences in observable characteristics do not explain much of the earnings differential. Most of the improvement in women's relative earnings has come by a decline in the 'unexplained' component. The authors also find that the differential varies systematically across age and education groups, and across high- and low-income women. Coauthors are Dwayne Benjamin, Andree Desaulniers, and Mary Grant.
Ceaseless Toil? Health and Labor Supply of the Elderly in Rural China
No full textDeborah Davis-Friedmann (1991) described the “retirement” pattern of the Chinese elderly in the prereform era as “ceaseless toil”: lacking sufficient means of support, the elderly had to work their entire lives. In this paper we re-cast the metaphor of ceaseless toil in a labor supply model, where we highlight the role of age and deteriorating health. The empirical focus of our paper is (1) Documenting the labor supply patterns of elderly Chinese; and (2) Estimating the extent to which failing health drives retirement. We exploit the panel dimension of the 1991-93-97 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, confronting a number of econometric issues, especially the possible contamination of age by cohort effects, and the measurement error of health. In the end, it appears that “ceaseless toil” is also an accurate depiction of elderly Chinese work patterns since economic reform, but failing health only plays a small observable role in explaining declining labor supply over the life-cycle.retirement, health and labor supply, social security, China
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