25 research outputs found
Intelligent Equalisation Principles and Techniques for Minimising Masking when Mixing the Extreme Modern Metal Genre.
No full textThe intensity, complexity and energy of performance, combined with the power and density of the tones involved are characteristics of the extreme metal genre. These characteristics present numerous problems when striving to achieve the clarity, definition and hyper-realism of performance required for this genres production. Avoiding masking in a mix is a fundamental
aspect of clarity, definition, intelligibility and perceived loudness and due to the fact that masking especially occurs in a dense mix, and is more pronounced in low frequencies, is particularly applicable to mixing the downtuned extreme metal genre. Masking in simple terms is the ability of frequencies of one sound to obscure or inhibit (i.e. mask) the frequencies of
another sound. This paper will draw upon the first author’s eight years of experience producing within the metal genre, including releases through Sony and Universal and working with the likes of Colin Richardson and Andy Sneap
Dreaming of drams: Authenticity in Scottish whisky tourism as an expression of unresolved Habermasian rationalities
No full textIn this paper, the production of whisky tourism at both independently owned and corporately owned distilleries in Scotland is explored by focusing on four examples (Arran, Glengoyne, Glenturret and Bruichladdich). In particular, claims of authenticity and Scottishness of Scottish whiskies through commercial materials, case studies, website-forum discussions and 'independent' writing about such whisky are analysed. It is argued that the globalisation and commodification of whisky and whisky tourism, and the communicative backlash to these trends typified by the search for authenticity, is representative of a Habermasian struggle between two irreconcilable rationalities. This paper will demonstrate that the meaning and purpose of leisure can be understood through such explorations of the tension between the instrumentality of commodification and the freedom of individuals to locate their own leisure lives in the lifeworld that remains. © 2011 Taylor & Francis
Old-Growth Forest Disturbance in the Ukrainian Carpathians
No full textHuman activity has greatly reduced the area of old-growth forest in Europe, with some of the largest remaining fragments in the Carpathian Mountains of south-western Ukraine. We used satellite image analysis to calculate old-growth forest disturbance in this region from 2010 to 2019. Over this period, we identified 1335 ha of disturbance in old-growth forest, equivalent to 1.8% of old-growth forest in the region. During 2015 to 2019, the average annual disturbance rate was 0.34%, varying with altitude, distance to settlements and location within the region. Disturbance rates were 7–8 times lower in protected areas compared to outside of protected areas. Only one third of old-growth forest is currently within protected areas; expansion of the protected area system to include more old-growth forests would reduce future loss. A 2017 law that gave protection to all old-growth forest in Ukraine had no significant impact on disturbance rates in 2018, but in 2019 disturbance rates reduced to 0.19%. Our analysis is the first indication that this new legislation may be reducing loss of old-growth forest in Ukraine
Identifying European Old-Growth Forests using Remote Sensing: A Study in the Ukrainian Carpathians
No full textOld-growth forests are an important, rare and endangered habitat in Europe. The ability to identify old-growth forests through remote sensing would be helpful for both conservation and forest management. We used data on beech, Norway spruce and mountain pine old-growth forests in the Ukrainian Carpathians to test whether Sentinel-2 satellite images could be used to correctly identify these forests. We used summer and autumn 2017 Sentinel-2 satellite images comprising 10 and 20 m resolution bands to create 6 vegetation indices and 9 textural features. We used a Random Forest classification model to discriminate between dominant tree species within old-growth forests and between old-growth and other forest types. Beech and Norway spruce were identified with an overall accuracy of around 90%, with a lower performance for mountain pine (70%) and mixed forest (40%). Old-growth forests were identified with an overall classification accuracy of 85%. Adding textural features, band standard deviations and elevation data improved accuracies by 3.3%, 2.1% and 1.8% respectively, while using combined summer and autumn images increased accuracy by 1.2%. We conclude that Random Forest classification combined with Sentinel-2 images can provide an effective option for identifying old-growth forests in Europe
Decline of Late Spring and Summer Snow Cover in the Scottish Highlands from 1984 to 2022: A Landsat Time Series
No full textLate spring and summer snow cover, the remnants of winter and early spring snowfall, not only possess an intrinsic importance for montane flora and fauna, but also act as a sensitive indicator for climate change. The variability and potential trends in late spring and summer (snowmelt season) snow cover in mountain regions are often poorly documented. May to mid-September Landsat imagery from 1984 to 2022 was used to quantify changes in the snow-covered area of upland regions in the Scottish Highlands. There was substantial annual variability in the area of May to mid-September snow cover combined with a significant decline over the 39-year study period (p = 0.02). Long-term climate data used to show variability in May to mid-September snow cover was positively related to winter snowfall and negatively related to winter and April temperatures. The results from a long-running field survey counting the number of snow patches that survive until the following winter were used to check the veracity of the study. Further, accuracy was estimated through comparison with higher resolution Sentinel-2 imagery, giving a user and producer accuracy rate of 99.8% and 87%, respectively. Projected future warming will further diminish this scarce, valuable habitat, along with its associated plant communities, thus threatening the biodiversity and scenic value of the Scottish Highlands
How a turn to critical race theory can contribute to our understanding of 'race', racism and anti-racism in sport
No full textAs long as racism has been associated with sport there have been consistent, if not coordinated or coherent, struggles to confront its various forms. Critical race theory (CRT) is a framework established to challenge these racialized inequalities and racism in society and has some utility for anti-racism in sport. CRT's focus on social justice and transformation are two areas of convergence between critical race theorists and anti-racists. Of the many nuanced and pernicious forms of racism, one of the most obvious and commonly reported forms of racism in sport, racial abuse, has been described as a kind of dehumanizing process by Gardiner (2003), as those who are its target are simultaneously (re)constructed and objectified according to everyday myth and fantasy. However, this is one of the many forms of everyday racist experiences. Various forms of racism can be experienced in boardrooms, on television, in print, in the stands, on the sidelines and on the pitch. Many times racism is trivialized and put down as part of the game (Long et al., 2000), yet its impact is rarely the source of further exploration. This article will explore the conceptualization of 'race' and racism for a more effective anti-racism. Critical race theory will also be used to explore the ideas that underpin considerations of the severity of racist behaviour and the implications for anti-racism. © The Author(s) 2010
Pervasive Rise of Small-scale Deforestation in Amazonia
No full textUnderstanding forest loss patterns in Amazonia, the Earth’s largest rainforest region, is critical for effective forest conservation and management. Following the most detailed analysis to date, spanning the entire Amazon and extending over a 14-year period (2001–2014), we reveal significant shifts in deforestation dynamics of Amazonian forests. Firstly, hotspots of Amazonian forest loss are moving away from the southern Brazilian Amazon to Peru and Bolivia. Secondly, while the number of new large forest clearings (>50 ha) has declined significantly over time (46%), the number of new small clearings (<1 ha) increased by 34% between 2001–2007 and 2008–2014. Thirdly, we find that small-scale low-density forest loss expanded markedly in geographical extent during 2008–2014. This shift presents an important and alarming new challenge for forest conservation, despite reductions in overall deforestation rates
Book Reviews
No full textBook Review 1Book Title: Gastroenterological procedures: Manual of Gastroenterologic ProceduresBook Author: D.A. Drossman (Ed,)3rd ed. Pp. xv + 288. illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992.Book Review 2Book Title: Safety in diagnostic ultrasound: Exposure Criteria for Medical Diagnostic Ultrasound: I. Criteria Based on Thennal MechanismsBook Author: NCRP Report No. 113Pp. xv + 278. Illustrated. Bethesda MD: NCRP. 1992.Book Review 3Book Title: Knee arthroplasty: Total Knee ArthroplastyBook Author: James A. Rand (Ed.)pp. xiv + 464. illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992.Book Review 4Book Title: Drug-induced skin changes: Cutaneous Drug Reactions. An Integral Synopsis of Today's Systemic DrugsBook Authors: K. Zürcher & A. Krebs (Eds.)2nd Ed. pp. viii +570. Basel: Karger. 1992Book Review 5Book Title: Rabies WHO Expert Couunittee on Rabies: 8th ReportBook Author: WHOTechnical Report Series No. 824. Pp. vii + 84. Geneva: WHO. 1992.Book Review 6Book Title: Entomology and malaria. Entomological Field Techniques for Malaria ControlBook Author: WHOpp. 77. Geneva: WHO. 1992.Book Review 7Book Title: Handbook of PCVC. Handbook of Percutaneous Central Venous CatheterisationBook Authors: M. Rosen, P. Lano & S. Nig (Eds.)2nd Ed. pp. viii + 249. illustrated. Kent: Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich. 1992Book Review 8Book Title: HIV/AIDS resource directory: Resource Directory for HIV and AIDSBook Authors: Stewart Harris & Geoffrey Taylor (Eds.)83 + iv. 1992.Book Review 9Book Title: Laparoscopic surgery: Atlas of Laparoscopic SurgeryBook Authors: E. J. Reddick, with W. B. Say & J. D. Corbitt (Eds.)Pp. ix + 116. illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992Book Review 10Book Title: Medical history. The illustrated History of MedicineBook Author: Jean-Charles SourniaPp. 585. Illustrated. London: Harold Starke. 1992. (Distributed by Medical Association of South Africa, Private Bag XI, Pinelands 7430).Book Review 11Book Title: Plants in Cardiology. Plants in Cardiology Book Author: A. HollmanPp. vii + 40. Illustrated. London: BMJ. 1992.Book Review 12Book Title: Fraud in medical research. Fraud and Misconduct in Medical ResearchBook Authors: Stephen Lock & Frank Wells (Eds.)Pp. xi + 202. London: BMJ. 1993.Book Review 13Book Title: Anaesthesiology in emergencies Bailliere's Clinical Anaesthesiology: Emergency Medicine and the AnaesthetistBook Authors: H.H. Delooz (Ed.)Pp. xi + 212. Illustrated.London: Bailliere Tindall. 1992.Book Review 14Book Title: BMJ literary extracts. Soundings from BMJ ColunmistsBook Author: Ruth Holland (Ed.)Pp. xi + 89. London: BMJ 1992.Book Review 15Book Title: Chest imaging. Atlas of Chest Imaging: Correlated Anatomy with MRI and CTBook Authors: Marvin Wagner & Thomas L. Lawson (Eds.)Pp. ix + 134. lllustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992.Book Review 16Book Title: Knee Meniscus: Basic and Clinical FoundationsBook Authors: Van C. Mow, Steven P. Amoczky & Douglas W. Jackson (Eds.)Pp. xi + 190. Illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992Book Review 17Book Title: Cryptorchidism. Descent of the TestisBook Authors: John M. Hutson & Spencer W. BeasleyPp. 187. Price: Illustrated. London: Edward Arnold. 1992.Book Review 18Book Title: Radiosurgery: Baseline and TrendsBook Authors: L. SteinerPp. xiv + 302. Illustrated. New York: Raven Press. 1992
Logging intensity drives variability in carbon stocks in lowland forests in Vietnam
No full textForest degradation in the tropics is generating large carbon (C) emissions. In tropical Asia, logging is the main driver of forest degradation. For effective implementation of REDD+ projects in logged forests in Southeast Asia, the impacts of logging on forest C stocks need to be assessed. Here, we assess C stocks in logged lowland forests in central Vietnam and explore correlations between logging intensity, soil, topography and living aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks. We present an approach to estimate historical logging intensities for the prevalent situation when complete records on logging history are unavailable. Landsat analysis and participatory mapping were used to quantify the density of historical disturbances, used as a proxy of logging intensities in the area. Carbon in AGC, dead wood, belowground carbon (BGC) and soil (SOC) was measured in twenty-four 0.25 ha plots that vary in logging intensity, and data on recent logging, soil properties, elevation and slope were also collected. Heavily logged forests stored only half the amount of AGC of stems ≥10 cm dbh as lightly logged forests, mainly due to a reduction in the number of large (≥60 cm dbh) trees. Carbon in AGC of small trees (5–10 cm dbh), dead wood and BGC comprised only small fractions of total C stocks, while SOC in the topsoil of 0–30 cm depth stored ~50% of total C stocks. Combining logging intensities with soil and topographic data showed that logging intensity was the main factor explaining the variability in AGC. Our research shows large reductions in AGC in medium and heavily logged forests. It highlights the critical importance of conserving big trees to maintain high forest C stocks and accounting for SOC in total C stock estimates
Exploring the vertical profile of atmospheric organic aerosol: comparing 17 aircraft field campaigns with a global model
No full textThe global organic aerosol (OA) budget is highly uncertain and past studies suggest that models substantially underestimate observed concentrations. Few of these studies have examined the vertical distribution of OA. Furthermore, many model-measurement comparisons have been performed with different models for single field campaigns. We synthesize organic aerosol measurements from 17 aircraft campaigns from 2001–2009 and use these observations to consistently evaluate a GEOS-Chem model simulation. Remote, polluted and fire-influenced conditions are all represented in this extensive dataset. Mean observed OA concentrations range from 0.2–8.2 μg sm<sup>−3</sup> and make up 15 to 70% of non-refractory aerosol. The standard GEOS-Chem simulation reproduces the observed vertical profile, although observations are underestimated in 13 of the 17 field campaigns (the median observed to simulated ratio ranges from 0.4 to 4.2), with the largest model bias in anthropogenic regions. However, the model is best able to capture the observed variability in these anthropogenically-influenced regions (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.18&minus;0.57), but has little skill in remote or fire-influenced regions. The model bias increases as a function of relative humidity for 11 of the campaigns, possibly indicative of missing aqueous phase SOA production. However, model simulations of aqueous phase SOA suggest a pronounced signature in the mid-troposphere (2–6 km) which is not supported in the observations examined here. Spracklen et al. (2011) suggest adding ~100 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup> source of anthropogenically-controlled SOA to close the measurement-model gap, which we add as anthropogenic SOA. This eliminates the model underestimate near source, but leads to overestimates aloft in a few regions and in remote regions, suggesting either additional sinks of OA or higher volatility aerosol at colder temperatures. Sensitivity simulations indicate that fragmentation of organics upon either heterogeneous or gas-phase oxidation could be an important (missing) sink of OA in models, reducing the global SOA burden by 15% and 47% respectively. The best agreement with observations is obtained when the simulated anthropogenically-controlled SOA is increased to ~100 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup> accompanied by either a gas-phase fragmentation process or a reduction in the temperature dependence of the organic aerosol partitioning (by decreasing the enthalpy of vaporization from 42 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> to 25 kJ mol<sup>&minus;1</sup>). These results illustrate that models may require both additional sources and additional sinks to capture the observed concentrations of organic aerosol
