1,721,003 research outputs found
Livestock grazing constraints bird abundance and species richness: a global meta-analysis
No full textBalancing food production and biodiversity conservation is a global challenge today. Livestock grazing is one of the main activities triggering habitat degradation and land-use change around the world. Its effects on biodiversity have been widely explored, with birds being the most studied vertebrates. However, its impact seems to be contradictory given the disparity of the results. To understand the influence of livestock grazing on birds, we conducted a meta-analysis exploring the effects of several grazing characteristics on bird abundance and species richness. Our results showed that livestock grazing has a significant negative effect on bird abundance (mean effect size -0.422 ± 0.140), and species richness (mean effect size -0.391 ± 0.141). Livestock grazing affected negatively the bird abundance in riparian habitats in contrast to the other habitat types. Species richness was negatively affected by grazing in woody habitats and Afrotropical and Neotropical regions. Grazing by cattle was more detrimental for both bird richness and abundance than sheep or a mixture of domestic livestock grazing. Moreover, intermediate grazing intensity seems appropriate to maintain bird abundance and richness, as high grazing intensity dropped both bird abundance and species richness substantially, and low grazing intensity reduced bird species richness. This pattern supposes a non-linear effect of grazing intensity on birds. Therefore, the management of grazing intensity and type of livestock could help to reduce the negative effect on bird abundance and richness, as moderate grazing intensities and mix of livestock types appear to have a minor or null impact on bird abundance and richness. Future studies should explore in-depth the effect of moderate grazing intensities on bird diversity and composition to provide better management recommendations to enhance avian conservation in rangelands.EEA ParanáFil: Barzan, Flavia R. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barzan, Flavia R. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; Argentin
Ecological condition indicators for dry forest: Forest structure variables estimation with NDVI texture metrics and SAR variables
No full textThe ecological condition of forest ecosystems is degraded. Limited prior research in vegetation has focused on monitoring ecological condition levels in dry forest at fine scale. We proposed a novel approach to obtain accurate indicators of the ecological condition of the Chaco Serrano forest (Córdoba, Argentina) by estimating forest structure variables (canopy cover (CC), diameter breast height (DBH_sum), number of woody individuals (NW) and two first axes of a principal component analysis (PC1 and PC2)) as a measure of forest degradation. To achieve this, first the correlation with two complementary groups of remote sensing derived data (texture metrics over Normalised difference vegetation index and SAR-derived data) was explored. Then, General linear models (GLM) were constructed using the most correlated remote sensing derived variables with forest structure variables as predictor variables. The best estimation was obtained to CC (r2=0.58, rmse=14,5%), followed by DBHsum (r2=0.37, rmse=156.6) and NW (r2=0.22, rmse=14.6), with an spatial arrangement consistent with field observations. Moreover, CC estimation was more accurate than those at regional and global scale, and highlights the importance of developing local models in areas that exhibit high ecological, geological, and human heterogeneity. In addition, other forest variables could also be evaluated, like floristic composition or others associated with functioning. Results offer valuable insights for developing management strategies suitable for each condition, and for future studies regarding the relationship of the mentioned condition and associated natural and anthropic factors.Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos VegetalesFil: Alvarez, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, María Paula. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Arcamone, Julieta Rocio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Arcamone, Julieta Rocio. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; ArgentinaFil: Silvetti, Luna Emilce. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Silvetti, Luna Emilce. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; ArgentinaFil: Gavier Pizarro, Gregorio Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gavier Pizarro, Gregorio Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentin
Response of the endemic Long-tailed Meadowlark (Sturnella loyca obscura) to grazing exclusion in herbivore-dependent upland grasslands of Argentina
Full text linkIn grassland ecosystems livestock grazing is one of the main activities that modify habitat and which can lead to positive or negative effects on birds. In the Sierras Grandes of Córdoba, Argentina, livestock grazing began early in the 17th century, causing severe soil erosion. To restore the grasslands, livestock were excluded from a large area in 1997. However, the impact of grazing exclusion on endemic birds is not clear. We evaluated the effect of grazing exclusion on density and habitat attributes of populations of Long-tailed Meadowlarks (Sturnella loyca obscura). The highest density was recorded in ungrazed sites. Fitted models explained up to 75% of the variability in density of Long-tailed Meadowlarks. Litter depth, percentage of bare soil (with positive effects), soil compaction (estimated as impedance) and percentage of moss cover (with negative effects) were the most important variables explaining the variation in the estimated density of birds. We concluded that 11 years of grazing exclusion favoured Meadowlark populations, providing increased availability of resources, mainly those related to soil quality. Hence, we recommend promoting alternative management practices, such as reintroduction of large native herbivores where possible and livestock grazing at reduced stocking rates, to counterbalance the cost of soil loss and the benefit that large herbivores provide to the system.Fil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.agropecuarias. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Catedra de Ecologia Agricola; ArgentinaFil: Muriel, Nadia. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biologica y Ecologica. Catedra de Ecologia; Argentin
Detection of woody species Schinopsis haenkeana using phenological spectral differences and NDVI texture measures in subtropical forests
No full textSchinopsis haenkeana is a native tree species of great importance of South America. Different tree species diverge in their vegetation phenology, providing the opportunity to map their presence based on the seasonal dynamics of vegetation indices. Currently, spatially explicit information on tree species composition provides valuable insights for biodiversity conservation. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of S. haenkeana and its forest status in subtropical forests in central Argentina. We used a combination of RGB-NIR bands and indices (NDVI, EVI, GLI, RGR) derived from Sentinel-2 images. The analyses were processed using the Earth Engine platform and the random forest algorithm was used to discriminate S. haenkeana from other plant species. NDVI texture indices were also used to discriminate different forest states where the species is present. A fruiting period and a leaf color change were detected in July, and spectral differences between fruiting and preceding (May) or subsequent (October) months proved to be highly suitable for discriminating S. haenkeana. The final species presence map achieved an overall accuracy of 91%. Only 0.76% of the total area corresponds to S. haenkeana dense forests. This analysis demonstrated the value of the proposed approach for regularly detecting and mapping S. haenkeana using RGB-NIR spectral information, vegetation indices, and phenological spectral differences. Additionally, it highlighted the importance of using texture indices to differentiate between forests and scrublands, providing suitable data for forest management.Fil: Silvetti, Luna Emilce. Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica. Cátedra de Ecología; Argentin
Effects of fire disturbance on bird communities and species of mountain Serrano Forest of Central Argentina
Full text linkIn central Argentina, Serrano forest has a long history of fire disturbance; however, the impact of fire on avifauna remains unknown. We compared the avian?habitat relationships in forest patches with low, moderate, and high fire regimes using a community-level (species richness, abundance, ordination and guilds) and species-level (indicator species analysis) approach. In patches under each fire condition, we recorded bird community composition,richness and abundance, and different vegetation structure variables. The site under high-severity fire regime was structurally poor and had been converted from original forest to dense grassland. There, diversity of bird communitywas low, retaining approximately 30 % of the species present in the least impacted site. Avian assemblage was dominated by generalist and open area birds.Guilds were underrepresented, showing an important reduction of foliage granivorous, nectarivorous, omnivores, and foliage and bark insectivorous, and absence of flycatchers. Moreover, low abundance of forest understory, midstory, and canopy species and of birds belonging to open and closed nesting guilds was detected. By contrast, under low and moderate-severity fire regimes highest bird diversity as well as highest representativeness of most guilds was observed. Forest bird species were strongly associated with low fire disturbance, whereas moderate fire disturbance was characterized by the presence of forest andgeneralist species. Given the critical conservation status of Serrano forest in Cordoba, Argentina, habitat restoration and protection of forest relicts could be suitable measures to promote avifauna preservation.Fil: Dardanelli, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Centro de Zoologia Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Albanesi, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentin
Using bird foraging height guilds and species to assess forest degradation by livestock production
No full textLivestock production systems are the predominant use of drylands and offer a potential opportunity for biodiversity conservation. However, there is little consensus on what indicator should be used to assess the ecological status of dry forests under long-term livestock grazing management. We aimed to understand bird foraging height guilds and species responses to forest conditions and grazing intensity. We identified three forest conditions (mature forests, successional forests, and open areas). Forest condition was the main factor influencing bird foraging height guilds. We found that the richness and abundance of bird foraging height guilds were drastically lower in open areas, while mature and successional forests showed higher values. Grazing intensity showed a positive association only with canopy-foraging bird abundance. Ground-foraging bird responses to grazing intensity depended on forest conditions, decreasing drastically their abundance as grazing intensity increased in open areas. Understory-foraging birds were the most responsive guild to forest conditions, with their richness and abundance increasing from open areas to successional forests, indicating their potential as ecological forest status monitors. In addition, species composition differed among forest conditions, with specific bird species associated with each condition. For example, Myiarchus swainsoni and Drymornis bridgesii were indicators of mature forests characterized by old-growth trees. In turn, Synallaxis frontalis, Saltator aurantirostris, Leptotila verreauxi, Cyanoloxia brissonii, Zonotrichia capensis, Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer, and Lepidocolaptes angustirostris were characteristic of successional forests characterized by shrub encroachment. Finally, Nothura maculosa, Anumbius annumbi, and Schoeniophylax phryganophilus were associated with open areas with high grass cover but with a few scattered trees. These bird species and guilds could be used as indicators of forest conditions, constituting a valuable tool to promote biodiversity conservation and management decisions.EEA ParanáFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Calamari, Noelia Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Canavelli, Sonia Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; Argentin
Bird functional and taxonomic diversity in xerophytic forests: contributing to balance bird conservation and livestock production
No full textBiodiversity is increasingly dependent on the ecological state of agricultural and livestock systems. Here, we assess the relationship between bird functional and taxonomic diversity and forest structure along a gradient in grazing intensity in xerophytic forests in Central-East Argentina. We found that bird functional diversity responds more to forest structure variables than taxonomic diversity. Further, we found a non-linear response of functional and taxonomic richness to grazing intensity, peaking at intermediate intensity. Mature forests with older trees and low grazing intensity favored a wider range of bird traits, such as seed dispersal and cavity nesters. In particular, taxonomic and functional diversity significantly increased with increasing canopy cover and DBH. In contrast, shrub encroachment, high grazing intensity, and the decrease of tree density and cover were associated with reduced functional diversity, affecting various nesting, foraging, and habitat requirements of birds. We recommend preserving high canopy cover and older trees and maintaining low grazing intensities to create a synergy between livestock production and biodiversity conservation.EEA ParanáFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Barzan, Flavia Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich”; Argentina.Fil: Canavelli, Sonia Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Calamari, Noelia Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Dardanelli, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; Argentin
Comunidad de moscas saprófagas que explotan recursos orgánicos en descomposición en ambientes urbanos
No full textAlgunas de las especies de las familias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae y Fanniidae podrían verse favorecidas po la urbanización ya que la generación de desechos orgánicos en descomposición provee un hábitat altamente nutritivo, propicio para el desarrollo de sus etapas larvales. La temperatura es el principal factor que influye en la velocidad de desarrollo de las moscas y a su vez, es un fuerte determinante de la estructura de las comunidades de dípteros saprófagos (Tantawi et al., 1996). Si bien estas moscas contribuyen con el ciclado de la materia orgánica, proporcionando al ecosistema un servicio fundamental al reciclar los nutrientes a través de su consumo directo, sus hábitos alimenticios les confieren también importancia sanitaria, ya que por su alta capacidad de dispersión pueden ser vectores mecánicos de patógenos causantes de enfermedades que afectan al hombre y a sus animales domésticos o de producción (Cadavid-Sanchez et al., 2015). Incluso, algunas especies causan miasis (Guimarães & Papavero, 1999).Fil: Battan Horenstein, Moira. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Gleiser, Raquel M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biología Vegetal (P). Grupo Vinculado Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluación de Recursos Agrícolas y Naturales; Argentin
Modelling the abundance and productivity distribution to understand the habitat-species relationship: The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) case study
No full textContext: The conservation of large wild herbivores presents a challenge posed by the fact that their broad habitat requirements overlap with various human activities. Elucidating the factors that explain their distribution patterns provides us with a better understanding of habitat-species relationships and facilitates the design of effective management policies. Aims: Identify the natural (forage availability, weather) and anthropogenic (hunting, interspecific competition) factors that explain the abundance and productivity distribution of the guanaco. Estimate guanaco abundance and productivity and describe their distribution. Methods: We estimated the abundance and productivity of guanaco by using aerial surveys during the breeding and non-breeding season of two consecutive years, following the strip-transect methodology; we then modelled these as a function of environmental factors by means of density surface models. Key results: The highest abundance and productivity of guanaco occurred mostly where mesic grassland was dominant. Guanaco abundance presented three hotspots on the basis of geographic location, and family groups were more productive at low to intermediate livestock level. Abundance was significantly higher in the breeding season for both years (5614 and 14 092 individuals) than in the non-breeding season (2922 and 6926 individuals), and it was higher in 2015 than in 2014. Productivity was higher in 2015 than in 2014 (0.54 and 0.46 calves per adult respectively). Conclusions: Guanaco responded to forage availability, occupying zones with low to intermediate food availability in the breeding season, and those with the highest availability in the non-breeding season. This could be due to interspecific competition between livestock and guanaco family groups. We propose that the overall guanaco response could also be explained by social structure or by unassessed factors such as predation risk by feral dogs. Implications: The guanaco could compensate for the use of habitats with a lower food availability during the breeding season by using better-quality habitats during the non-breeding season.Fil: Flores, Celina Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica. Cátedra de Ecología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"; ArgentinaFil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentin
Effectiveness of crossings as wildlife passages for mammals in the Yungas of Argentina
No full textIrrigation canals are an important cause of wild mammal mortality in the Piedmont forest of the Argentine Yungas. To improve the permeability of this infrastructure, specific wildlife crossings were added to the existing non-wildlife crossings built for other purposes. However, the effectiveness of these wildlife-specific crossings has still not been evaluated. Here, we identified the mammalian species that use the crossings, determined the global frequency of use of each crossing through a use index, and evaluated the possible predilection of a species for a particular crossing type using species-specific models. We found that 50 % of species in the study area used the crossings. The highest percentages of use corresponded to tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis, 25.4 %), lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris, 21.5 %), agouti (Dasyprocta punctata, 20.7 %), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous, 9.1 %) and tayra (Eira barbara, 6.3 %).The global model shows that crossing type, openness and vegetation vertical structure were the best predictors of crossing use. Species-specific models show in general that variables related to the structure of the crossings were better able to explain animal movement. The dry season increased the use of the crossings. We concluded that the presence of both wildlife-specific and non-wildlife-specific crossings would contribute to reducing the barrier effect and, therefore, to mammal conservation. In this connection we recommend that simple, low-cost wildlife-specific crossings be taken into account.Fil: Baechli, Johan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Albanesi, Sebastian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales. Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales "Mario Gulich"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin
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