1,720,980 research outputs found
L'impact de la politique économique sur le marché du travail en Bulgarie
No full textBeleva Iskra. L'impact de la politique économique sur le marché du travail en Bulgarie. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 29, 1998, n°2. Les transformations du travail et de l'emploi en Europe de l'Est depuis 1990, sous la direction de Dominique Redor. pp. 49-70
Crisis and Recovery in Bulgaria: Labour market impact on men and women
Get PDFThe author reviews the impact of the crisis on male and female employment and outlines the factors, causing more or less effects on employment of different sexes. Different policies have been put in force so as to alleviate the negatives of the crisis. The author concludes that the present crisis offers the opportunities to restructure employment in a more advance shape. However, the prioritization of the fiscal equilibrium depresses the reforms for economic and social restructuring. As far as gender equality is concerned, it is outlined above that the crisis creates more employment opportunities for women only due to the fact that they are less paid
The Provision of Childcare Services in Bulgaria
Get PDFThis paper describes the organization system of childcare services in Bulgaria from the point of vies of it’s availability, quality of services, affordability. The author draw out conclusions that the reforms of the childcare system is still in its’ initial stage as far as types of services and especially quality is concerned. Further the author analysis the effects of the childcare on the labour market in vies of inclusion of young women with children in the labour market. Different forms of active labour market policies are presented so as to describe the policy issues of the problem with participation in the labour market of women with small children
Flexible Working Time Arrangements in Bulgaria
Get PDFThe objective of this paper is to analyze the flexible working time arrangements in Bulgaria, using a life-course perspective. Two important features have to be outlined, namely: underdeveloped flexible forms of employment in the country, including working time arrangement, and lack of previous analysis on flexible working time arrangements from the angle of life-course perspective. The author describes the regulatory framework, collective agreements at national and company level as a frame within which different forms of flexible working time arrangements by gender develop. The study points out that there are no significant gaps concerning work engagement under different working time schemes. It is mentioned that the existing legal frame gives relatively good opportunities for the flexible working time arrangement to be in practice. However, crossing the issue of flexibility in working time arrangement with working life cycle, the author outlines more gender differences, e.g. more young people in flexible types of employment; more women employed part-time, etc
The Provision of Out-of-School Care in Bulgaria
Get PDFThis paper examines the provision of out-of school care in Bulgaria as an important topic within the debate on gender equality. The problem is recognized as a key issue of demographic development and reconciliation between work, private and family life in Bulgaria. The National Strategy for Encouraging Gender Equality for the period 2009-2015 specifies the need to stimulate gender equality in reconciliation professional and family life, particularly child care, as national target. From this point of view the author outlines the progress of the implemented policies during the last twenty years in the organization of out-of-school services, as well as their availability, quality, flexibility and affordability. The author outlines the efforts of the policy makers to increase the acceptability and affordability of the provided services and the need of more strict control and further develop the quality of the provided services
Lifelong Learning and New Skills in Bulgaria: a Gender Perspective
Get PDFThis paper present an overview of the state of lifelong learning in Bulgaria from a gender perspective; reviews the progress in the public debates in this area and analyzes the implemented policies for developing lifelong learning in accordance with the European strategic objectives, including gender aspects. The analysis on the state and policies of the national progress of the lifelong learning, including early school leavers, educational level of the labour force and participation in LLL, shows the there is a clear social understanding of the importance of the problems and warm public debates taking place in the last ten years. The author outlines that there are number of strategic documents and legal acts presenting the vision of the policy and the tools, which could be employed to reach the targets, as well as a number of institutions, which are in charge of the policy realization. Nevertheless, the progress regarding early leavers, educational structure of the population and participation in LLL is not significant; moreover, regress has been recorded in the last years
Labour Market Policies for Encouraging Economic Activity and Labour Productivity in Bulgaria
Get PDFThis article aims to present the recent labour market policies for encouraging economic activity of working age population, labour market inclusion and increasing labour productivity. It points out that a number of different programs and labour market measures have been implemented in Bulgaria in the last twenty years. The results of the analysis show up both positive and negative features of the implemented policies. These policies contribute to increasing labour market inclusion in the short run and this is the main positive effect. Meanwhile, the lack of consistence of the policy and sustainability of employment embody the main negative feature. The article analyses the effect of the Human Resource Development Program, conducted in Bulgaria in the period 2007-2013, over the labour market development, labour inclusion and productivity, in particular. It employs different quantitative and qualitative indicators to assess the achievements of a total of EUR 402.4 millions, invested in policies for encouraging economic activation of working age population, labour market inclusion and increasing labour productivity. In conclusion the author draws out recommendations for improvements of conducted policies
Dependent Elderly and Gender Equality in Bulgaria
Get PDFThe paper describes the current provisions, employment implications and policy options for care for elderly people in Bulgaria. The aging of the Bulgarian population makes this problem quite sensitive for the society and important from policy point of view. That is because the elderly people are more vulnerable to poverty than the other age groups. This prioritizes the accessibility and affordability of the social care services of dependent elderly people. The author describes the system, incl: services provided in institutions; services provided in the society; services provided to elderly people at home by institutions or by society; home care for elderly by family members and other services for disabled people; medical services – meds. As a result the author makes conclusion that the system of social services in Bulgaria is in a process of transformation. Its’ main characteristics are individualization of the services depending on people’s needs, focusing on the social integration of the elderly people in the society, delegating financial resources and providing services depending on the local demand. Different programs, finance by EFS and other donors, are available and support the national budget in developing social services for elderly people.
Summarizing the progress of the reforms, we have to say that today the mentioned targets are at different stage of their achievements, and the care for elderly people is presented by a set of social services provided in the community and in the family, as well as by services provided in institutions. The providers of the services include public and private agents, non-governmental organizations, etc. The financing of the elderly care services rely on local, national, international funds and donations. The study of the effects of the ongoing reforms on the quality and quantity of provided services is based not on systematic but mainly on episodic information. However, there are evidences that the quality of the provided services has to be further improved, and there are some services, the demand for which is higher than their supply.
A relatively weak point in the system is the human capacity, both in volume and quality. The interest of the new generations to enter this sector is low, there is a lack of motivation due to the low prestige and payment, there are limited opportunities for career development, etc. The social care for elderly people is a feminized sector, and many women employed in the sector have left it and emigrated abroad. Bulgaria is a source country of good quality personnel, who prefer to work abroad because of the better payment
Gender Segregation on the Labour Market: Roots, Implications and Policy Responses in Bulgaria
Get PDFThe author outlines that gender segregation in employment are relatively new for Bulgaria, and there are not many studies on the problem. The analysis on sectoral and occupational structure indicates that gender segregation exists and deepens over the years. The occupational segregation over the years has increased both for high and low level occupations Women’s access to certain occupations, e.g. legislators, senior officials and managers’ positions, seems to be limited, while they are over-represented among other positions, e.g. professionals. The occupational segregation over the years has increased both for high and low level occupations. Being a professional means relatively high level of education, which implies that the level of education is not the factor that impedes women’s promotion to higher occupational positions. Meanwhile, among employed people with elementary occupation women are twice less than men despite the upward trends. All this points out the need for more detailed studies of the link between the educational level of the genders and their occupational distribution.
Another conclusion concerns the over-representation of women among service workers and shop and market sales workers. This is a sector with relatively lower level of payment compared with the average for the country, which outlines a gender pay gap. As pointed above, women are better educated and in many cases their skill level (including education) is higher compared with the work they do. This means that women compromise with their skill level when accepting a job with lower skill request. A reasonable question is why do they do it?
The reliability of the data the analysis is based on is an important question, which should not be neglected, since the gender distribution by occupations and sectors is based only on available official data and excludes employed people in the so-called “unregistered economic activities”. In transition countries, and Bulgaria in particular, the percentage of employed in the “unregistered/grey sector” is not low, since according to same authors it represents about 1/3 of the registered employment. The agricultural sector is one, where unregistered employment is reported to be high. Thus, it seems not very reliable that only 1/3 of employed in agriculture are women and the other 2/3 – men. Many women are engaged in the sector but are not registered as agricultural workers.
One last conclusion concerns the active policy, which has to better balance the gender dissemination between occupations and sectors. The deepening of the occupational and sectoral imbalances in the period 2001-2006 could mean that occupational and sectoral segregation have not been subject to a relevant policy or to any policy at all or that the applied policies were not effective
The contribution of operational program "Human Resource Development 2007-2013" for encouraging employment and labour productivity in Bulgaria
Get PDFThe present study aims to outline the effect of the first Operational Program "Human resource Development" conducted in Bulgaria in the period 2007-2013 on the labour market and on labour inclusion and productivity, in particular. It employs different quantities and qualities indicators to present the achievements of a total of EUR 402,4 millions, allocated for encouraging economic activity for increasing labour productivity. The study outlines the positive effects and some negatives of the conducted policies and draws out recommendations for improvements
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