744 research outputs found
A culture that is hard to defend: extralegal factors in federal death penalty cases
No full textEmpirical research has exposed a troubling pattern of capital punishment in the United States, with extralegal factors such as race, class, and gender strongly correlated with the probability of a death sentence. Capital sentencing also shows significant geographic disparities, although existing research tends to be more descriptive than explanatory. This study offers an alternative conception of local legal culture to explain place-based variation in the outcomes of federal capital trials, accounting for the level of attorney time and expert resources granted by the federal courts to defend against a death sentence. Using frequentist and Bayesian methods—supplemented with expert interviews—we empirically assess the processes determining the total allocation of defense resources in federal death penalty trials at the peak of the federal death penalty—between 1998 and 2004. Our findings strongly connect extralegal factors to the lowest levels of defense resources, which in turn correlate with a higher risk of a death sentence. Far from being idiosyncratic discrepancies, these are systemic and systematic extralegal factors that stand between a defendant and his opportunity to defend against a death sentence. Ultimately, we argue for a reconceptualization of extralegal influences and the relationship between local legal culture and capital case outcomes.Peer reviewe
Accessing aliphatic alcohols for metallaphotoredox catalyzed C(sp3)-arylation
Get PDFCommon cross-coupling reactions to obtain C(sp2)–C(sp3)-bonds are hampered by the abundance of nucleophilic and electrophilic functional groups. Recently in Nature, Dong and MacMillan developed a mild activation of a diverse range of alcohols with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) salt and merged it with nickel photoredox dual catalytic arylation.</p
Stable isotope data (bulk carbonates) from Cores LB1 and LB3 (La Bedoule, southern France)
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Does the Current Account Matter?
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to investigate in detail the behavior of the current account in emerging economies, and in particular its role if any in financial crises. Models of current account behavior are reviewed, and a dynamic model of current account sustainability is developed. The empirical analysis is based on a massive data set that covers over 120 countries during more than 25 years. Important controversies related to the current account including the extent to which current account deficits help predict currency crises are also analyzed. Throughout the paper I am interested in analyzing whether there is evidence supporting the idea that there are costs involved in running 'very large' deficits. Moreover, I investigate the nature of these potential costs, including whether they are particularly high in the presence of other type of imbalances.
Many-electron theory of charge transfer in ion-surface scattering
No full textPT: J; CR: BRAKO R, 1981, SURF SCI, V108, P253 CIZEK J, 1969, ADV CHEM PHYS, V14, P35 COESTER F, 1960, NUCLEAR PHYSCIS, V17, P477 EASA SI, 1987, SURF SCI, V183, P531 GEERLINGS JJC, 1984, PHYS LETT A, V102, P204 GEERLINGS JJC, 1987, SURF SCI, V184, P305 GRANNEMAN EHA, 1983, AIP C P, V111 GRIMLEY TB, 1983, SURF SCI, V124, P305 HERMANN J, 1984, SURF SCI, V138, P570 HURLEY AC, 1976, INTRO ELECTRON THEOR, CH5 KASAI H, 1987, SURF SCI, V183, P147 KAWAI R, 1984, SPRINGER SERIES SOLI, V59, P51 KAWAI R, 1987, SURF SCI, V183, P161 SEBASTIAN KL, 1983, PHYS LETT A, V98, P39 SEBASTIAN KL, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6976 SHINDO S, 1986, SURF SCI, V165, P477 SULSTON KW, IN PRESS CHEM PHYS SULSTON KW, IN PRESS PROG SURF S TULLY JC, 1977, PHYS REV B, V16, P4324 YOSHIMORI A, 1984, PROG THEOR PHYS SUPP, V80, P203 YOSHIMORI A, 1984, SPRINGER SERIES SOLI, V59, P74 YOSHIMORI A, 1986, PROG SURF SCI, V21, P251; NR: 22; TC: 42; J9: PHYS REV B; PG: 8; GA: N7294Source type: Electronic(1
Electrogenerated thianthrenium conjugate enables (Z)-selective allylic amination
Get PDFDeveloping straightforward methodologies to access allylic amines is of contemporary importance in drug development and natural product synthesis. Recently, Wickens et al. developed an electrochemical approach with thianthrene adducts as reactive functional intermediates to transform terminal olefins and secondary amines into tertiary allylic amines in high yields and distinct Z-selectivity.</p
Site‐Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbohydrates
Get PDFThe site-selective transformation of unprotected sugars poses significant challenges to synthetic chemists but comes with a reward of step-economic and energy efficient protocols. By replacing stoichiometric oxidants with electricity, greener processes are anticipated. To date, mostly C3- and C6-selective transformations have been developed urging for further developments. Herein, we call for action to synthetic chemists to tackle the associated challenges of site-selective transformations of unprotected sugars toward challenging C2 and C4 regioisomers fueled by mild electroorganic transformations
Oedignatha adhartali Sankaran & Caleb & Sebastian 2019, comb. nov.
No full text<i>Oedignatha adhartali</i> (Gajbe, 2003) comb. nov. <p> <i>Castianeira adhartali</i> Gajbe, 2003: 1035, figs 1–4 (♂ ♀).</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♀ and allotype ♂ from INDIA: Madhya Pradesh: Jabalpur: Adhartal (23°11’57.24’’N, 79°56’39.08’’E), 399 m a.s.l., leg. Pawan Gajbe; 5 October 1997; repository NZC-ZSI, not examined.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> We were unable to find the types of <i>C</i>. <i>adhartali</i> in the arachnid collection of ZSI, even though the author claimed that the types were deposited here (Gajbe 2003).</p> <p> This species was described on the basis of male and female specimens (Gajbe 2003). Although we did not examine the types of <i>C</i>. <i>adhartali</i>, which were presumably not deposited in ZSI, the illustrations of this species available in the original description are useful, at least to confirm its misplacement in <i>Castianeira</i> and to support its inclusion in the liocranid genus <i>Oedignatha</i> Thorell, 1881. Its pedipalp is clearly not pear-shaped with an apically oriented embolus and without accessory sclerites, as in all castianeirines. Instead, the pedipalp of <i>C</i>. <i>adhartali</i> has a medially placed, nearly globular tegulum with multiple sclerites, as seen in the case of <i>Oedignatha</i> species (cf. Gajbe 2003: fig. 4 and Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: figs 353, 357, 365, 367, 371). The epigyne is also similar to other <i>Oedignatha</i> species (cf. Gajbe 2003: fig. 3 and Fig. 3 C–D). Based on these observations, we consider the transfer of <i>C</i>. <i>adhartali</i> to <i>Oedignatha</i> fully justified.</p>Published as part of <i>Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D. & Sebastian, Pothalil A., 2019, New synonymies and transfers in Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae, Corinnidae, Castianeirinae) from India, pp. 331-340 in Zootaxa 4623 (2)</i> on page 334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4623.2.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3255491">http://zenodo.org/record/3255491</a>
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