102,940 research outputs found
Nudochernes Beier 1935
No full textGenus Nudochernes Beier, 1935 Nudochernes Beier, 1935: 122; Beier, 1959: 48; Harvey, 1991: 607. Type species: Nudochernes montanus Beier, 1935, by original designation. Key to the Chinese species of Nudochernes 1. Pedipalpal femur 3.20 times longer than broad............................................ N. lipsae Mahnert, 2003 - Pedipalpal femur 2.40–2.90 times longer than broad.......................................................... 2 2. Trichobothria st closer to t than to sb; pedipalpal chela (with pedicel) 3.40–3.80 times longer than broad............................................................................................... N. troglobius Mahnert, 2009 - Trichobothria s t situated midway between sb and t; pedipalp chela (with pedicel) 3.10 (♂) 2.62–2.68 (♀) times longer than broad.......................................................................... N. pseudptroglobius sp. nov.Published as part of Xu, Hongru, Gao, Zhizhong & Zhang, Feng, 2022, Two new species of the pseudoscorpion subfamily Lamprochernetinae Beier, 1932 from Guizhou, China (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae), pp. 581-592 in Zootaxa 5105 (4) on pages 582-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/633389
Chthonius pygmaeus Beier 1934
No full textpygmaeus Beier, 1934 Chthonius (Neochthonius) pygmaeus Beier 1934: 53 –54, fig. 1. Holotype. HNHM Pseudoscorp-237: ♂ “ Chthonius pygmaeus n. sp. Type!, ♂ det. Beier ”, “Vasberzencei völgy, 1932. V.12., Bars, leg. Dr. Dudich Endre ” [valley at Železná Breznica, Slovakia] “2581/1933 Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, det. M. Beier Typus ♂ ”. Paratypes. HNHM Pseudoscorp-234: 1 ♂ “2581/1933 Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, det. M. Beier ”, “ Chthonius pygmaeus n. sp. Paratype, ♂ det. Beier ”, “Szklenófürdő, 1932. VIII.11., leg. Dr. Dudich Endre ” [now Sklené Teplice, Slovakia]. HNHM Pseudoscorp-236: 1 ♀, 1 juv. “2581/1933 Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, det. M. Beier ”, “ Chthonius pygmaeus n. sp. Paratype, ♀ juv. det. Beier ”, “Nagysalló, 1924. VI.24., leg. Dr. Dudich Endre ” [now Tekovské Lužany, Slovakia]. HNHM Pseudoscorp-235: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 tritonymphs [2 ♂, 3 ♀ according to the original description] “2581/1933 Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, det. M. Beier ”, “ Chthonius (N.) pygmaeus Beier, ♂; Paratype, Mundochthonius ? carpathicus Raf. 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Chthonius (E.)? austriacus Beier 1♀ ” [label by unknown reviser], “ Chthonius pygmaeus n. sp. Paratypen, ♂ ♀ det. Beier ”, “Garamrudnói völgy, Bars vm., 1932. VI.18., Leg. Dr. Dudich Endre ” [valley at Rudno nad Hronom, Slovakia] in three separated microvials within the vial: “ Chthonius (N.) pygmaeus Beier, Paratype, rev. Novák ’18”, “ Ephippiochthonius sp., 1 ex., rev. Novák ’18”, “ Mundochthonius sp., 4 ex., rev. Novák ’18”. Current status. Valid, as Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934. Remark. Three male paratypes from “Vihnye völgy” [now Vyhne, Slovakia], stated in the original description to be deposited in HNHM, cannot be located in the collection.Published as part of Novák, János & Dányi, László, 2018, Catalogue of the type material of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 301-322 in Zootaxa 4527 (3) on page 314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/261220
Megachernes Beier 1932
No full textGenus <i>Megachernes</i> Beier, 1932 <p> <i>Megachernes</i> Beier, 1932: 128; Beier, 1933: 518; Beier, 1948: 476; Morikawa, 1960: 144; Harvey, 1991: 599.</p> <p> Type species: <i>Chernes grandis</i> Beier, 1930, by original designation.</p> Key to the Chinese species of <i>Megachernes</i> <p> 1. Leg IV femur + patella with numerous glandular microsetae........................... <i>M. glandulosus</i> Mahnert, 2009</p> <p>- Leg IV femur + patella without glandular microsetae......................................................... 2</p> <p> 2. Male pedipalpal patella with hump................................................. <i>M</i>. <i>tuberosus</i> Mahnert, 2009</p> <p>- Male pedipalpal patella without hump..................................................................... 3</p> <p>3. Pedipalpal femur less than 4.00 times longer than board....................................................... 4</p> <p> - Pedipalpal femur more than 4.00 times longer than board..................................... <i>M</i>. <i>titanius</i> Beier, 1951</p> <p>4. Leg IV femur + patella more than 4.00 times longer than deep.................................................. 5</p> <p>- Leg IV femur + patella less than 4.00 times longer than deep................................................... 6</p> <p> 5. Movable chelal finger with 9 retrolateral accessory teeth; all blades of rallum smooth..... <i>M</i>. <i>himalayensis</i> (Ellingsen, 1914)</p> <p> - Movable chelal finger with 21 retrolateral accessory teeth; only distal blade of rallum denticulate.................................................................................................... <i>M. vietnamensis</i> Beier, 1967</p> <p> 6. Only distal blade of rallum denticulate; <i>st</i> situated closer to <i>t</i> than to <i>sb</i>........................ <i>M</i>. <i>grandis</i> (Beier, 1930)</p> <p> - All blades of rallum denticulate; <i>st</i> situated closer to <i>sb</i> than to <i>t</i>................................ <i>M. biyunensis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b></p>Published as part of <i>Xu, Hongru, Gao, Zhizhong & Zhang, Feng, 2022, Two new species of the pseudoscorpion subfamily Lamprochernetinae Beier, 1932 from Guizhou, China (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae), pp. 581-592 in Zootaxa 5105 (4)</i> on pages 587-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6333898">http://zenodo.org/record/6333898</a>
MISA-web: a web server for microsatellite prediction
No full textBeier S, Thiel T, Münch T, Scholz U, Mascher M. MISA-web: a web server for microsatellite prediction. Bioinformatics. 2017;33(16):2583-2585
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Alocobisium rahmi Beier 1976
No full textAlocobisium rahmi Beier, 1976 (Figs 1–9) Alocobisium rahmi Beier, 1976: 98 –99, fig. 4; Schawaller, 1983: 108–110, figs 8–11; Schawaller, 1987: 209; Harvey, 1991: 418; Schawaller, 1991: 779, fig. 1. Type material examined. Two females (holotype and paratype, NMB-PSEU00034a), Phuntsholing, Bhutan, 600 m alt., 15 April 1972, NMB Bhutan Expedition. Diagnosis. Carapace smooth and without basal furrow; eyeless; trichobothrium ib situated near the base of hand, st nearer to t than to sb. Description. Carapace and tergites pale yellow, pedipalps brown (Fig. 1). Carapace smooth and longer than broad (Fig. 2), with a total of 22–23 setae, including 4 on anterior margin and 6–7 on posterior margin; epistome rounded; eyeless; without basal furrow on carapace. Pleural membrane with longitudinal striate and medially weakly granulated. Tergites I and II each with 8 marginal setae; anterior genital operculum with 4 setae; posterior parts damaged. Pedipalps (Fig. 5) smooth. Apex of coxa with 2 setae. Trochanter without tubercle. Femur with a stout pedicel, proximal half wider than distal half. Patella stout. Fixed chelal finger (Fig. 7) with 30 blunt teeth, movable finger with 28 teeth, all teeth contiguous. Trichobothrium ib near base of hand, trichobothria eb and esb on distal portion of hand, ist on sub-basal of fixed finger, eb, esb and isb situated in a straight line, 4 antiaxial feather-shaped setae (Fig. 9) clustered between it and est; st nearer to t than to sb, trichobothrium t short and acuminate, situated near middle of movable finger. Cheliceral palm with 5 setae (Fig. 3), movable finger with 1 seta; fixed finger with 8–9 teeth; movable finger with 5–6 teeth; galea (Fig. 4) long, simple, without branchlets; rallum and serrulae not examined. Legs (Figs 6, 8); junction between femur and patella of leg IV perpendicular, leg IV basitarsus with one subbasal tactile seta (TS 0.30), telotarsus with one tactile seta (TS 0.22); subterminal seta bifurcate distally, arolium shorter than the thin and smooth claws. Dimensions (in mm, length/breadth or depth ratios in parentheses). Body length indeterminable. Carapace 0.34–0.35 / 0.28 (1.21–1.25). Pedipalps: trochanter 0.16–0.17 / 0.09 (1.78–1.89), femur 0.30 / 0.10 (3.00), patella 0.25 / 0.12 (2.08), chela (with pedicel) 0.50–0.51 / 0.16–0.17 (3.00– 3.13), chela (without pedicel) 0.47–0.48 (2.82–2.94), hand length (without pedicel) 0.20 (1.18–1.25), movable finger length 0.26–0.27 (1.30–1.35 times longer than hand without pedicel). Chelicera 0.15 / 0.10 (1.50), movable finger length 0.13. Leg I: femur 0.13 / 0.06 (2.17), patella 0.11–0.12 / 0.05 (2.20–2.40), tibia 0.13 / 0.04 (3.25), basitarsus 0.07–0.08 / 0.03 (2.33–2.67), telotarsus 0.10– 0.11 / 0.02 (5.00– 5.50). Leg IV: femur + patella 0.20 / 0.08 (2.50), tibia 0.20 / 0.06 (3.33), basitarsus 0.07–0.08 / 0.04 (1.75 –2.00), telotarsus 0.12 / 0.03 (4.00). Distribution. This species is known only from Bhutan. Remarks. The two types of Alocobisium rahmi were in the same vial when they were sent to us and the holotype was not designated distinctly. Beier (1976) noted that the paratype of A. rahmi was badly damaged, from which we infer that the specimen shown on the right in Fig. 1 is the holotype. We found that the holotype had a damaged abdomen and that the paratype’s abdomen was lost. The right chelae of both types were detached, but still present in the vial. Legs were partly fragmentary and the detached parts were lost. The carapace of the holotype was cracked anteriorly. Fortunately, the carapace of the paratype was in good condition. The description given by Beier (1976) is generally accurate, except that the number of setae on carapacal posterior margin was found to be 7 in paratype and 6 in holotype (as opposed to 8 in Beier’s description), no basal furrow could be seen on the carapace (Beier mentions an indistinct and nearly flat furrow), and the carapace is 1.21–1.25 times as long as broad (almost 1.40 times according to Beier).Published as part of Hu, Junfang & Zhang, Feng, 2013, Description of Alocobisium tibetense sp. nov., representing the first record of the pseudoscorpion family Syarinidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) from China, pp. 49-56 in Zootaxa 3641 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/28369
Orthodera burmeisteri Wood-Mason.
No full text1. Orthodera burmeisteri Wood-Mason. Orthodera burmeisteri Wood-Mason, 1889, Catal. Mantid.: 21. Die Art ist auf Neu-Guinea beheimatet. Sie lag mir aus dem mikronesischen Raum von folgenden Inseln vor: BONIN IS. Chichi jima: Omura. S. MARIANA IS. Saipan, Guam. PALAU. Koror, Angaur, Babelthuap, Peleliu. YAP. T ruk: Wena (Moen). MARSHALL IS. Kwajalein. WAKE. Wilkes I.; Peale I.Published as part of M. Beier, 1972, Mantodea, pp. 173-175 in Insects of Micronesia 5 (2) on pages 173-174, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.29130
HDAC10 deletion promotes Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell function
No full textFoxp3(+) T-regulatory (Treg) cells are capable of suppressing immune responses. Lysine acetylation is a key mechanism of post-translational control of various transcription factors, and when acetylated, Foxp3 is stabilized and transcriptionally active. Therefore, understanding the roles of various histone/protein deacetylases (HDAC) are key to promoting Treg-based immunotherapy. Several of the 11 classical HDAC enzymes are necessary for optimal Treg function while others are dispensable. We investigated the effect of HDAC10 in murine Tregs. HDAC10 deletion had no adverse effect on the health of mice, which retained normal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell function. However, HDAC10(-/-) Treg exhibited increased suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. C57BL/6 Rag1(-/-) mice adoptively transferred with HDAC10(-/-) but not wild Treg, were protected from developing colitis. HDAC10(-/-) but not wild-type mice receiving fully MHC-mismatched cardiac transplants became tolerant and showed long-term allograft survival (>100 d). We conclude that targeting of HDAC10 may be of therapeutic value for inflammatory disorders including colitis and also for transplantation
Chthonius pygmaeus Beier 1934
No full textChthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934 (Figs 358–372, 408) Chthonius (Neochthonius) pygmaeus Beier, 1934: 53, fig. 1. Chthonius (Chthonius) carinthiacus: Gardini 2004: 125 (in part, see C. carinthiacus). Type locality: Slovakia, Banská Bystrica, Železná Breznica (48°37’N, 19°01’E). Distribution. Austria, Switzerland, Italy (Eastern Alps), Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia. Diagnosis (♂ ♀). An eyed epigean Chthonius that differs from other species of the ischnocheles group in the following combination of characters: anterior margin of carapace without preocular microsetae; posterior margin of carapace with 2 macrosetae, without lateral microsetae; chelicerae with 1 lateral microseta; palpal hand mostly darker than the fingers, slightly conical in dorsal view; chela length 0.63–0.98 mm; movable chelal finger 0.395– 0.60 mm; chelal fingers with contiguous, cuspidate and slightly reclined teeth, mainly with a convex distal side; fixed and movable chelal fingers with 31–52 and 26–38 teeth respectively; fixed finger at level of est-it with 7–11 (♂) or 6–9 (♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.008 –0.014 (♂) or 0.009 –0.019 (♀) mm. Type material examined. Slovakia — 2 ♂ (paratypes, in poor condition), “ Baris m. Vihnye völgy. 1932.V.12. Lg. Dudich ” “ Chthonius pygmaeus n. sp. Paratypen ♂ det. Beier ” “1293 / tr., regen. 1997” (NMW). Other material examined. AUSTRIA — Kärnten — 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (det. M. Beier), Gazarka, nördl. Klopeiner See, [46°36’43”N, 14°35’38”E], 16.VII.1947, Schweiger leg. (NMW). CROATIA — Istria — 1 ♂ (C. carinthiacus, det. G. Gardini), Učka (Monte Maggiore), 800 m a.s.l., 17.VI.1982, M. Seriani leg. ITALY — Venezia Giulia: Gorizia Prov. — 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Cormons, Bosco Romagno, 12.XII.1982, M. Seriani leg., leaf litter; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Doberdò del Lago, Lago di Doberdò, 12.IV.1981, E. Bognolo leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Gorizia, Devetachi, 1982, M. Seriani leg.; 8 ♂ 8 ♀ 6 T 3 D, Monfalcone, marsh of Fiume Cavana, 1 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2001, G. Tomasin & F. Stoch leg., damp meadow (MFNB). Venezia Giulia: Trieste Prov. — 1 ♀, Monrupino, 3.I.1982, M. Seriani leg., hollow on Quercus; 2 ♂ 6 ♀, Opicina, Banne, 15.XII.1982, M. Seriani leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Sgonico, Grotta dell’Orso 7 VG/TS, 30. VIII.1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg., cave entrance; 1 ♀, id., 29.III.1991, M. Bodon leg., cave entrance. Friuli: Pordenone Prov. — 1 ♀ (C. baccettii, det. G. Callaini), Clauzetto, Pradis, 10.IV.1983, M. Seriani leg. (MSNV); 1 ♀ (C. baccettii, det. G. Callaini), Maniago, Colvere, 17. V.1982, M. Seriani leg. (MSNV); 1 ♀, Tramonti di Sotto, Bosco Selvaz, 21. VI.1987, L. Dreon leg. Friuli: Udine Prov. — 1 ♀, Ampezzo, marsh of Cima Corso, 839 m a.s.l., 12.X.2001, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall trap in wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 T, Bertiolo, Risorgive di Virco, 23 m a.s.l., 31.III.2001, A. Zanetti, A. Tagliapietra, G. Tomasin & G. Governatori leg., basic peat (MFNB); 2 ♂, Carlino, 29.XII.1980, M. Seriani leg., Querco-Carpinetum; 2 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 T, Cervignano, Bosco Pradiziolo, 9.I.1982, M. Seriani leg., Querco-Carpinetum; 7 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 16.I.1983, M. Seriani leg., Quercus wood; 6 ♂ 8 ♀, id., 4. III.1983, M. Seriani leg.; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, id., 6. V.1983, M. Seriani leg.; 1 ♀, id., 21. VI.1986, M. Seriani leg.; 1 ♀, Claut, Alta Val Cellina, Pian de Cea, towards Casera Casavento, 930 m a.s.l., 30. V.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 4 ♀, id., 17. VI.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 1.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂, Claut, Val Settimana, between Stalle Parigina and Stalla Pustrin, 650 m a.s.l., 16. V.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 30. V.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 17. VI.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 4 ♀, id., 1.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 13.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 3 ♂ 5 ♀ 1 T, id., 29.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta & L. Lapini leg. (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 13.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, Fagagna, Quadris, 171 m a.s.l., 21. VI.2001, G. Colombetta leg., damp wood (MFNB); 6 ♂ 1 ♀, Gonars, Paludi del Corno, 15 m a.s.l., 1.IV.2001, A. Zanetti, A. Tagliapietra, G. Tomasin & G. Governatori leg., basic peat (MFNB); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 2 T, id., 21. VI.2001, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in wood and basic peat (MFNB); 2 ♂ 8 ♀ 2 T 3 D, id., 23.XI.2001, G. Tomasin leg., basic peat (MFNB); 1 ♂ 4 ♀, Lusevera, Alta Val Torre, near Case Tacia, 840 m a.s.l., 26. VIII.1992, M.M. Giovannelli leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, Lusevera, Alta Val Torre, Isola Torrente Mea, 700 m a.s.l., 2.IX.1992, G. Governatori & C. Luppi leg. (MFNB); 6 ♀, Passo di Tanamea, 1000 m a.s.l., 5. VIII.1992, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 2.IX.1992, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 12.IX.2006, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 4 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 6. VI.2007, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 12.VII.2007, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 29. VIII.2007, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 4.X.2007, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 T, id., 20.XI.2007, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 T, Lusevera, Plan di Tapou, 900 m a.s.l., 17.XI.2005, L. Dorigo & G. Tomasin leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 4 T, id., 6. VIII.2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 5.X.2006, G. Colombetta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Lusevera, Passo di Tanamea, 1050 m a.s.l., 7.XI.1992, G. Governatori leg., beech wood; 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Lusevera, near Passo di Tanamea, Valle del Rio Bianco, 800 m a.s.l., 6.X.1997, G. Governatori leg., beech wood; 1 ♀, Malborghetto Valbruna, N slope of Monte Montasio, 1400 m a.s.l., 25. VIII.1990, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 1010 m a.s.l., 27.IX.1990, G. Governatori leg., mixed beech wood (MFNB); 3 ♀, Malborghetto Valbruna, Malga Saiseia, 1000 m a.s.l., 16. VI.1994, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG); 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Moggio Udinese, Stavoli Cuel Lung Alto, slope of Monte Zovet, 700 m a.s.l., 19. VI.2001, G. Governatori leg., pitfall traps in beech wood (MFNB); 6 ♀, id., 16.VII.2001, A. Dall’Asta leg., pitfall traps in beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 20. VIII.2001, G. Governatori leg., pitfall traps in beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 31. V.2002, A. Dall’Asta & G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 5 T, Moggio Udinese, Stavoli Tugliezzo, Rio Lavarie, 470 m a.s.l., 30.X.2001, G. Governatori &A Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂, Muzzana, 15.X.1982, M. Seriani leg., Querco-Carpinetum; 1 ♂ 1♀ 3 T (together with 1 ♀ of C. carinthiacus), Paderno, Fiume Natisone, 90 m a.s.l., 23.IX.1983, M. Bodon leg.; 1 ♂, Pontebba, near Pietratagliata, 600 m a.s.l., 16. VI.1994, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG); 1 ♀, Resia, Lischiazze, 580 m a.s.l., 8. VI.1997, F. Gasparo leg., beech wood; 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Resia, near Uccea, 780 m a.s.l., 1. VI.1986, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg., beech wood; 6 ♂ 2 ♀, Resia, Sella Carnizza, 1080 m a.s.l., 19. VI.2001, G. Governatori & A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 16.VII.2001, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 20. VIII.2001, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 17.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta & L. Merluzzi leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 9. VIII.2002, A. Dall’Asta & L. Lapini leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, Resia, Clen, near Casera Coot, Jamma, 950 m a.s.l., 30.X.2001, A. Dall’Asta & G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 3 ♀, Resia, Clen, between Casera Coot and Slatina Superiore, 1000 m a.s.l., 19. VI.2001,A. Dall’Asta & G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 6 ♂ 14 ♀ 2 T, id., 20. VIII.2001, G. Governatori leg., pitfall traps in beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 5 ♀, id., 26.IX.2001, A. Dall’Asta leg., pitfall traps in beech wood (MFNB); 1 T, id., 30.X.2001, G. Governatori leg., pitfall trap in beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 26.VII.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, id., 21.IX.2002, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂ 5 ♀ 3 T, Resia, Val Uccea, near Casera Malicuc, 760 m a.s.l., 20. VIII.2001, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 27.IX.2001, A. Dall’Asta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, Resia, Val Uccea, near Stalli Rasuga, 905 m a.s.l., 14. VIII.2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 16.X.2007, P. Glerean & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 29. V.2008, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Resia, Val Uccea, near Stalli Tanatemea, 980 m a.s.l., 2. VIII.2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀ 1 T, id., 1.IX.2006, G. Colombetta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 7.XI.2006, G. Colombetta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 15. V.2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., 12.VII.2007, G. Colombetta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 T, Resia, Val Uccea, near Torrente Uccea, 587 m a.s.l., 17.XI.2005, L. Dorigo & G. Tomasin leg., near the river (MFNB); 11 ♂ 2 ♀ 2 T, Rivignano, Risorgive Zarnicco, 13 m a.s.l., 31.III.2001, A. Zanetti, A. Tagliapietra, G. Tomasin & G. Governatori leg., basic peat (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 19. VI.2001, G. Colombetta leg., basic peat (MFNB); 2 ♀, id., 16.X.2001, G. Colombetta leg., basic peat (MFNB); 6 ♂ 3 ♀ 2 T, id., 26.XI.2001, G. Tomasin & F. Stoch leg., basic peat (MFNB); 1 ♂, near Savogna, 28. VI.1994, S. Zoia leg., beech wood; 1 ♂, Sella Nevea, tributary of Torrente Raccolana, 8. V.1981, E. Bognolo leg.; 2 ♀, Sella Nevea, ENE slope of Monte Canin, 840 m a.s.l., 2.XI.1990, G. Governatori leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, id., NE slope of Monte Canin, 1220 m a.s.l., 14. VI.1991, G. Governatori leg., subalpine Salicetum (MFNB); 1 ♀, Talmassons, Risorgive di Flambro, 22 m a.s.l., 31.III.2001, A. Zanetti, A. Tagliapietra, G. Tomasin & G. Governatori leg., Quercus robur wood (MFNB); 4 ♂, id., 19. VI.2001, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps (MFNB); 4 ♂, id., 16.X.2001, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps (MFNB); 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Tarvisio, near Lago del Predil, 1000 m a.s.l., 26. V.1986, S. Zoia leg.; 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Venzone, Monte Plauris, near Malga Confin, 1315 m a.s.l., 19. VI.2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂ 1 D, id., 25.VII.2007, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 T, Venzone, Monte Plauris, near Casera Ungarina, 1325 m a.s.l., 20. VI.2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 2. VIII.2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♂, id., 1.IX.2006, G. Colombetta & L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 2 ♂ 2 T, Venzone, Val Verzonassa, Rio Bruschie near Casera Frassin, 630 m a.s.l., 29. V.2008, L. Dorigo leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 T, id., 9.X.2007, G. Colombetta leg., beech wood (MFNB); 1 ♀, Verzegnis, Sella Chianzutan, 954 m a.s.l., 1. VI.1986, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG); 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Codroipo, Sorgente Codroipo, 30. V.1986, M.G. Paoletti leg. Veneto: Belluno Prov. — 1 ♀ (C. ischnocheles, det. M. Beier), Cadore, [no date, G. Marcuzzi leg.] (MZUP); 1 ♀ (C. tenuis, det. M. Beier), Cadore, [no date, G. Marcuzzi leg.], leaf litter Fagus wood (MZUP); 1 ♀ (C. pygmaeus carinthiacus, det. M. Beier), Cadore, [no date, G. Marcuzzi leg.] (MZUP); 1 ♂ (C. pygmaeus carinthiacus, det. M. Beier), Cadore [no date, G. Marcuzzi leg.], (MZUP). Veneto: Treviso Prov. — 36 ex. (C. Rayi, det. G. Canestrini), Trevisano, 1873 (MZUP); 12 ex. (C. Rayi, det. G. Canestrini), Treviso, 1873 (MZUP). Veneto: Verona Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 T, Fumane, Cavalo, 600 m a.s.l., 21.XI.1998, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM). Veneto: Vicenza Prov. — 2 ♂ 6 ♀ (C. baccettii, det. G. Callaini), Monte Grappa, 13.VII.1980, C. Bellò leg. (MSNV). Trentino: Trento Prov. — 1 ♀, Trento, Monte Celva, 19.IX.2019, N. Massimo leg. (NMM). Lombardy: Bergamo Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Orezzo, Gazzaniga, Val Dé, 9.III.2000, R. Monguzzi leg. (RMM). Lecco Prov. — 1 ♂ 1 ♀, near Civate, 700 m a.s.l., 12. V.1912, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Lecco, near Ballabio, 550 m a.s.l., 29.I.1994, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Lecco, Monte Barro, 800 m a.s.l., 24.XI.1990, S. Zoia leg.; 1 ♀, Primaluna, Val di Contra, 20. V.2010, G. Goggi leg. (GGI); 4 ♀, Val di Contra, 12.X.2010, G. Goggi leg. (GGI). SLOVENIA — Gorenjska regija — 1 ♂, Triglavski narodni park, 1000 m a.s.l., 6. VIII.1995, S. Vit leg. Jugovzhodna Slovenija regija — 2 ♀, Ribnica, Dolenja vas, near Jasnica, 577 m a.s.l., 3. V.2008, S. & T. Novak leg., Picea and Fagus wood; 1 T, Kočevski Rog, near Novo Mesto, 750 m a.s.l., 7. VIII.2007, S. Zoia leg., mixed wood. Notranjsko-Kraška regija — 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (C. carinthiacus, det. G. Gardini), Kalič near Postojna, 780 m a.s.l., 10. V.1992, F. Gasparo leg. Obalno-Kraška regija — 4 ♂ 3 ♀ 1 T (C. carinthiacus, det. G. Gardini), Sežana, Pliskovica, 11.III.1984, M. Seriani leg.; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Škocjanske Jame (= San Canziano), 29. VIII.1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg., entrance. Spodnjeposavska regija — 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Brežice, 28. VIII.1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. Zasavska regija — 1 ♂, Cemšeniška planina, Sv. Primož, 21.VII.2002, S. & T. Novak leg. SWITZERLAND — Ticino — 2 ♂ 1 ♀ 1 T, Monte Generoso, Cribbietta, 350 m a.s.l., 6.V.1987, G. Cotti leg., under Ulmus; 3 ♂ 1 T, Monte Generoso, Val Corta, 860 m a.s.l., G. Cotti leg., mixed wood; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ 1 T, Monte Generoso, Castellaccio, Val Molino, 420 m a.s.l., 14.V.1987, G. Cotti leg., mixed wood with Ulmus . Description of adults (♂ ♀). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and chelal hand brown; weak hispid granulation on lateral surface of carapace, on cheliceral palm, on base of fixed chelal finger and on dorsodistal surface of chelal hand. Carapace (Fig. 360) almost square shaped, moderately constricted posteriorly, 0.9–1.0 times longer than broad; anterior margin between median macrosetae strongly denticulate, with weakly prominent epistome in both sexes (Figs 358–359); ocular area as in fig. 360, anterior bulging eyes with convex lens (diameter 0.04–0.05 mm), posterior ones reduced, at most with flat lens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.020 –0.035 mm, distance from anterior to posterior eyes 0.04–0.05 mm, all eyes with tapetum; chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:2(18); length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.085–0.12 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:1T2T1:4: 1T2T1:0. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X: 10–11:(2–3)7–10(2–3):(2)7–8(2):8:8:6:6:6:2T1T2; genital opening of males flanked by 7–8 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicerae (Fig. 361) 1.9–2.1 (♂ ♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 lateral microseta; fixed finger with 2 distal large teeth followed by 5–8 small teeth proximally reduced in size and few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), at level with the spinneret, followed by a large tooth and 6–8 teeth proximally reduced in size; gs ratio 0.55–0.61; spinneret largely rounded, weakly prominent in male but more prominent in female (Figs 361–362); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior with 12–14 and 14–16 blades respectively. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 3–9 (mainly 5–6) coxal spines, coxa III with 2–4 (mainly 3) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.2–4.8 (♂ ♀) times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:5:2:5:1; chela (Figs 365, 369) 4.9–5.5 (♂) or 4.3–5.0 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.85–2.05 (♂) or 1.55–1.95 (♀) times as long as deep, mainly darker than fingers, slightly conical in dorsal view (Figs 363–364); fixed chelal finger with 36–52 (♂) or 31–50 (♀) contiguous teeth, cuspidate and slightly inclined backwards, with the distal side mainly convex, rarely straight, except for the 4–9 proximal teeth that are low and rounded; all teeth with dental canal (Figs 366–368, 370–372); fixed finger at level of est-it with 7–11 (♂) or 6–9 (♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.008 –0.014 (♂) or 0.009 –0.019 (♀) mm; tip of fixed chelal finger with apical sensilla af 1- 2 , distal paraxial seta gradually curved and thin; movable chelal finger with 26–38 (♂ ♀) teeth that in the distal half of the finger are similar in shape to those of the fixed finger but have a wider base, in the proximal half of the finger they are rounded and gradually reduced backwards to halfway between sb-b; (between sb and b they are sometimes recognizable only by the presence of dental canal) (Figs 366–368, 370–372); movable finger at level of st-t with 7–10 (♂) or 6–8 (♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.009 –0.015 (♂) or 0.010 –0.018 (♀) mm; coupled sensilla pc at level of sb or just distad of sb; tip of movable chelal finger with apical sensilla am 1- 2 ; trichobothria as in figs 365, 369; ratio sb -st/sb -b = 1.8–2.0; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.5–1.8 (♂), 1.4–1.85 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.05–1.2 (♂ ♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.2–1.35 (♂ ♀). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.1–1.5 (♂) or 1.5–1.85 (♀). Carapace 0.36–0.405 × 0.38–0.45 (0.34–0.42 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.42–0.54 × 0.47–0.60 (0.43–0.56 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicerae 0.305–0.39 × 0.155 –0.195 (♂) or 0.39–0.50 × 0.20–0.26 (♀); movable finger length 0.16–0.20 (♂) or 0.205–0.26 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.42–0.54 × 0.095–0.12 (♂) or 0.53–0.675 × 0.11–0.15 (♀); chela 0.63–0.81 × 0.10–0.155 (♂) or 0.72–0.98 × 0.15–0.215 (♀); hand length 0.235–0.31 (♂) or 0.26–0.39 (♀); movable finger length 0.395 –0.495 (♂) or 0.44–0.60 (♀). Description of tritonymph. Integument with weak pigmentation, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 0.90 times longer than broad, form of anterior margin and eyes as in adults; chaetotaxy 4:6:4:2:2(18), length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.08 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–IX 5:(2)8(2):(1)6(1):7:6:6:6:6. Chelicerae 1.9 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 lateral microseta; fixed finger with 5–7 teeth, proximally reduced in size, and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 5–7 teeth; gs ratio 0.57; spinneret prominent and apically rounded as in females. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 3–4 coxal spines, coxa III with 2–3 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 4.0–4.1 times as long as broad; chela 4.7–4.75 times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.8 times as long as deep; fixed chelal finger with 31–39 contiguous teeth, all with dental canal; movable chelal finger with 25–30 teeth, reduced in size towards finger base, reaching back between st and b; coupled sensilla pc nearer to b than to st; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.55–1.6; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.05; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.1. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.1–1.2. Carapace 0.31–0.34 × 0.34–0.38 (0.31–0.34 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.275–0.30 × 0.145–0.16, movable finger length 0.14–0.155. Pedipalp: femur 0.34–0.37 × 0.085–0.09; chela 0.52–0.57 × 0.11–0.12; hand length 0.20–0.22; movable finger length 0.32–0.345. Remarks. Chthonius pygmaeus was described by Beier (1934) from specimens collected in the Tatra Mountains (Northern Carpathians) of Slovakia and compared with C. jonicus, from which it differs—according to Beier (1934) —in having the chelal teeth evidently triangular (deutlich dreieckigen) and the carapacal chaetotaxy with two setae on the posterior margin (4 setae in C. jonicus). Subsequently, Beier (1951) described and attributed to this species specimens from Carinthia (Austria), pointing out few differences with type specimens, mainly the fixed chelal finger with 36–38 teeth (28–33 in Slovakian specimens) and coxa II with 5–6 coxal spines (11 in Slovakian specimens). It is however to be noted that the Slovak male’s chela design (Beier 1934: 54, fig. 1) shows both fingers slightly curved, while those of the Carinthian specimen (♀?) (Beier 1951: 165, fig. 1b) has straight fingers. We emphasize that the species should be redescribed from specimens collected at the type locality. At present these are unavailable. Among the species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group, C. pygmaeus is morphologically similar to the epigean C. guglielmii, known from Veneto to Liguria, and to the epigean C. carinthiacus, known from Friuli to Trentino. It differs from C. guglielmii in the following characters: chelal teeth acuminate, cuspidate and sligh
Chthonius stammeri Beier 1942
No full textChthonius stammeri Beier, 1942 (Figs 387–401, 412) Chthonius (C.) tenuis ssp. stammeri Beier, 1942: 130 (in part: Grotta di Castelcivita). Chthonius (C.) stammeri: Gardini & Oggianu 1992: 21–23, figs 12–15. Type locality: Italy, Campania, Salerno Province, Castelcivita, Grotta di Castelcivita 2 Cp/ SA (40°29’44”N, 15°12’32”E). Distribution. Italy (Campania). Diagnosis (♂ ♀). A microphthalmic hypogean Chthonius that differs from other species of the ischnocheles group in the following combination of characters: anterior margin of carapace with 1 (rarely 2) preocular microseta on each side; posterior margin of carapace with 4 macrosetae, lateral setae shorter than the median ones; chelicerae with 3 (rarely 2 or 4) lateral microsetae; chela length 1.09–1.67 mm; movable chelal finger length 0.72–1.09 mm; chelal fingers with reclined, pointed and widely spaced teeth; fixed chelal finger with 41–56 teeth; fixed and movable chelal fingers at level of est -ist and st-t respectively, with 3–5 and 4–6 teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.018 –0.034 and 0.016 –0.030 mm respectively; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Type material examined. ITALY — Campania: 1 ♀ (lectotype, G. Gardini des., 1991) 2 ♀ (paralectotypes), “ Grotta di Castelcivita bei Salerno [1500– 200 m tief, 3.X.1937], Stammer [leg.], 40, 46” “ Chthonius (C.) tenuis ssp. stammeri nov., Typen, Beier” (NMW). Other material examined. ITALY — Campania: Salerno Prov. — 2 ♀, Laurino, Grava dell’Occhio (della Costa dei Carpini) n.c. Cp / SA, 1070 m a.s.l., 14.XII.1997, L. Latella & N. Tomelleri leg.; 1 ♂ 2 ♀, id., 3.II.1999, L. Latella & M. Tomelleri leg.; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Laurino, Grotta dei Fraulusi 202 Cp / SA, 830 m a.s.l., 2.II.1999, L. Latella & N. Tomelleri leg. Basilicata: Potenza Prov. — 1 ♀, Fortino, Grotta De Lorenzo n.c. B/PZ, 5. VIII.1995, L. Latella leg. Description of adults (♂ ♀). Weak troglomorphic facies; integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps reddish brown; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm, on base of fixed chelal finger and on dorso-distal surface of chelal hand. Carapace (Fig. 389) 0.90–0.95 times longer than broad, trapezoidal, constricted posteriorly; anterior margin denticulate between median macrosetae, with a widely prominent epistome (Figs 387–388); ocular area as in fig. 389, anterior eyes with flat lens (diameter 0.03–0.04 mm), posterior eyes reduced to a cuticular smooth area, distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.05–0.08 mm; chaetotaxy m 4m:6:4:2:4(22), rarely (2 ♀) anterior row mm 4m, lateral setae of posterior row shorter than the median ones; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.13–0.20 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:1T2T1:4:1T 2T1:0. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X: 10:(3)6–10(3):(2)7–10(2):6–8:6:6:6:6:2T1T2, rarely st. II with 9 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 8 setae on each side. Chelicerae (Fig. 390) 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 6 (rarely 7) setae and 3 (rarely 2 or 4) lateral microsetae; fixed finger with 2 distal large teeth followed by 8–10 small teeth; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret, followed by a large tooth and 6–9 teeth proximally reduced in size; gs ratio 0.56–0.61; spinneret weakly raised in males and more prominent in females (Figs 390–391); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior with 15 and 17–18 blades respectively. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 11–15 coxal spines, coxa III with 7–9 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 5.75 (♂) or 5.35–6.2 (♀) times as long as broad, femoral chaetotaxy 3:6:2:5–6:1; chela (Figs 394, 398) 6.2–6.4 (♂) or 5.9–6.3 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.1 (♂) or 1.9–2.2 (♀) times as long as deep, with parallel sides (males) or with long ovoid outline in dorsal view (females) (Fig. 392–393); fixed chelal finger with 47–56 (♂) or 41–50 (♀) broad teeth, all cuspidate and inclined backwards in the three distal quarter of the finger, apically rounded in the proximal quarter (Figs 395–397, 399–401), all teeth with dental canal; fixed finger at level of est-it with 4–5 (♂) or 3–4 (♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.018 –0.023 (♂) or 0.023 –0.034 (♀) mm; tip of fixed chelal finger with apical sensilla af 1- 2 , distal paraxial seta gradually curved and thin; movable chelal finger with 40–50 (♂) or 40–48 (♀) teeth, reclined and apically pointed in the distal half of the finger, rounded in the proximal half of the finger and increasingly reduced from sb towards finger base (Figs 395–397, 399–401); movable finger at level of st-t with 6 (♂) or 4–5 (♀) teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distance between successive apices 0.016 –0.018 (♂) or 0.022 –0.030 (♀) mm; coupled sensilla pc at level or just distad of sb; tip of movable chelal finger with apical sensilla am 1- 2 ; trichobothria as in figs 394, 398; ratio sb -st/sb -b = 1.65–1.85; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.9–2.15; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 0.95–1.0; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.7 (♂) or 2.0–2.5 (♀). Carapace 0.47–0.49 × 0.51–0.52 (0.49–0.51 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.58–0.70 × 0.65–0.74 (0.63–0.72 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicerae 0.50–0.51 × 0.215–0.22 (♂) or 0.63–0.76 × 0.285–0.34 (♀); movable finger length 0.275–0.28 (♂) or 0.345 –0.405 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.72–0.75 × 0.125– 0.13 (♂) or 0.9–1.11 × 0.17–0.195 (♀); chela 1.09–1.15 × 0.175–0.18 (♂) or 1.39–1.67 × 0.235–0.27 (♀); hand length 0.37–0.38 (♂) or 0.47–0.58 (♀); movable finger length 0.72–0.79 (♂) or 0.92–1.09 (♀). Remarks. Chthonius tenuis stammeri was described by Beier (1942) based on four females from the Cave of Castelcivita (Salerno) and compared with C. cephalotes (Simon, 1875). In the same paper Beier attributed some specimens collected by Stammer (25.IX.1937) in the Zinzulusa Cave (Apulia) to C. tenuis stammeri, arguing that these represent a transitional form because they have anterior eyes with lens and reduced posterior eyes, while in stammeri they are all absent (augenlos: Beier 1942). The population of Zinzulusa Cave was later described by Caporiacco (1951a) from specimens that had been collected by C. Conci and S. Ruffo (3.X.1948) as Chthonius (Globochthonius) ruffoi (see Remarks under C. densedentatus). Chthonius stammeri was elevated from a subspecies of C. tenuis by Beier (1961) who recorded it from the Chiusazza Cave (Syracuse, Sicily) and later Beier (1963a) considered both stammeri and ruffoi as subspecies of C. ischnocheles, correcting the previous identification of C. stammeri for specimens from the Chiusazza Cave (C. ischnocheles ruffoi sensu Beier 1961). Shortly after Chthonius stammeri was upgraded from a subspecies of C. ischnocheles by Beier (1963b) and ruffoi was considered a subspecies of C. stammeri. Gardini & Oggianu (1992) redescribed both Chthonius stammeri and C. ruffoi from original types and specimens collected from the type locality. They recognized both as valid species, emphasizing the similarity between C. stammeri and C. ischnocheles. Among the species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group, C. stammeri is most similar to C. ischnocheles, an epigean species present also in the same geographic area, from which it differs in most troglomorphic characters: surface of carapace, cheliceral palm and chelal hand with weak hispid granulation (with marked scale-shaped granulation in C. ischnocheles), anterior eyes reduced or at most with flat lens, posterior eyes reduced to a cuticular smooth area (anterior eyes with convex, posterior ones with flat lens in C. ischnocheles), ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.9–2.15 (1.6–1.9 in C. ischnocheles). The above description of Chthonius stammeri incorporates that of Gardini & Oggianu (1992). The distribution map (Fig. 412) also shows the record of the Pertosa Cave (Mahnert 1980), located 21 kilometers in a straight line from Castelcivita Cave, the type locality of Chthonius stammeri.Published as part of Gardini, Giulio, 2021, The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries, pp. 1-131 in Zootaxa 4987 (1) on pages 120-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4987.1.
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