1,721,177 research outputs found
RECREATIONAL FOOTBALL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS
No full textThe World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that “sedentary lifestyle” causes about 1.9 million deaths per year worldwide (Hammer et al., 2007). Scientific literature supports the relationship between physical activity and mortality. Indeed, physical activity has a strong and inverse relationship with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). For this reason, compliance with the international guidelines should be a primary aim for public health. Countries should implement their preventive strategies in order to avoid, as much is possible, the worsening of CRF (i.e. blood data, blood pressure, anthropometric values, and aerobic fitness) in general population. Recently, scientific evidences reported high costs of public health, and such costs should be taken in consideration especially in relation to the current economic situation.
It has been widely shown that regular physical activity brings benefits on physical and mental health, according to it, the WHO and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) have recommended that adults aged 18-65 years engage at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week (Pate et al, 1995, Garber at el., 2011). Unfortunately, often the low educational level, job difficulties, family commitments or other reasons, do not allow the observation of the guidelines indications (Lee et al., 2013). Research on this topic analysed different methods to improve the health of the subjects, such as walking and running at different intensities and volumes (Garber et al., 2011). It was shown an inverse dose-response relationship between training volume and risk of incurring in CVD and mortality. This relation changes in association to both volume and intensity (Hammer et al., 2007). Although, it is not yet clear what is the minimum amount of training to get some health adaptations, currently ACSM guidelines recommend a workout frequency of 5 times per week with a volume of 30 minutes per session. However, recent evidences reported that even lower volume than recommended could produce some health benefits. Thus, nowadays the most important and honest recommendation to suggest to general population is to maintain an active life style even with a lower volume than indicated by ACSM guidelines.
Recreational football is a new available method able to improve health in populations. In contrast to the “traditional” activities above reported, the amount of scientific researches related to football for health is smaller. Current evidences underline that football training performed twice or three times per week, with an average duration of 60 minutes per session, may decrease the risk of CVD. Nevertheless, the information in this regard is limited (particularly concerning low training volume) and therefore this topic still needs to further studies. Recreational football seems to be a valid alternative mean able to improve population’s health, because, for its peculiarities, it can improve the compliance to health programs (Krustrup et al., 2010).
This thesis entitled “recreational football and cardiovascular risk factors” was generated with the aim to deepen the existing knowledge about the beneficial health effects involved by recreational football practice. Thesis’ focus was done on three topics:
a) revision of currently knowledge on futsal that is the most common form of recreational football;
b) estimation of energy expenditure during recreational session in male subjects with age range of 35-55 years old;
c) evaluation of the effect of one recreational football session per week in male population on cardiovascular risk factors.
Sport scientists, clinicians and other professionals on this subject (prevention and health) could use this new information in public health practice.
Following are listed the three studies reported in this thesis:
“Brief review of the state of art in futsal” (first study): despite increasing in popularity, the numbers of scientific studies related to futsal are limited. This review gives an overview of what is hitherto reported in literature and what it might be interesting for future investigation relative to futsal. It is necessary to explore and to analyse the currently scientific evidences about this issue because the training modality of this project (recreational football) is based on the official futsal rules. However, this review does not take in consideration studies on football-futsal for health, but only on performance.
"Quantification of energy expenditure of recreational football" (second study): currently there are no references in the literature on energy expenditure of recreational football performed as futsal form. This analysis allows quantifying the volume of workload necessary to achieve meaningful health improvements. In this thesis, the quantification of energy expenditure was done in men aged from 35 to 55 years. This particular age group usually takes part at recreationally football training, and thus represents the typical population.
“Recreational football performed once per week decreases cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. A randomized controlled trial" (third study): aim of this study is to explore the effects of recreational football training with the same target population indicated above, but analysing a lower training volume (60 minutes per week) than reported in literature. The study investigated whether there were significant clinical improvements on the main cardiovascular risk factors after a period of 12 weeks.The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that “sedentary lifestyle” causes about 1.9 million deaths per year worldwide (Hammer et al., 2007). Scientific literature supports the relationship between physical activity and mortality. Indeed, physical activity has a strong and inverse relationship with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). For this reason, compliance with the international guidelines should be a primary aim for public health. Countries should implement their preventive strategies in order to avoid, as much is possible, the worsening of CRF (i.e. blood data, blood pressure, anthropometric values, and aerobic fitness) in general population. Recently, scientific evidences reported high costs of public health, and such costs should be taken in consideration especially in relation to the current economic situation.
It has been widely shown that regular physical activity brings benefits on physical and mental health, according to it, the WHO and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) have recommended that adults aged 18-65 years engage at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week (Pate et al, 1995, Garber at el., 2011). Unfortunately, often the low educational level, job difficulties, family commitments or other reasons, do not allow the observation of the guidelines indications (Lee et al., 2013). Research on this topic analysed different methods to improve the health of the subjects, such as walking and running at different intensities and volumes (Garber et al., 2011). It was shown an inverse dose-response relationship between training volume and risk of incurring in CVD and mortality. This relation changes in association to both volume and intensity (Hammer et al., 2007). Although, it is not yet clear what is the minimum amount of training to get some health adaptations, currently ACSM guidelines recommend a workout frequency of 5 times per week with a volume of 30 minutes per session. However, recent evidences reported that even lower volume than recommended could produce some health benefits. Thus, nowadays the most important and honest recommendation to suggest to general population is to maintain an active life style even with a lower volume than indicated by ACSM guidelines.
Recreational football is a new available method able to improve health in populations. In contrast to the “traditional” activities above reported, the amount of scientific researches related to football for health is smaller. Current evidences underline that football training performed twice or three times per week, with an average duration of 60 minutes per session, may decrease the risk of CVD. Nevertheless, the information in this regard is limited (particularly concerning low training volume) and therefore this topic still needs to further studies. Recreational football seems to be a valid alternative mean able to improve population’s health, because, for its peculiarities, it can improve the compliance to health programs (Krustrup et al., 2010).
This thesis entitled “recreational football and cardiovascular risk factors” was generated with the aim to deepen the existing knowledge about the beneficial health effects involved by recreational football practice. Thesis’ focus was done on three topics:
a) revision of currently knowledge on futsal that is the most common form of recreational football;
b) estimation of energy expenditure during recreational session in male subjects with age range of 35-55 years old;
c) evaluation of the effect of one recreational football session per week in male population on cardiovascular risk factors.
Sport scientists, clinicians and other professionals on this subject (prevention and health) could use this new information in public health practice.
Following are listed the three studies reported in this thesis:
“Brief review of the state of art in futsal” (first study): despite increasing in popularity, the numbers of scientific studies related to futsal are limited. This review gives an overview of what is hitherto reported in literature and what it might be interesting for future investigation relative to futsal. It is necessary to explore and to analyse the currently scientific evidences about this issue because the training modality of this project (recreational football) is based on the official futsal rules. However, this review does not take in consideration studies on football-futsal for health, but only on performance.
"Quantification of energy expenditure of recreational football" (second study): currently there are no references in the literature on energy expenditure of recreational football performed as futsal form. This analysis allows quantifying the volume of workload necessary to achieve meaningful health improvements. In this thesis, the quantification of energy expenditure was done in men aged from 35 to 55 years. This particular age group usually takes part at recreationally football training, and thus represents the typical population.
“Recreational football performed once per week decreases cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. A randomized controlled trial" (third study): aim of this study is to explore the effects of recreational football training with the same target population indicated above, but analysing a lower training volume (60 minutes per week) than reported in literature. The study investigated whether there were significant clinical improvements on the main cardiovascular risk factors after a period of 12 weeks
Ehrmann, FE, Duncan, CS, Sindhusake, D, Franzsen, WN, and Greene, DA. GPS and Injury Prevention in Professional Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 30(2): 360-367, 2016.
No full text[no abstract available
Manipulating Resistance Exercise Variables to Improve Jumps, Sprints, and Changes of Direction in Soccer: What We Know and What We Don’t Know
Full text linkThe present review summarizes the effects of manipulating different resistance exercise variables on jumps, sprints, and changes of direction (CODs) in soccer. Regarding jumps, moderate-to-high loads, full range of movement (ROM), non-failure sets, and a moderate training volume are recommended. Different external resistances like constant-load, flywheel, or elastic bands, as well as various movement velocities and select exercises, are equally effective. As for sprints, moderate-to-high loads, constant load or flywheel but not elastic resistances, movements performed at full ROM, non-failure sets, and moderate-to-high training volume might be more effective, while numerous movement velocities and exercises could be chosen. As for CODs, moderate-to-high loads, flywheel more than constant-load resistance, and a moderate-to-high total number of repetitions are recommended, while several movement velocities and exercises could be selected, though ROM needs investigation. The effectiveness of concentric-only vs. eccentric-only training on jumps, sprints, and CODs has not been investigated, while an external focus and inter-set rest > 2 min are theoretically preferable, albeit not proven. Importantly, high movement velocity is not a prerogative of effectiveness, and limited ROM is not associated with sport-specific patterns such as jumps. Practitioners in soccer may manipulate resistance exercise variables depending on the purpose
High volume training with small-sided games affects technical demands in football: a descriptive study
No full textPurpose Interval training with small-sided games (SSGs)
is effective for improving physical conditioning and technical
skills in football. This descriptive study investigated
the effect of a high volume of SSGs on physiological and
perceptual response [heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived
exertion (RPE)] and technical actions in amateur
adult football players.
Methods Twelve male football players (age
22.5 ± 1.8 years, weight 72.6 ± 6.3 kg, height
1.76 ± 0.06 m) completed two indoor SSG formats (3 vs.
3 and 4 vs. 4) (twice each) composed of six sets of 4 min
each, with 2 min of passive recovery. RPE and HR were
measured to calculate exercise intensity. Each game was
filmed to evaluate the technical actions; the recordings
were analyzed using a hand notation system.
Results Mean HR for the two SSG formats did not differ
significantly; RPE scores were higher for the 3 vs. 3 as
compared to the 4 vs. 4 games (42.5 ± 3.0 vs.
35.0 ± 10.3, respectively; p\0.05); and the number of
technical actions (passes, target passes, and dribbling)
decreased as the games progressed, with statistically significant
differences between games 5 and 6 compared to
game 1 (p\0.05), but not in the frequency of other
technical actions (shots, interceptions, and tackles).
Conclusions The decrease in the number of technical
actions in both formats as the games progress beyond four
sets of 4 min could annul the advantage of SSGs for
technical skills training. These findings may help football
coaches maximize the benefit of training with SSGs
Accuracy of a 10 Hz GPS unit in measuring shuttle velocity performed at different speeds and distances (5 - 20 m)
Full text linkThe aim of this study was to validate the accuracy of a 10 Hz GPS device (STATSports, Ireland) by comparing the instantaneous values of velocity determined with this device with those determined by kinematic (video) analysis (25 Hz). Ten male soccer players were required to perform shuttle runs (with 180° change of direction) at three velocities (slow: 2.2 m·s(-1); moderate: 3.2 m·s(-1); high: maximal) over four distances: 5, 10, 15 and 20 m. The experiments were video-recorded; the "point by point" values of speed recorded by the GPS device were manually downloaded and analysed in the same way as the "frame by frame" values of horizontal speed as obtained by video analysis. The obtained results indicated that shuttle distance was smaller in GPS than video analysis (p < 0.01). Shuttle velocity (shuttle distance/shuttle time) was thus smaller in GPS than in video analysis (p < 0.001); the percentage difference (bias, %) in shuttle velocity between methods was found to decrease with the distance covered (5 m: 9 ± 6%; 20 m: 3 ± 3%). The instantaneous values of speed were averaged; from these data and from data of shuttle time, the distance covered was recalculated; the error (criterion distance-recalculated distance) was negligible for video data (0.04 ± 0.28 m) whereas GPS data underestimated criterion distance (0.31 ± 0.55 m). In conclusion, the inaccuracy of this GPS unit in determining shuttle speed can be attributed to inaccuracy in determining the shuttle distance
Fatigue affects optimum angle in knee flexors but not in knee extensors
No full textRunning kinematics parameters show different adaptations after a fatiguing protocol, highlighting a reduction of knee movement
Energetics of shuttle runs: the effects of distance and change of direction.
No full textShuttle runs can be used to study the physiological responses in sports (such as basketball) characterized by sprints (accelerations/decelerations) and changes of direction.
Purpose: To determine the energy cost (C) of shuttle runs with different turning angles and over different distances (with different acceleration/deceleration patterns).
Methods: Nine basketball players were asked to complete 6 intermittent tests over different distances (5, 10, 25 m) and with different changes of direction (180° at 5 and 25 m; 0°, 45°, 90°, and 180° at 10 m) at maximal speed (v ≈ 4.5 m/s), each composed by 10 shuttle runs of 10-s duration and 30-s recovery; during these runs oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (Lab), and C were determined.
Results: For a given shuttle distance (10 m) no major differences where observed in VO2 (~33 mL · min–1 · kg–1), Lab (~3.75 mM), and C (~21.2 J · m–1 · kg–1) when the shuttle runs were performed with different turning angles. For a given turning angle (180°), VO2 and Lab were found to increase with the distance covered (VO2 from 26 to 35 mL · min–1 · kg–1; Lab from 0.7 to 7.6 mM) while C was found to decrease with it (from 29.9 to 10.6 J · m–1 · kg–1); the relationship between C and d (m) is well described by C = 92.99 × d0.656, R2 = .971. Conclusions: The metabolic demands of shuttle tests run at maximal speeds can be estimated based on the running distance, while the turning angle plays a minor role in determining C
Energetics (and kinematics) of short shuttle runs.
No full textPurposes:
The energy cost of shuttle running (C netSR), over distances of 10–20 m, was reported to increase with the shuttle speed and to decrease with the shuttle distance. The aims of this study were to assess C netSR over a shorter distance (5 m), at different speeds, and to estimate the energy cost based on a simple kinematic analysis (C netK).
Methods:
Ten subjects (six basketball players, BP; four non-basketball players, NBP) performed ten shuttle runs (SR) with 30 s of passive recovery in-between, over a distance of 5 + 5 m (with a 180° change of direction); these experiments were repeated at different speeds (range 2–3.5 m s−1). The values of average (v mean) and maximal (v max) speed during each run were determined by means of kinematic analysis and C netK was calculated as: 0.96v2max. C netSR was calculated based on data of oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration and distance covered.
Results:
The relationships between C (J m−1 kg−1) and v (m.s−1) are well described by C netK (all subjects) = 11.76v − 13.09, R 2 = 0.853; C netSR (BP) = 11.94v − 12.82, R 2 = 0.636; and C netSR (NBP) = 14.09v − 14.53, R 2 = 0.738. Hence C netSR ≈ C netK in BP, whereas C netSR > C netK in NBP (un-familiar with this specific motor task).
Discussion:
The calculations proposed in this study allow to estimate C of short SR based on simple measures of v max and can be utilized to develop training protocols in basketball as well as in other team sports (characterized by repeated sprints over short distances)
The Effect of 1600 μg Inhaled Salbutamol Administration on 30 m Sprint Performance Pre and Post a Yo-Yo Intermittent Running Test in Football Players
Full text linkThe purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of inhaling 1600 μg of salbutamol (SAL) on 30 m sprint before and after the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test. In a randomised cross over single blind study 13 male non-asthmatic, football players volunteered (mean ± SD; age 18.1 ± 0.9 years; weight 69.5 ± 8.3 kg; height 1.78 ± 0.07 m). Participants completed two visits and were randomly assigned to either (SAL) or (PLA) treatment and performed a set of three sprints of 30 m before and after the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IRT). Best sprint and mean sprint were analysed in addition to the distance covered during the Yo-Yo IRT; rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were collected at the end of each level completed. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed to investigate changes in performance between groups. Following the inhalation of supra-therapeutic salbutamol dose (1600 μg) neither 30 m sprint time (PLA 4.43 ± 0.14 s; SAL 4.44 ± 0.15 s, p = 0.76) nor distance covered in the Yo-Yo IRT test reported significant variation between PLA conditions (1660 ± 217 m) and SAL (1610 ± 229 m, p = 0.16). Moreover, lactate values, heart rate and RPE did not differ significantly between groups. The inhalation of 1600 μg salbutamol does not enhance 30 m sprint performance in non-fatigued and fatigue conditions. Our findings suggest when football players acutely inhale double the permitted dose of salbutamol, as indicated in the World Anti-Doping Agency List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, they will not experience improvements in sprint or endurance performance
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