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    A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    Re-descriptions are given for all the known species in the siphonophore physonect genera Halistemma (Family Agalma-tidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae fam. nov.) based almost entirely on specimens collected by submersibles or ROVs. A new Halistemma species, H. maculatumsp. nov., is also described. Until now two of the Halistemma species were known only from incomplete specimens, such that for one, H. cupulifera Lens & van Riemsdijk, only the tentilla had been described, while for the other, H. striata Totton, only the nectophores were known. The species Stephanomia amphytridis Lesueur & Petit, originally established on the basis of only an illustration of part of the siphosome, is poorly known and several descriptions in the past have been based on further siphosomal material that actually belonged to a species ofHalistemma. A specimen of that species, which included the nectosome, was recently described by Mapstone (2004) as H. amphytridis , but Pugh (2006) considered that it actually belonged to H. foliacea Quoy & Gaimard. That specimen has been re-examined for this study. The taxonomic position of the two genera is discussed. Although only distantly related the species of the two genera have a post-larval form referred to as the Nectalia stage. Haeckel (1888b) originally described a specimen at this stage as a separate species, Nectalia loligo. Nectalia stage specimens of two Halistemma species and of S. amphytridis were present in the material and their relationship with Haeckel's specimen is discussed

    FIGURE 68. Halistemma foliacea. Mature Type II in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 68. Halistemma foliacea. Mature Type II "lateral" bract. Upper (left) and lower (right) views. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 62 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 62. Halistemma foliacea. Upper (left) and lower (right) views of a mature nectophore. Scale bar 5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 111 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 111. Nectalia stage of Stephanomia amphytridis from Tiburon Dive 1074. Detail of gastrozooid and larval tentilla. Scale bar 2.5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 43. Halistemma striata. Type B in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 43. Halistemma striata. Type B bracts—upper views. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale 5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 106 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 106. Stephanomia amphytridis. Part of female gonodendron (Upper), and some individual female gonophores (Lower). Scale bars 5 and 1 mm, respectively.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 89 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 89. Nectalia stage of Halistemma maculatum sp. nov. from JSL II Dive 1679. Scale bar 5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 63 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 63. Halistemma foliacea. Lower views of young "dorsal" bracts. Scale bar 5 mm..Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 31 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 31. Halistemma cupulifera. Upper views of Type A and B bracts. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt

    FIGURE 53 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)

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    FIGURE 53. Halistemma transliratum. Upper (left) and lower (right) views of a younger nectophore from the paratype specimen. Scale bar 1 mm.Published as part of <i>Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J., 2014, A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae), pp. 1-111 in Zootaxa 3897 (1)</i> on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10086517">http://zenodo.org/record/10086517</a&gt
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