1,722,374 research outputs found
Diversity and medical device design: understanding the implications of inventor diversity for improved health outcomes
No full textWomen account for 30% of the world’s researchers, and 12% of inventors registered on patents. Women are also under-represented in medical invention, both as inventors and as the intended users. This gap has two related causes. First, ideas for inventions are often sparked by personal experience, and so when women are not doing the inventing, the things being invented are not being invented for women. Second, there is a systemic gender bias against women in science, engineering, and R&D, which means that when ideas and inventions are generated by women, they are less likely to be approved, cited, or funded. This paper develops a series of hypotheses and a survey instrument to study the role of inventor gender in medical device design, including the hypothesis that inventors develop solutions that are tailored to their own gender, ethnicity, and age. The future plan is to administer a survey through a number of UK-based healthcare innovation support organisations
Why Scrum works in new product development: the role of social capital in managing complexity
No full textMajor changes are currently underway across new product development (NPD) practice, and a number of new NPD management methods and processes are emerging. Managers are faced with an array of possible process models and methods to choose from, including the formal Stage-Gate method as well as multiple emerging variants of Agile. The claimed benefits of Agile methods make it attractive, but its suitability is uncertain. In safety-critical organizations and environments a well-controlled, waterfall-based project model would likely be expected. In an empirical study of an R&D department in a large organization creating and adapting complex air traffic management systems we investigate the use and effects of Scrum, the leading Agile method. Since project coordination is a social phenomenon, we apply social capital and project complexity as theoretical lenses for evaluating the effects of Scrum. We find that Scrum and social capital provide reciprocal benefits, and that the stakeholders found Scrum to be an effective and valuable way of working, mitigating the effects of complexity
How to enable ambidexterity in safety-critical software development
Full text linkIn a competitive environment, continually improving new products and services requires new knowledge and novel solutions. Managing projects also requires the careful control of resources for effective delivery. Ambidexterity, the simultaneous achievement of novelty through exploration and efficiency through exploitation, is challenging to achieve in practice. The ways in which companies can achieve ambidexterity are context dependent. It is especially hard to promote new and uncertain concepts in situations where lives are at stake. This article reports on a case study of a safety-critical IT development project that successfully achieved ambidexterity. Leadership behaviors that support ambidexterity in this setting are critical. We highlight four leadership behaviors key to developing an environment where creative solutions can flourish
Developing a new scale for measuring sustainability-oriented innovation
Full text linkSustainability-oriented innovation is a developing area in the academic literature, and existing measurement models are either lacking in scope or they have not been validated. Following an extensive review of existing academic literature, this paper addresses this gap by developing a new sustainability-oriented innovation scale. The scale includes elements from the triple bottom line, which incorporates social, environmental, and financial considerations. Environmental considerations are further broken down into carbon footprint, pollution, and materials life cycle. Notably, we also separate capability (could we do it), evaluation (do we measure it), and performance (do we put it into practice in our products and services, and operations). As a holistic model we also include strategy, partnerships, and demand. The validity of the scale was tested first through a pilot study with 23 respondents, and second through a survey study with 202 respondents. Scale evaluation tests confirm the consistency, convergent, and discriminant validity of the new sustainability-oriented innovation scale. Both exploratory and confirmatory analysis results confirm that the theorised scale is a good fit for the data. The contribution of this paper is a comprehensive, validated survey instrument to measure the capability of organisations to deliver sustainable innovation
Mapping Gambling Research in Three Regulatory Environments, 2008-2017
No full textThis study was undertaken by Greo Evidence Insights (formerly Gambling Research Exchange Ontario) to create a mapping review of gambling studies. A mapping review is a type of review article that aims to describe and categorize knowledge within a topic of known scope in order to identify research gaps. There have been very few mapping reviews concerning the whole field of gambling studies, and this is the first to specifically examine the concept of harm.
For this study, the authors used the Conceptual Framework of Harmful Gambling (CFHG) as the framework for categorizing gambling research articles. The CFHG describes eight factors contributing to harmful gambling, each with multiple subfactors. The authors searched the Web of Science (WoS) database for gambling research articles from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, published between 2008 and 2017. These three countries were chosen because they represent three different forms of gambling regulation, described in detail in the article.
By following the search strategy, 1,424 articles were retrieved that could be ascribed to a CFHG factor. Each article was assigned a CFHG factor, and if possible, a CFHG subfactor, a secondary factor, and a secondary subfactor. Also recorded are the country and state/province/territory/region or each author from the three target countries, and whether or not the word "harm" is present in the title, abstract, or keywords. The dataset also contains the author, year, title, journal, and various other bibliographic fields that were downloaded from WoS.</p
How cognitive bias prevents serendipity in new product development (and what to do about it)
Full text linkThe purpose of this article is to identify practical strategies that new product development (NPD) managers can undertake to increase the likelihood of serendipity within the NPD process by focusing on overcoming the barriers presented by cognitive bias. We adopt an alternative methodological approach based on analogical reasoning to develop a series of propositions that explain the relationship between cognitive biases and serendipity. We present a process model of how serendipity unfolds within NPD. We provide a detailed analysis of cognitive bias within NPD, and identify those categories of biases that are most likely to hinder the occurrence and realization of serendipity in NPD. Finally, we propose a strategy of debiasing NPD activities to enable serendipity and thereby improve new product performance. This article concludes with a research agenda and discusses implications for firms.</p
A Theoretical development of serendipity for NPD practice
No full textThis paper discusses the important role of serendipity in NPD, particularly for radical innovation. The theoretical basis for serendipity has developed substantially over the past decade in the wider management studies discipline. Serendipity remains largely absent from the current NPD and innovation literature, and this should be seen as a critical gap for NPD practice and research. This paper develops a detailed conceptual understanding of serendipity for NPD that will support future research and NPD practice
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