118,246 research outputs found
Relazione tra la pulizia delle bovine e la qualità igienica e sanitaria del latte
No full textRelationship between cow hygiene and somatic cell and bacterial
counts in bulk tank milk. – The quality of bulk tank milk, in term of bacterial
contamination and proliferation, is influenced by milking machine and milk
tank cleaning, by animal hygiene and by the presence of mastistis microrganisms
into the udder. The aim of the present work was to evaluate cow hygiene
(Hygiene Score, HS) and its effects on Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and bacterial
count (SBC) in the bulk tank milk. Udder, flank and legs HS were evaluated in
10 farms, each farm were visited twice. SBC, thermoduric and coliform bacteria
were evaluated on bulk tank milk (ISO/FIL 4833 and ISO/FIL 4831), SCC were
obtained from AIA (Italian Breeders Association) database. Farms with less
than 100 cows were characterized by 4.81; 2.44 and 3.05 log10 CFU/mL respectively
of SPC, thermoduric and coli bacteria, whereas farms with more than 100
cows had 4.74 log10 CFU/mL of SPC; 2.70 log10 CFU/mL of thermoduric and
2.58 CFU/mL of coli. SSC expressed as Linear Score (LS) was 5.36 e 5.51 respectively
in two groups of farms. All farms were quite clean, only 18% of the udder
were classified as dirty (HS 3 and 4). Farm visits with less than 10% udder HS
3 and 4, less than 35% of flanks and 40% of legs HS 3 and 4, were characterized
by better milk quality than “dirty visits” (CBS = 5.1 vs 5.4 log10 CFU/mL; ther-
Bava et al (2008) Sci Tecn Latt-Cas, 59 (4), 000-000 178
moduric = 3.2 vs 3.1 log10 CFU/mL e coli = 2.8 vs 3.5 log10 CFU/mL, for clean and
dirty visits respectively)
Effect of grinding of maize and level of starch on digestibility and performance of Saanen goats
No full textThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects on intake, digestibility and lactational performance of goats when fed diets containing whole or ground maize grain at two different dietary starch levels through substitution of beet pulp for maize. Eight second parity Saanen goats in mid lactation were used in a digestibility trial. The experimental design was a duplicated 4x4 Latin square with a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The goats were fed four diets, with a forage:concentrate ratio of 40:60, containing: 33.5% (on dry matter basis) whole maize grain or 33.5% ground maize grain in the diets with high starch content; 22.5% dried beet pulp and 11.0% whole maize grain or 11.0% ground maize grain in the two diets with low starch content. The high starch diets significantly decreased DMI in comparison with the low starch diets (2333 and 2229 g/d, for low and high starch diets, respectively). Substitution of beet pulp for maize significantly improved NDF and ADF digestibility (56.4 and 55.5% and 42.2 and 38.9%, for low and high starch diets, respectively) due to the lower content of starch. Starch digestibility was influenced by the grinding of maize: whole grain (92.6%) was less utilized than ground grain (97.7%), despite not impairing total DM digestibility. The ground maize grain depressed feed intake and milk yield in the high starch content diets. The data obtained suggest that the grinding of maize is not likely to be worthwhile for lactating goats
Digestibility and milk performance of dairy goats fed two dietary starch concentration, with whole or ground maize
No full textThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects on intake, digestibility and milk performance of goats fed diets with whole or ground maize at two dietary starch concentration obtained substituting beet pulp for maize.
For this aim eight second parity Saanen goats (57.4 kg BW, on average) in mid lactation (83 DIM, on average), confined in individual metabolic cages, were utilized for a digestible trial in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design balanced for carry-over effect with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The goats were fed four diets, with a forage:concentrate ratio of 40:60, containing: 33.5% (on dry matter basis) whole maize grain (HSMG) or 33.5% maize meal (HSMM) in the diets with high starch content; 22.5% dried beet pulp and 11.0% whole maize grain (LSMG) or 11.0% maize meal (LSMM) in the two diets with low starch content. The other ingredients were (on DM): barley meal (13.3%), soybean meal (9.1%), maize gluten meal (3.0%) and mineral-vitamin complex (3.0%). The diets were isonitrogenous and with NDF and starch content (% on DM) of 32 and 33% or 40 and 17%, for high or low starch diets, respectively. The diets were offered ad libitum, allowing for about 5% orts. Individual data for DM intake, digestibility and milk production were statistically analysed using GLM procedure of SAS. Tukey’s test comparisons of treatment means was conducted if P<0.05 for interaction of main effects.
The animals made a strong feed selection leaving hay as the sole refusal. As a consequence, the forage:concentrate ratio (DM basis) of the ingested diet resulted to be 32:68 instead of the planned 40:60, on average for the four treatments. The DMI obtained during the experimental trials was not significantly different among treatments, despite a higher value registered by low starch diets (2333 and 2229 g/d, for low and high starch diets, respectively, P<0.05).
Concerning DM digestibility, the interaction between the effects of starch concentration and type of maize was statistically significant (P<0.05); particularly, the DM of HSMG diet resulted better digested (71.6%) in comparison with HSMM diet (69.0%) and with LSMG diet (69.1%). Substitution of beet pulp for maize significantly improved NDF and ADF digestibility (56.4 and 55.5% and 42.2 and 38.9%, for low and high starch diets, respectively, P<0.001) due to the high content of pectins, confirming the results obtained by Voelker & Allen (2003) in a trial with dairy cows. Starch digestibility was influenced (P<0.001) by the physical form of maize: whole grain (92.6%) was less utilized than maize meal (97.7%), despite it did not impair total DM digestibility. Anyway, the high utilization of starch in diets with whole maize (94.2 and 90.9% for high starch and low starch, respectively) indicates a low passage of indigested grain trough the gut. This seems due to an extensive damage of maize kernels during mastication (Beuchemin at al., 1994) which determines a relevant grain utilization already at rumen level.
The milk production was not affected by the level of starch (4323 and 4328 g/d, for low and high starch diets, respectively): this was probably due to the higher DMI by goats fed the low starch diets. On the other hand, looking at the effect of the type of maize in the diets with high starch content, it is evident that maize meal depressed feed intake and milk yield (4075 and 4570 g/d, for HSMM and HSMG, respectively, P<0.05). Milk fat was not affected neither by starch level nor by maize type and its percentage for all treatments resulted lower than protein percentage (2.52 and 2.66%, for fat and protein content on average, respectively). This might be due to the low ether extract content of the diets (2.24%). The proportion of lactose was significantly influenced by the level of starch (4.49 and 4.39%, for high and low starch diets, respectively, P<0.001): this could be ascribed to the presumably higher rumen propionate production from amylolytic microbes.
In conclusion, substitution of beet pulp for maize in diets rich in concentrates significantly improved DMI and NDF and ADF digestibility due to their high content of soluble fibre. Moreover the utilization of whole grain instead of maize meal does not depress diet digestibility while increases milk yield. The data obtained suggest that the grinding of maize given to lactating goats is likely to be of no value
Periodo di asciutta: come affrontare i problemi? Focus sull’asciutta selettiva
No full textIl progetto Maga si è proposto di individuare le migliori scelte gestionali durante il periodo di asciutta delle bovine per aumentare l’efficienza produttiva e la sostenibilità ambientale
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