6,224 research outputs found
From Care to Custody : Surviving Incarceration – the English Experience
Get PDFOn December 9, Dr Tim Bateman (Chair, the National Association for Youth Justice) discussed the overrepresentation of children in care in England's custodial estate, for CYCJ's Associates Webinar Series. Dr Bateman share findings from a two year research study, undertaken by the University of Bedfordshire and funded by the Nuffield Foundation, which explored the links between care and custody. This research aimed to identify factors that contribute to the long standing overrepresentation of children in care in the custodial estate by comparing the pathways of children looked after by the local authority into, and through custody, with those of other children. It also identified key intervention points where additional support might achieve better (and more equitable) outcomes. Dr Tim Bateman is a Reader in Youth Justice at the University of Bedfordshire, and current Chair of the National Association for Youth Justice. He authored the 'The state of youth justice 2020', published by NAYJ
Fractional adiabatic passage in two-level systems: mirrors and beam splitters for atomic interferometry
No full textAtom interferometers require atom mirrors and beam-splitters that can maintain high fidelity
even when experimental parameters vary from the ideal. We address the use of chirped laser pulses
to provide such elements via rapid adiabatic passage, and present a prescription for practical pulses
that offer controlled adiabaticity throughout. Full- and half-adiabatic pulses, providing mirrors and
beam-splitters respectively, are derived, and the latter examined for robustness and suitability for experimental implementations
Stabilized fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer for carrier-frequency rejection
No full textWe have demonstrated stabilization of a fiber-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer, with a centimeter-scale path difference, to the transmission minimum for the carrier wave of a frequency-modulated laser beam. A time-averaged extinction of 32 dB, limited by the bandwidth of the feedback, was maintained over several hours. The interferometer was used to remove the carrier wave from a 780 nm laser beam that had been phase modulated at 2.7 GHz
Stimulated Raman transitions via multiple atomic levels
Get PDFWe consider the stimulated Raman transition between two long-lived states via multiple intermediate states, such as between hyperfine ground states in the alkali-metal atoms. We present a concise treatment of the general, multilevel, off-resonant case, and we show how the lightshift emerges naturally in this approach. We illustrate our results by application to alkali-metal atoms and we make specific reference to cesium. We comment on some artifacts, due solely to the geometrical overlap of states, which are relevant to existing experiments. <br/
Polly Stewart Oral History Project: Interview with Tim Morrison
No full textRecording of an interview by Polly Stewart with Tim Morrison, a participant in the Utah folk music scene of the 1960s. Jennifer Bott [now Bateman] served as sound engineer. Transcript by Laura R. Marcus [now Green]. One of the interview recordings that Polly Stewart and Jennifer Bott conducted for the Utah Folk Music Revival Oral History Project, 2004-20111. Basic and musical background; 2. Finding the conduit to bluegrass music and the banjo/friendship with Ron Spears/becoming a member of the Stormy Mountain Boys/involvement with the Intermountain Acoustic Music Association; 3. Forming the Utah Friends of Bluegrass; 4. Teaching guitar and banjo/being a conduit for the next generation; 5. Talking about early musical background/music in the family; 6. Learning to play bluegrass music on guitar, banjo, and bass; 7. Becoming a member of the Stormy Mountain Boys; 8. Talking about current musical activities/participation in several groups; 9. Involvement in national bluegrass community; 10. Talking about his Maisel bass/bass technique; 11. Talking about bluegrass music as livelihood/stereotypes about bluegrass music; 12. Talking about preference for traditional bluegrass music/general appeal of bluegrass; 13. Talking about the Stormy Mountain Boys at the Utah Urban Pioneers Concert; 14. Talking about his own family/on making the choice whether to go on the road as professional musician; 15. On putting together a set list for the Utah Urban Pioneers Concert; 16. On having a respectful and gentlemanly attitude towards the audience- heritage of this attitude in bluegrass performing; 17. Talking about the Stormy Mountain Boys-longevity, orchestration/maintaining high standards; 18. Talking about band, Lonesome Ridge; 19. Talking about Morrison\u27s bluegrass resume; 20. Appreciation for involvement with music community/mentioning cowboy music with which he had been involved, including the Wasatch Mountain Wild West Show; 21. Talking about family and personal connection to the music/grandfather who was Spanish American War Veteran/work as EMT; 22. Talking about playing on soundtrack for KUED documentary The Spirit of Ft. Douglas; 23. Talking about his own work documenting the bluegrass music tradition in the Salt Lake Valley area/talking about the history of bluegrass music; 24
What next for desistance and youth justice?
Get PDFThe roots of this book lie in conversations about desistance and children in early 2021 that originated following an online event with academics, practitioners and policymakers who energetically critiqued and commented on the relevance and application of desistance theories to youth justice-involved children. While the purpose of the online event was to launch a briefing paper on desistance and youth justice, and thus mark the culmination of the National Association for Youth Justice’s (NAYJ) work on the topic, the discussions led to a number of reflections and questions. What helps children to move away from offending? To what extent is the concept and theorisation of desistance useful to explaining this during childhood and adolescence? Does the application of desistance theories risk problematising rather than normalising children’s behaviour? How is desistance thinking understood, interpreted and implemented in youth justice policy and practice
Desistance and children: setting the scene
Get PDFSince the late 1990s, ‘desistance’ – understanding how people move away from offending – has become a significant research focus and ‘increasingly ubiquitous’ in central policy (Maruna and Mann, 2019). Since 2014, with the introduction by the Youth Justice Board of a new assessment framework, desistance thinking has been progressively transplanted to youth justice in England and Wales from the adult justice system. Given that the desistance evidence base is primarily rooted in the experiences of adults who have a history of criminal behaviour, one might have expected this development to have been accompanied by some debate. Yet, discussion or examination of the relevance of desistance thinking to children in the justice system remains scarce, comprising a significant and important gap in scholarship. While there is a limited, albeit developing, international knowledge base about the desistance pathways of children, these studies have typically focused only on children defined as ‘serious’ or ‘persistent’ ‘offenders’. With desistance thinking increasingly applied across the spectrum of youth justice sanctions in England and Wales, it has become necessary to understand, and question, the relevance of desistance thinking with a much broader group of children. This is particularly pressing in light of the growing proportion of out-of-court disposals within youth justice caseloads, which comprise nearly half of supervision cases in some areas. And even among children on court-ordered community sentences, nearly 80 per cent now either have no or a minimal history of recorded offending (Youth Justice Board/MoJ, 2023). How might desistance theories apply given that most children’s offending ‘careers’ are limited to adolescence (Moffitt, 1993) and, thus, desistance is largely normative? Our starting point is that children’s distinct needs, by virtue of their young age and ongoing development, together with their typically normative offending, raise important questions about the relevance and meaning of desistance thinking to their pathways away from crime. In light of this, our core guiding questions are: * What helps children to move away from offending, and in what ways, if at all, does this vary by ethnicity, class and gender? * To what extent is the concept and theorisation of desistance helpful when applied to children or does it, alternatively problematise rather than normalise children’s behaviour? * How is desistance thinking currently understood and implemented in youth justice policy and practice? * What are the implications of the answers to these questions for youth justice theory, research, policy and practice? The collection has been initiated by the National Association for Youth Justice (NAYJ), the only individual charity which campaigns exclusively for the rights of, and justice for, children in trouble with the law. The NAYJ believes that children who come to the attention of criminal justice agencies should be viewed individually according to their stage of development and treated as a child first and foremost (National Association for Youth Justice, 2019). The editors of this collection are all members of the NAYJ’s Board of Trustees. Given that the charity is based in England and Wales, we have not attempted to give the book an international focus. However, it is likely that many of the chapters will be of international interest given that the role of desistance theory within youth justice is not restricted to a single jurisdiction. Given the focus of the NAYJ’s work, our philosophical position that children should be treated as distinct from adults, and the relative dearth of literature specific to desistance and children, the book deliberately, and unapologetically, restricts itself to discussion of individuals in conflict with the law who are under 18. In line with the ethos of the NAYJ, and international standards of children’s rights, we refer throughout to these individuals as children, and the terms ‘youth’, ‘juvenile’ and ‘young offender’ are deliberately eschewed
Novel schemes for the optical manipulation of atoms and molecules
Get PDFThe range of atoms which can be cooled by lasers is limited to those which have a closed two level structure. Several schemes have been proposed which aim to extend this range by using coherent control of the particle momenta, but none have yet been demonstrated. We hope to implement these and other coherent manipulation schemes, and we begin with a system which is well understood and over which we can exert precise control. This thesis covers the design and construction of an experiment to demonstrate coherent manipulation of cold rubidium atoms collected in a magneto-optical trap. The lower hyperfine levels of these cold atoms very closely mimic the ideal two-level atom, and we use carefully crafted laser pulses to prepare, manipulate, and read their quantum state. The hyperfine levels are coupled using two fields whose frequency difference is equal to the hyperfine splitting. The way in which these Raman coupled levels can be used to emulate a two-level atom is explored, and the experimental apparatus used to create and control the driving fields is described in detail. The amplitude, frequency and phase of these fields is programmable, and complex manipulation schemes can be implemented merely by programming a computer. We have observed Raman transitions in the cold rubidium atoms, and the experimental methods used to detect these features amidst large experimental noise are discussed. Although we have not yet seen Rabi oscillations, we are confident that we can now have sufficient control to begin to implement simple interferometric sequences. However, there remain significant challenges if we are to coherently manipulate the momentum, and the prospects for such manipulation are discussed
Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?
No full textAn interview with author Tim Leighton about the paper
Diagnosing confounded Bateman gradients
Get PDFThe Bateman gradient is a fundamental metric of sexual selection, often interpreted as the fitness advantage individuals gain by increasing their number of mates. However, it is recognized that any traits influencing both mating and reproductive success can confound the gradient, misrepresenting the strength of precopulatory sexual selection. Yet, the magnitude of this misrepresentation across different biological systems (e.g., differing in anisogamy or strength of sperm competition), which covariates are most problematic, or how confounded relationships can be diagnosed to better interpret the Bateman gradient, remains largely unexplored. To address these gaps, we simulate 9 plausible biological scenarios where the effect of male mating success on reproductive success is confounded. We find that covariances between male mating success and female fecundity or egg allocation confound male Bateman gradients more strongly than covariances between male mating success and ejaculate traits. These differences in the impact of male–female vs. male–male covariances are especially pronounced in systems with high levels of anisogamy and no sperm competition. We provide guidelines for empiricists to visually identify such covariances by recording mating order, and suggest that researchers explicitly state causal assumptions when interpreting Bateman gradients. Additionally, when the covariate is a confounder, not a mediator, we demonstrate that partial Bateman gradients allow better interpretation of the strength of precopulatory sexual selection. These insights into the mechanisms driving variation in the Bateman gradient allow us to clarify its meaning, identify scenarios where its interpretation might be problematic, and offer practical solutions to address this
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