105,690 research outputs found
Watch, listen and learn: Observing children’s social conduct through their communication
No full textThis paper argues for the use of conversation analysis (CA) and membership categorisation analysis (MCA) (Sacks, 1992) to investigate children’s social conduct. A majority of prior research in this area has tended to focus on limited theoretical perspectives situated in developmental psychology, resulting in a dichotomous presentation of either prosocial or antisocial behaviour (see Bateman & Church, 2008 for an overview). Although the use of predefined categories “antisocial” and “prosocial” may be helpful for the organisation of data, there is a concern that these pre-defined classifications lead to children themselves being categorised as either consistently prosocial or antisocial (for example Nelson & Crick, 1999). This view encourages stigma and the labeling of children rather than offering further insight into children’s social worlds (Bateman & Church, 2008). This problem represents a shortfall in information regarding the complexity of peer interactions and how they are locally managed by the children themselves, disregarding the range of social competencies engaged in by the participants.
Therefore a shift in theoretical approach is argued for here as this informs of how social order is produced through verbal and non-verbal communications between the participants themselves (Butler, Fitzgerald & Gardner, 2009; Sacks, 1992a; 1992b;). Analyzing children’s social conduct through observing their communication offers an innovative, theoretical shift which is becoming more valued in many different areas of early childhood and particularly for the study of social relationships in education. This paper will outline the concept of communication as perceived from an ethnomethodological (EM) perspective, provide a background to EM and conversation analysis (CA), discuss some findings from research and then discuss the practical application of these findings for practice
Microfluidic Devices for the Temporal Resolution of T Lymphocyte Competition
No full textEvery cell in the human body is unique. In the immune system this is essential so that a wide range of invading pathogens can be recognised. To achieve the heterogeneity in lymphocytes, immature T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes undergo ‘priming’ in the thymus and bone marrow to diversify the cell surface receptors. As such, bulk analysis of immune cells and overlooking outliers, such as cells exhibiting unusual characteristics or responses, could lead to interesting cell characteristics being disregarded.By tracking the activation profile of a T lymphocyte against an antigen presenting cell in a high-throughput manner at the single cell level, the variation in activation levels of individual T lymphocytes will be identified. This will lead to an improved understanding of why certain T lymphocytes are more efficient at eradicating diseases.This thesis describes the design and development of a bespoke microfluidic device able to trap thousands of individual cells in nanolitre wells, for the analysis of cell-cell interactions. The device is optically transparent, enabling T lymphocyte activation to be observed in real time using fluorescent microscopy and calcium staining; thousands of cells may be observed within a single microscope field of view. Cell-cell contact is controllable by the device, allowing the activation of T lymphocytes against antigen presenting cells to be viewed in real time, in a high-throughput manner.The device has been used to investigate T lymphocyte activation against soluble stimulants, as well as antigen presenting cells. Specifically, the temporal calcium response of single cells has been studied and experimental results are presented. The findings reveal differences in activation profiles of individual cells within a clone population, which are not evident using state-of-the art bulk cell analysis techniques such as flow cytometry. This work highlights the importance of assessing single cell responses in an immune interaction
Sea lions and fur seals: Cold water species on the equator
No full textTrillmich F. Sea lions and fur seals: Cold water species on the equator. In: de Roy T, ed. Galapagos: Preserving Darwin's Legacy. Auckland: David Bateman Ltd.; 2009: 170-176
Refining pathological evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
No full textAIM: To assess tumour regression grade (TRG) and lymph node downstaging to help define patients who benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.METHODS: Two hundred and eighteen consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction treated with surgery alone or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery between 2005 and 2011 at a single institution were reviewed. Triplet neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of platinum, fluoropyrimidine and anthracycline was considered for operable patients (World Health Organization performance status ? 2) with clinical stage T2-4 N0-1. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was assessed using TRG, as described by Mandard et al. In addition lymph node downstaging was also assessed. Lymph node downstaging was defined by cN1 at diagnosis: assessed radiologically (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography), then pathologically recorded as N0 after surgery; ypN0 if NAC given prior to surgery, or pN0 if surgery alone. Patients were followed up for 5 years post surgery. Recurrence was defined radiologically, with or without pathological confirmation. An association was examined between t TRG and lymph node downstaging with disease free survival (DFS) and a comprehensive range of clinicopathological characteristics.RESULTS: Two hundred and eighteen patients underwent esophageal resection during the study interval with a mean follow up of 3 years (median follow up: 2.552, 95%CI: 2.022-3.081). There was a 1.8% (n = 4) inpatient mortality rate. One hundred and thirty-six (62.4%) patients received NAC, with 74.3% (n = 101) of patients demonstrating some signs of pathological tumour regression (TRG 1-4) and 5.9% (n = 8) having a complete pathological response. Forty four point one percent (n = 60) had downstaging of their nodal disease (cN1 to ypN0), compared to only 15.9% (n = 13) that underwent surgery alone (pre-operatively overstaged: cN1 to pN0), (P < 0.0001). Response to NAC was associated with significantly increased DFS (mean DFS; TRG 1-2: 5.1 years, 95%CI: 4.6-5.6 vs TRG 3-5: 2.8 years, 95%CI: 2.2-3.3, P < 0.0001). Nodal down-staging conferred a significant DFS advantage for those patients with a poor primary tumour response to NAC (median DFS; TRG 3-5 and nodal down-staging: 5.533 years, 95%CI: 3.558-7.531 vs TRG 3-5 and no nodal down-staging: 1.114 years, 95%CI: 0.961-1.267, P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Response to NAC in the primary tumour and in the lymph nodes are both independently associated with improved DFS
Theoretical “t-z” Curves for Piles in Radially Inhomogeneous Soil
No full textAccurate estimates of pile settlement are key for efficient design of axially loaded piles. Calculations of pile settlement can be simplified using one-dimensional “t-z” curves describing pile settlement at a certain depth as a function of side friction. In the realm of this simplified framework, theoretical “t-z” curves can be derived by substituting an attenuation function describing the variation of shear stress with distance from the pile, into a soil constitutive model relating shear strain to shear stress, then integrating with respect to distance to get the settlement at the pile circumference due to an applied shear stress. A handful of analytical “t-z” curves are available in the literature using the concentric cylinder model to define an attenuation function; these include solutions for linear-elastic, power-law and hyperbolic constitutive models. However, radially homogeneous soil has often been assumed, ignoring the effect of the pile installation resulting in unconservative calculations of pile settlement. This paper considers the installation of the pile, resulting in a radially variable shear modulus distribution in the surrounding soil. A radial inhomogeneity correction factor has been developed for selected constitutive models based on two simplified functions for the soil inhomogeneity, which can be applied to the previously derived “t-z” curves produced assuming radially homogeneous soil. The performance of this simplified method is investigated
Cycnoches egertonianum Bateman, Orchid.
No full textCycnoches egertonianum Bateman, Orchid. Mexico Guatemala: t. 40. 1842. Voucher: J.B. Edwards 590 (AMES).Published as part of Vega, Hermes, Cetzal-Ix, William, Mó, Edgar, Romero-Soler, Katya J. & Basu, Saikat K., 2022, An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras, pp. 1-80 in Phytotaxa 562 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.562.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/707369
Stanhopea saccata Bateman, Orchid.
No full textStanhopea saccata Bateman, Orchid. Mexico Guatemala: t. 15. 1840. Voucher: V. Rodriquez 3116 (F).Published as part of Vega, Hermes, Cetzal-Ix, William, Mó, Edgar, Romero-Soler, Katya J. & Basu, Saikat K., 2022, An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras, pp. 1-80 in Phytotaxa 562 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.562.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/707369
Quantifying the potential for sexual dimorphism using upper limits on Bateman gradients
No full textSex differences in the correlation between number of offspring and number of mates likely drive much of the evolution of morphological and behavioral sexual differences. These correlations have traditionally been represented by slopes from regressions of number of offspring on number of mates (Bateman gradients). Typically the Bateman gradient is assumed to be large for males and zero for females. However, five of nine examples where male and female gradients have been measured show appreciable gradients for females. Difference in these 'actual' gradients reflect sex differences in the force driving sexual selection. In the lab it is simple to estimate the 'upper limits' on these Bateman gradients. Differences between male and female upper limits can be used to quantify the potential for sexual dimorphism. We demonstrate how to estimate these upper limits in a katydid (Conocephalus nigropleurum) where males provide females with a large food gift (nuptial gift) during mating. By mating males and females to either one or two virgin mates, we estimated the way maximum fecundity increased with additional mates for each sex, giving an estimate of the upper limit of sexual selection on each sex. We compared these estimates to predictions based on the relative value of the nuptial gift and female pre-mating fecundity. Contrary to expectation, the male upper limit did not exceed the female upper limit. Both the fact that a male's second nuptial gift was smaller than his first and that many matings failed to transfer appreciable numbers of sperm seem to have contributed to the unexpected result
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