99 research outputs found
Effects of oxygen enriched combustion on pollution and performance characteristics of a diesel engine
No full textOxygen enriched combustion is one of the attractive combustion technologies to control pollution and improve combustion in diesel engines. An experimental test was conducted on a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine to study the impact of oxygen enrichment on pollution and performance parameters by increasing the oxygen concentration of intake air from 21 to 27% by volume. The tests results show that the combustion process was improved as there is an increase in thermal efficiency of 4 to 8 percent and decrease in brake specific fuel consumption of 5 to 12 percent. There is also a substantial decrease in unburned hydro carbon, carbon mono-oxide and smoke density levels to the maximum of 40, 55 and 60 percent respectively. However, there is a considerable increase in nitrogen oxide emissions due to increased combustion temperature and extra oxygen available which needs to be addressed
Electrode material for lithium battery and lithium battery including thereof
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Highly Porous Graphitic Carbon using the waste paper, METHOD FOR THE SAME, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE INCLUDING THE SAME AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM INCLUDING THE SAME
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Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Management of Calopepla leayana on Gmelina arborea
Get PDFEntomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were isolated and identified as natural pathogens of Calopepla leayana. Both the species of fungi were effective against the larval and adult stages of C. leayana causing white and green muscardine diseases respectively. It was also found that B. bassiana was more pathogenic to the pest as compared to M. anisopliae. The susceptibility of larvae and adults was negatively associated with the age and positively associated with the fungal spore concentration. In all the stages from I instar to adult, the highest mortality was observed in 10% of 1x109 spores/ml concentration of B. bassiana among 1, 2.5, 5 & 10% of 1x109 spores/ml concentration. It was also reflected in probit analysis that the concentration of spores required to kill fifty percent of the population was ranges from 0.09% to 5.98% of 1x109 spores/ml concentration of B. bassiana and 1.02% to 9.72% of 1x109 spores/ml concentration of M. anisopliae. The larvae of I instar have shown highest mortality, which gradually decreased with the increase in age or decrease in the concentration of fungal spores. Mass production of B. bassiana using different substrates was attempted to harvest ample amount of spores. This study revealed that spore production was directly proportional to the mycelial weight and incubation period. From the seven substrates tested, wheat flour was identified as one of the suitable substrates for the mass production of B. bassiana. A field trial was conducted to test their efficacy under field conditions. 72-93% mortality was observed in field conditions.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Division of Bioprospecting, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore-641002, Tamilnadu, India*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected] This Article As: N. Senthilkumar and S. Murugesan. 2010. Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Management of Calopepla leayana on Gmelina arborea. J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(3): 01-0
Low-Cost Rapid Template-Free Synthesis of Nanoscale Zinc Spinels for Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Applications
No full textSpinels
form an interesting class of compounds, finding applications in metal-ion
batteries and as catalysts for metal–air batteries and fuel
cells. Here, we report a fast, template-free solution combustion method
to synthesize nanoscale zinc spinels for applications as cathodes
in low-cost aqueous zinc-ion batteries and oxygen reduction reaction
(ORR) catalysts. It leads to the formation of phase-pure spinels with
near spherical nanoscale morphology. Three spinelsZnCo2O4 (ZCO), ZnMn2O4 (ZMO),
and ZnMnCoO4 (ZMCO)were investigated. ZMO and,
for the first time, ZMCO were observed to show reversible Zn (de)insertion
involving Mn4+/Mn3+ redox couple with a first
discharge capacity of 109.4 mAh/g (i.e., >99% of theoretical capacity).
Further, these Zn-based spinels showed appreciable oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic activity. The ORR activity in alkaline
solution was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep
voltammetry (LSV) using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) and was observed
to be comparable to Pt/C with similar chronoamperometric stability.
This enhanced ORR activity can be rooted to the optimal tuning of
Co3+–O bond strength because of the presence of
Mn3+. This work presents a robust synthesis route to prepare
ZnMnCoO4 spinel acting as an economic cathode material
for large-scale Zn-ion batteries for grid storage applications as
well as an efficient and stable alternate ORR catalyst in alkaline
solution
Layered Na<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> as a 3.1 V Insertion Material for Li-Ion Batteries
No full textExploring
Mn-based battery insertion materials, layered Na2Mn3O7 was synthesized via single pot solid-state method.
Rietveld analysis confirmed the formation of triclinic structured
Na2Mn3O7 with P-1
symmetry. With no further optimization, the as-synthesized Na2Mn3O7 was found to be an efficient host
for Li+ (de)intercalation. Na2Mn3O7 delivered a discharge capacity of ∼160 mA h
g–1 by altering the redox couple Mn(IV)/Mn(III)
with a nominal voltage of 3.12 V (vs Li/Li+). Interestingly,
the first discharge of pristine Na2Mn3O7 led to the formation of LixNa2Mn3O7 (2 x <
3) having completely different phase similar to the LiCoO2 structure. Lithiation triggered phase transformation from triclinic
(P-1) to trigonal (R-3m) structure. This electrochemically reformed structure imparts stability
to [Mn3O7]−2∞ building layers, preventing irreversible capacity loss. Underlying
a single-phase (solid-solution) redox mechanism, Na2Mn3O7 acts as a robust cathode material for Li-ion
batteries
Exploration of K-ion Intercalation in Iron-Based Mixed-Polyanion Material
No full textThe talk presented at 29th Annual General Meeting Of Materials Research Society Of India And National Symposium On Advances In Functional And Exotic Materials
Electrochemical potassium-ion intercalation in NaxCoO2: a novel cathode material for potassium-ion batteries
No full textReversible electrochemical potassium-ion intercalation in P2-type NaxCoO2 was examined for the first time. Hexagonal Na0.84CoO2 platelets prepared by a solution combustion synthesis technique were found to work as an efficient host for K+ intercalation. They deliver a high reversible capacity of 82 mA h g(-1), good rate capability and excellent cycling performance up to 50 cycles
Investigations on Intercalation Mechanism of Potassium Ion in Layered Na2Mn3O7
No full textThe talk presented at 29th Annual General Meeting Of Materials Research Society Of India And National Symposium On Advances In Functional And Exotic Materials
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