1,721,077 research outputs found
Ringraziamento a FREGO MAURO in: IACOBONE M., BARZON L., PORZIONATO A., MASI G., MACCHI V., MARINO F, VIEL G., FAVIA G. Parafibromin expression, single-gland involvement, and limited parathyroidectomy in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism.
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Diagnosis and management of adrenal incidentalomas
No full textPURPOSE:
The incidental discovery of adrenal masses has become a common clinical problem. We address current trends in clinical, endocrine, radiological and scintigraphic evaluation, and strategies for management of adrenal masses. A diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is suggested.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, bibliographies of select articles, current issues of peer reviewed general medicine, endocrinology, diagnostic imaging and surgical journals, and meeting abstracts of recent international congresses.
RESULTS:
Most adrenal incidentalomas are benign and nonhypersecreting but all should be evaluated to exclude from diagnosis hypersecretory syndromes or malignancy. In all cases hormonal screening for pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism and subclinical hypercortisolism should be performed. Attenuation values on computerized tomography, chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy reveal the nature of the mass in most cases. Fine needle aspiration biopsy should be reserved for cases suspected of extra-adrenal malignancy.
CONCLUSIONS:
A multidisciplinary approach, including hormonal screening, radiological evaluation and scintigraphy, is required to identify and remove adrenal masses with endocrine and oncological morbidity. Long-term morphofunctional followup is suggested for nonoperated cases
New avenues for therapeutic discovery against West Nile virus
No full textIntroduction: West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus, which is endemic in many countries, especially in Europe and in North America, where the virus has increased its activity in the recent years. No vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the prevention and treatment of WNV infection in humans. Areas covered: This review article describes viral and host targets that have been addressed by anti-WNV drug discovery studies and summarizes the most relevant anti-WNV candidate compounds identified so far, focusing on those showing antiviral efficacy in in vivo models and broad-spectrum anti-flavivirus activity. Expert opinion: The most promising anti-WNV drug candidates target conserved enzymatic motifs in viral NS3 protease and NS5 polymerase and are effective against different flaviviruses. Targeting host factors required for viral infection and replication and modulation of host innate antiviral response are also promising approaches, which may lead to the development of compounds with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, a desirable feature for an antiviral drug
Sars-cov-2 infection and disease modelling using stem cell technology and organoids
Full text linkIn this Review, we briefly describe the basic virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how stem cell technology and organoids can contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell tropisms and the mechanism of disease in the human host, supporting and clarifying findings from clinical studies in infected individuals. We summarize here the results of studies, which used these technologies to investigate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in different organs. Studies with in vitro models of lung epithelia showed that alveolar epithelial type II cells, but not differentiated lung alveolar epithelial type I cells, are key targets of SARS-CoV-2, which triggers cell apoptosis and inflammation, while impairing surfactant production. Experiments with human small intestinal organoids and colonic organoids showed that the gastrointestinal tract is another relevant target for SARS-CoV-2. The virus can infect and replicate in enterocytes and cholangiocytes, inducing cell damage and inflammation. Direct viral damage was also demonstrated in in vitro models of human cardiomyocytes and choroid plexus epithelial cells. At variance, endothelial cells and neurons are poorly susceptible to viral infection, thus supporting the hypothesis that neurological symptoms and vascular damage result from the indirect effects of systemic inflammatory and immunological hyper-responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Comment - Is there a role for low doses of mitotane (o, p'-DDD) as adjuvant therapy in adrenocortical carcinoma?
No full textOvernight dexamethasone suppression of cortisol is associated with radiocholesterol uptake patterns in adrenal incidentalomas
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