158 research outputs found
FROM WISCONSIN TO EGYPT AND BACK AGAIN: A COMMENT ON BRIDGETTE BALDWIN’S ANALYSIS OF THE SHADOW WORK THESIS
No full textThis Article examines Bridgette Baldwin’s reworking of Ivan Illich’s notion of “shadow work.” Bridgette Baldwin’s article highlights the limits of shadow work’s definition – as unpaid labor in preparation for consumption. While the Author acknowledges that Illich’s identification of a shadow realm of consumption—and, by extension, production—is a powerful commentary and foreshadowing of our present times, he suggests that Bridgette Baldwin’s Article demonstrates how class still matters and how shadow work is not gender neutral. The Author posits that the full expanse of Illich’s shadow market can be seen by exploring the standpoint position of poor black and brown citizens. This Article brings to light the similarities between the “tough love,” privatization approach to welfare reform and recent attacks on collective bargaining, the dismantling of social programs, decreased contributions to healthcare, and the failure to create a large-scale jobs program—combined with increased tax cuts for the wealthy. Unfortunately, the welfare mother remains socio-economically central but conceptually marginal to the discontent expressed by a growing number of Americans. The Author cautions against ignoring the plight of the welfare mother while America builds a new political consciousness
School-based cbt for anxiety in adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a comparison of the pragmatic case studies of brian and bridgette
No full textWhile a significant body of literature demonstrates the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating child and adolescent anxiety, relatively little research has examined its application in youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previous studies suggest that enhanced CBT benefits this population, but additional information is needed to guide the development and delivery of individualized interventions in natural settings. Towards this end, this project consists of pragmatic case studies of CBT therapy with two 15-year-old adolescents, “Brian” and Bridgette,” who both have ASD—although with different levels of severity, and comorbid anxiety disorder. Together the clients exemplify the diversity and complexity of the needs of relatively high functioning adolescents with the combination of these disorders. The case studies are designed to examine the adaptation of empirically supported practices in order to appropriately address common and idiosyncratic features of ASD within school-based mental health service delivery. The sequence of the clients is noteworthy. Brian, the higher functioning client, was seen short-term for 8 sessions; and a year later, clinical lessons learned from Brian’s therapy were applied to the design of the longer-term treatment of 65 sessions over two years for Bridgette, the lower functioning client. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of therapy processes and outcomes offers insight into the particular intervention strategies and modifications that helped each client. The benefits and barriers of school-based mental health service delivery are considered.Psy.D.Includes bibliographical referencesby Arielle S. Gartenber
A Difference Fourier Transform Infrared Study of Tyrosyl Radical Z· Decay in Photosystem II
No full textAbstractPhotosystem II (PSII) contains a redox-active tyrosine, Z. Difference Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can be used to obtain structural information about this species, which is a neutral radical, Z·, in the photooxidized form. Previously, we have used isotopic labeling, inhibitors, and site-directed mutagenesis to assign a vibrational line at 1478cm−1 to Z·; these studies were performed on highly resolved PSII preparations at pH 7.5, under conditions where QA− and QB− make no detectable contribution to the vibrational spectrum (Kim, Ayala, Steenhuis, Gonzalez, Razeghifard, and Barry. 1998. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1366:330–354). Here, time-resolved infrared data associated with the reduction of tyrosyl radical Z· were acquired from spinach core PSII preparations at pH 6.0. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence control experiments were employed to measure the rate of QA− and Z· decay. QB− did not recombine with Z· under these conditions. Difference FTIR spectra, acquired over this time regime, exhibited time-dependent decreases in the amplitude of a 1478cm−1 line. Quantitative comparison of the rates of QA− and Z· decay with the decay of the 1478cm−1 line supported the assignment of a 1478cm−1 component to Z·. Comparison with difference FTIR spectra obtained from PSII samples, in which tyrosine is labeled, supported this conclusion and identified other spectral components assignable to Z· and Z. To our knowledge, this is the first kinetic study to use quantitative comparison of kinetic constants in order to assign spectral features to Z·
Review of Cramer and Knaff, Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes: A Textbook of Bioenergetics
No full textReaction dynamics and proton coupled electron transfer: Studies of tyrosine-based charge transfer in natural and biomimetic systems
No full textAbstractIn bioenergetic reactions, electrons are transferred long distances via a hopping mechanism. In photosynthesis and DNA synthesis, the aromatic amino acid residue, tyrosine, functions as an intermediate that is transiently oxidized and reduced during long distance electron transfer. At physiological pH values, oxidation of tyrosine is associated with a deprotonation of the phenolic oxygen, giving rise to a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction. Tyrosine-based PCET reactions are important in photosystem II, which carries out the light-induced oxidation of water, and in ribonucleotide reductase, which reduces ribonucleotides to form deoxynucleotides. Photosystem II contains two redox-active tyrosines, YD (Y160 in the D2 polypeptide) and YZ (Y161 in the D1 polypeptide). YD forms a light-induced stable radical, while YZ functions as an essential charge relay, oxidizing the catalytic Mn4CaO5 cluster on each of four photo-oxidation reactions. In Escherichia coli class 1a RNR, the β2 subunit contains the radical initiator, Y122O•, which is reversibly reduced and oxidized in long range electron transfer with the α2 subunit. In the isolated E. coli β2 subunit, Y122O• is a stable radical, but Y122O• is activated for rapid PCET in an α2β2 substrate/effector complex. Recent results concerning the structure and function of YD, YZ, and Y122 are reviewed here. Comparison is made to recent results derived from bioengineered proteins and biomimetic compounds, in which tyrosine-based charge transfer mechanisms have been investigated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems
A STUDY OF PROTEIN DYNAMICS AND COFACTOR INTERACTIONS IN PHOTOSYSTEM I
No full textI would like to thank my parents, who have given my strength, moral support and practical advice throughout my educational endeavors. I would also like to thank my husband who has always put my goals and education above his own ambitions. I would like to acknowledge my entire family for their constant support in my education. I would like to thank my grandparents who have kept me in their prayers, and my sister who has never doubted my career goals. I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Bridgette Barry for her valuable support throughout the years. She has been a great advisor, always challenging me to think critically. She has helped me become a better scientist. I would like to thank the past members of the Barry group: Dr. Idelisa Ayala who trained me, Dr. Colette Sacksteder who taught me to be critical of everything, and Dr. Lori Anderson fo
The Protein Environment Surrounding Tyrosyl Radicals D and Z in Photosystem II: A Difference Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study
No full textAbstractPhotosystem II contains two redox-active tyrosine residues, termed D and Z, which have different midpoint potentials and oxidation/reduction kinetics. To understand the functional properties of redox-active tyrosines, we report a difference Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic study of these species. Vibrational spectra associated with the oxidation of each tyrosine residue are acquired; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and fluorescence experiments demonstrate that there is no detectable contribution of QA− to these spectra. Vibrational lines are assigned to the radicals by isotopic labeling of tyrosine. Global 15N labeling, 2H exchange, and changes in pH identify differences in the reversible interactions of the two redox-active tyrosines with N-containing, titratable amino acid side chains in their environments. To identify the amino acid residue that contributes to the spectrum of D, mutations at His189 in the D2 polypeptide were examined. Mutations at this site result in substantial changes in the spectrum of tyrosine D. Previously, mutations at the analogous histidine, His190 in the D1 polypeptide, were shown to have no significant effect on the FT-IR spectrum of tyrosine Z (Bernard, M. T., et al. 1995. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1589–1594). A disparity in the number of accessible, proton-accepting groups could influence electron transfer rates and energetics and account for functional differences between the two redox-active tyrosines
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