198,250 research outputs found
Cliona tropicalis Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero & Nava 2011
No full text<i>Cliona tropicalis</i> Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero & Nava, 2011 <p> <b>Material examined.</b> ICMYL.Ctr.133.FS: Bahía Culebra; 3 m, 19.XII.2012. coll. and det. Cristian Pacheco Solano.</p> <p> <b>External morphology and excavation.</b> Material not sufficient to allow reliable description of external characters, erosion patterns or spicule sizes. Even so the species was recognized by the types of spicules.</p> <p> <b>Spicules</b> consisting of megasclere tylostyles and microsclere spirasters, not pictured, see Cruz-Barraza <i>et al.</i> (2011) for further details.</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Found in dead <i>Pocillopora</i> sp. at 3 m depth.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and previous records.</b> The species has previously been observed to occur along the Pacific coast of Mexico (Cruz-Barraza <i>et al.</i> 2011; Vega 2012; Baja California, Oaxaca, Revillagigedo and Marias Islands). Scott <i>et al.</i> (1988) reported the morphologically similar <i>Cliona viridis</i> Schmidt, 1862 from Costa Rica, which however has to be assumed to be an erroneous identification and may possibly have been <i>C. tropicalis</i>. Lacking access to their material, we cannot confirm this assumption, and thus this publication is likely the first record for <i>C. tropicalis</i> occurring in Costa Rica (Fig. 19).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The material available for the present publication relied on only one specimen, which was too small to allow data collection for a full description. The identification was confirmed by the second author who has prior experience with this species and was an author on the original description (Cruz-Barraza <i>et al.</i> 2011).</p>Published as part of <i>Pacheco, Cristian, Carballo, José Luis, Cortés, Jorge, Segovia, Johanna & Trejo, Alejandra, 2018, Excavating sponges from the Pacific of Central America, descriptions and a faunistic record, pp. 451-491 in Zootaxa 4370 (5)</i> on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1147211">http://zenodo.org/record/1147211</a>
Cliona microstrongylata Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2005
No full textCliona microstrongylata Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2005 Material examined. ICMYL. Cmi. 45.IB: Isla Bolaños, Bahía Salinas, Costa Rica, 8 m, 4.XII.2012, coll. and det. Cristian Pacheco Solano. ICMYL. Cmi. 31.PL: Playa Mantas, Costa Rica, <3 m, 23.XII.2012, coll. and det. Cristian Pacheco Solano. ICMYL. Cmi. 37.PL: Playa Mantas, Costa Rica, <3 m, 23.XII.2012, coll. and det. Cristian Pacheco Solano. Los Cobanos, ICMARES. UES.CI.70: Playa Las Veraneras, Los Cóbanos, El Salvador, <3 m, 25.X.2016, coll. Alejandra Trejo, det. José Luis Carballo. External morphology. Endolithic sponge in alpha morphology. No observations available on distribution and sizes of papillae. Live color orange. Excavation. Samples too small to assess bioerosion traces. Spicules. Megascleres slightly curved tylostyles, microscleres kidney- or C-shaped microstrongyles (Fig. 11). Tylostyle dimensions: 12 2–284 µm (x̅=176.2, σ=39.4) x 2.2–9.7 µm (x̅=5.4, σ=2.4). Microstrongyle dimensions: 14.9–29.7 µm (x̅=20.7, σ=4.7) x 2.6–16.6 µm (x̅=7.4, σ=4.2). Ecology. Found in dead shells and coral skeleton of Pocillopora sp., between 3 and 8 m depth. Distribution and previous records. The species was originally described (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2005) and was again observed from the Gulf of California (Carballo et al. 2008b; Vega 2012). It is presently reported for the Pacific of El Salvador and Costa Rica (Fig. 12). This new record extends the distribution of this species. Remarks. Due to the characteristic kidney-shaped microstrongyles C. microstrongylata is easy to identify. It has only recently been described in detail (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2005), and we provided only a short taxonomic account to illustrate the present identification.Published as part of Pacheco, Cristian, Carballo, José Luis, Cortés, Jorge, Segovia, Johanna & Trejo, Alejandra, 2018, Excavating sponges from the Pacific of Central America, descriptions and a faunistic record, pp. 451-491 in Zootaxa 4370 (5) on page 462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/114721
Plakortis albicans Cruz-Barraza & Carballo, 2005, sp. nov.
No full textPlakortis albicans sp. nov. M aterial examined. Holotype MNCN 1.01 / 353, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 4 m depth, 03/ 20 / 2002, under rocks. Paratypes: BMNH: 2004.11. 2.1, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 2 m depth, 11 / 16 / 2004, under rocks. LEBICMLUNAM 456, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 4 m depth, 20 /03/ 2002, under rocks. LEBICML UNAM 1063, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 3 m depth, 01/ 28 / 2004, under rocks. LEBICMLUNAM 1100, Isla Lobos (Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México), 23 º 13 ’ 49 ’’N – 106 º 27 ’ 43 ’’W, 3 m depth, 04/01/ 2004, under rocks. Diagnosis. White to ivory thickly incrusting Plakortis, sometimes with small purple patches with a surface sculptured with drainage subectosomic canals visible to the naked eye. Abundant diods in only one size class (12–137.5 µm long), triods always present, less frequent than the diods. Description. Thickly incrusting sponge from 1 to 4 mm in thickness, covering a maximum area of 9 cm in diameter (Fig. 2 a). The smallest specimens measure 1.5 by 1.2 cm (Fig. 2 b). The consistency is slightly compressible but firm, and the surface is smooth and sculptured with very characteristic drainage subectosomic canals (60–132.8 µm in diameter), which are visible to the naked eye in situ (Fig. 2 a, b), and in the preserved specimens. The surface is pierced by ectosomic pores of 18 to 50 µm in diameter, which are usually 10 to 25 µm apart. The canals converge on oscules, which are circularshaped, 150 µm to 3 mm in diameter, and slightly elevated from the surface. Color in life is white to ivory, sometimes with small purple patches. The color is preserved in spirit, but it turns paler. The specimens were always collected under rocks. Spicules. The diods are very abundant; they are irregularly curved, sometimes bent one or two times near the middle of the shaft (Fig. 3 a, 4 a). The ends are asymmetrical, hastate or acerate. These diods are very variable in size, but only one size class is recognizable (Fig. 3 a, 4 a). They measure 12–137.5 µm long (64 µm in average), and 1.3–7.5 µm width (3.6 µm in average). Even though the triods are always present, they are less frequent than the diods. They are predominantly equalangled, but they can also be irregular (Fig. 3 b, 4 b). The rays are mostly straight or slightly bent. The size of the rays is very variable, 6.3–47.5 µm long (23 µm in average) (Table 1). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential alveolar arrangement of spicule tracts of 10 to 25 µm width formed mainly by smaller diods. The spicules tracts form meshes with amplitude of 18.9 to 50 µm in diameter (Fig. 5 a, b). The choanosomal skeleton is formed by a dense and relatively confused reticulation of spicule tracts, although a clear reticulation arrangement with meshes of 15 to 30 µm in amplitude is differentiated in some places (Fig. 5 c, d). The choanosome has abundant canals, 50 to 100 µm in diameter. Etymology. The specific name refers to its typical white color. Distribution and habitat. Isla Lobos in Mazatlán Bay (Sinaloa, Mexico, east Pacific Ocean) (Fig. 1). The specimens were collected in shallow water of 1 to 6 m depth and always under rocks.Published as part of Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2005, First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 868 on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17087
Thoosa mismalolli Carballo, Cruz Barraza & Gomez 2004
No full textThoosa mismalolli Carballo, Cruz Barraza & Gómez, 2004 Material examined. MZUCR.182: Isla del Caño, 4 m, 1984, coll. Jorge Cortés Núñez, det. Cristian Pacheco Solano. MZUCR.380: Isla del Caño, 10 m, 12. II.2011, coll. and det. Cristian Pacheco Solano. External morphology. Endolithic sponge in alpha morphology. Material not sufficient to allow reliable description of external characters. Excavation. Fused galleries with average diameter of 2 mm. Erosion scars with diameters between 29 and 56 µm. Inner surface of scars irregular, with pronounced ridges and radial structures (Fig. 34), providing additional information to distinguish between Thoosa and Cliona (Calcinai et al. 2004). Spicules. Megascleres tylostyles and oxeas, microscleres oxyaster derivates and amphiasters (Fig. 35). Tylostyles scarce, not measured. Oxeas centrotylote, with length average of 57.4 µm (σ=7.7). Thick amphiasters with 14 nodules, 2 at each apex and 6 per verticil, in alternating arrangement. Nodules microspined. Nodulose amphiaster average dimensions of 21,3 µm (σ=2.3) x 14,1 µm (σ=2.4). Thinner amphiasters with fourteen nodules in arrangement as described above, irregular endings or smooth, with average dimensions of 17,1 (σ=3.0) x 10,2 µm (σ=2.4). Biradiate, triradiate or tetraradiate oxyasters, some with microspination, length average of 50,5 µm (σ=7.2). Ecology. The specimens were found in dead pocilloporid corals at 10 m depth. Distribution and previous records. The species was described from Mexico (Carballo et al. 2004), and Guzmán (1988) probably from Costa Rica (see Remarks), which our study confirmed (Fig. 36). Todate Costa Rica was the only site in Central America where this species was detected. Remarks. The three Thoosa species presently known in the ETP— T. calpulli, T. mismalolli and Thoose purpurea Cruz-Barraza et al., 2011 —are quite easy to distinguish by comparing the most common spicule, the main amphiaster (Fig. 31, 35 and Fig. 9A in Cruz-Barraza et al. 2011). However, all three species were only recently described and any findings before 2004 relied on the then existing literature. Guzmán (1988) sampled a Thoosa species from Costa Rica and identified it as Thoosa mollis Volz 1939. However, the distribution of this species is restricted to the Adriatic Sea in the Eastern Mediterranean (Soest et al. 2016). In this study, we found two species of this genus, T. mismalolli and T. calpulli in Costa Rica. Guzmán’s material was very likely T. mismalolli, as the spicules of T. mollis and T. mismalolli are similar.Published as part of Pacheco, Cristian, Carballo, José Luis, Cortés, Jorge, Segovia, Johanna & Trejo, Alejandra, 2018, Excavating sponges from the Pacific of Central America, descriptions and a faunistic record, pp. 451-491 in Zootaxa 4370 (5) on pages 481-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/114721
Mapping properties for operator-valued pseudodifferential operators on toroidal Besov spaces
No full textBarraza Martínez B, Denk R, Hernández Monzón J, Nendel M. Mapping properties for operator-valued pseudodifferential operators on toroidal Besov spaces. Journal of Pseudo-Differential Operators and Applications. 2018;9(3):523-538
El asilo político en México en la década de los setenta / M. Margáin Barraza.
No full textTesis de Lic. en Comunicación, Universidad Iberoamericana, Plantel Santa FeReportaje cuyo propósito es mostrar que el asilo político en México y circunscrito al área latinoamericana es una institución que se ha desgastado en México y esto debido a la debilidad de los instrumentos legales internacionales para que obliguen a su otorgamiento; al endurecimiento de los gobiernos del área para reconocerlo; y a la afluencia masiva de refugiados que no tienen nada que ver con las situaciones de violencia que hay en sus regiones
Haliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis Cruz-Barraza & Carballo, 2006, sp. nov.
No full textHaliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis sp. nov. Material examined Holotype: MNCN 1.01 / 362, Punta Pinta la Choya (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México) 31 ° 18 ’05”N, 113 ° 59 ’ 11 ”W, 3 m depth, 03/04/ 2005, on sponge Geodia media. Paratypes: BMNH: 2005.4. 21.4, Punta Pinta la Choya (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México) 31 ° 18 ’05”N, 113 ° 59 ’ 11 ”W, 5 m depth, 03/04/ 2005, on sponge Geodia media LEB-ICML-UNAM- 296, Punta Cazón (Bahía Kino, Sonora, México) 28 ° 52 ’ 20 ’’N, 112 °02’01’’W, 2 m depth, 11 /08/ 2000, on sponge Geodia media. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 1224, Punta Pinta la Choya (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México) 31 ° 18 ’05”N, 113 ° 59 ’ 11 ”W, 5 m depth, 03/04/ 2005, on sponge Geodia media. Diagnosis Pinkish violet, thinly encrusting sponge. Surface smooth, with scarce slightly elevated oscules. Consistency soft and compressible, but fragile and crumbly. Ectosomal skeleton is a regular, tangential, isotropic reticulation. Choanosomal skeleton is a regular, uni- to paucispicular reticulation of ascending lines, interconnected by single oxeas. Spicules are only short and robust oxeas only (77 -(112)- 150 x 2 -(5.6)- 10 µm). Description Incrusting to semi-incrusting sponge (from 2 to 5 mm thick) covering the surface of Geodia media partly or completely (Fig. 2 AB). The species covers areas from 18 to 160 cm 2. The surface is even and smooth, with small orifices (from 25 to 75 µm in diameter) which might be ostia. Subectosomal spaces are present; they are regularly distributed along the body (from 250 to 500 µm in diameter). Oscules are scarce, with circular or oval shapes, about 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter (Fig. 2 AB). They are situated at the top of small summits of volcano-shaped elevations from 0.9 to 1.5 mm high, and distributed irregularly on the surface of the sponge. Ectosome is not easily detachable. Choanosomal canals measure from 150 to 300 µm in diameter. Consistency is soft, compressible, but fragile and easily friable. The color is pinkish violet when alive (Fig. 2 A) and dark or light brown in alcohol (Fig. 2 B). Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is formed by a regular, tangential, isotropic reticulation of single spicules joined by spongin, forming triangular, quadrangular or polygonal meshes from 50 to 120 µm in diameter (Fig. 3 B, 4 A). The choanosomal skeleton is a regular, ladder-like reticulation of uni-paucispicular ascending lines (with 1, 2 or 3 spicules) interconnected by single spicules, forming triangular (60 to 90 µm), quadrangular (100 to 150 µm) and sometimes polygonal meshes (Fig. 4 B, 5). In some places the skeleton is a somewhat confuse isotropic reticulation. In the choanosome the spongin is less abundant at the nodes of the spicules than at the ectosome. Spicules. The species presents short, slightly curved or fusiform oxeas with acerate ends (Fig 3 A, 4 C). Oxeas with blunt tips and style forms rarely occur (Fig. 4 C). Slender and slightly smaller oxeas are probably immature. The oxeas measure 100 -(127)- 145 µm long, and 5 -(8.4)- 10 µm wide. The immature oxeas measure 77 -(92.4)- 107 µm long and 2 - (2.8)- 4.5 µm wide (Table 1). Etymology The specific epithet refers to the state (Sonora) where the species was found. Distribution and ecology The specimens were collected in rocky shallow water (1–4 m depth) in two localities from the northern Mar de Cortés (Fig. 1). The species is common in these localities, but it is always found growing on the surface of the sponge Geodia media covering it completely or in parts, except for the oscular areas. The specimens have been collected in two seasons (spring and summer), but no embryos or larvae were found. Remarks According to the most recent classification in Systema Porifera, the genus Haliclona is mainly defined by having a regular choanosomal skeleton, with a ladder-like reticulation of uni-pauci- or multispicular primary lines connected by unispicular secondary lines (Weerdt 2002). The genus includes six valid subgenera, which are differentiated principally by their skeletal architecture; Haliclona Grant, 1836; Rhizoniera Griessingger, 1971; Gellius Gray, 1867; Soestella Weerdt, 2000; Reniera Schmidt, 1862 and Halichoclona Laubenfels, 1832. According to this classification Haliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis sp. nov. shows characteristics of the subgenus Haliclona (Weerdt 2002). Only three similar species with an ectosomal tangential unispicular, isotropic reticulation are known from the East Pacific area (described originally as Adocia spp.). H. ambrosia (Dickinson, 1945), H. dubia (Ristau, 1978) and H. turquoisia (Laubenfels, 1954). H. ambrosia is a ramose sponge with a smooth surface and oscules up to 4 mm (color in life was not recorded), described from the Mar de Cortés (Dickinson, 1945). In contrast, H. (H.) sonorensis sp. nov. is encrusting with scarce and smaller oscules. Another important difference is the presence of two categories of oxeas; 130 by 3 µm and 240 by 14 µm in H. ambrosia (Dickinson, 1945). H. dubia from California (Ristau, 1978) is a white and hard, non-compressible sponge, with large oxeas (140 to 180 by 10–16 µm). A. turquoisia was described from the Central Pacific area (Laubenfels 1954) and later reported from different localities from the Mexican Pacific coast (Gómez et al. 2002). This species is well characterized by its external morphology, which varies from encrusting to ramose growth form, by its typical green to bluish-green color, and by the choanosomal reticulation (Laubenfels 1954, Gómez et al. 2002). In addition, some haliclonid-species recorded from the Eastern Pacific such as Haliclona (Halichoclona) gellindra Laubenfels, 1932 and H. cinerea (Grant, 1826) are similar to Haliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis sp. nov. in external morphology. Haliclona (Halichoclona) gellindra is an incrusting, pale lavender sponge described originally with an ectosomal skeleton as a crust of tangentially placed oxeas and an isodyctial choanosomal reticulation (Laubenfels 1932). However, the holotype was reviewed by Weerdt (2002), who did not find ectosomal skeleton specialization and considered that the choanosomal skeleton is a rather dense, confuse, subisotropic reticulation without visible spongin, which is characteristic of the subgenus Halichoclona. Haliclona cinerea was originally described from European waters (Grant 1826) and later was cited worldwide. For example, this species was reported in Canada (Lambe 1893, as Reniera cinerea), in California (Laubenfels 1932), in Panama (Laubenfels 1936, as Adocia cinerea) and in the Mar de Cortés (Dickinson 1945). H. cinerea is a polymorphous, brown to dark purple sponge (incrusting to masses of anastomosing branches), characterized by a regular hexagonal, unispicular ectosomal reticulation and isotropic unispicular choanosomal reticulation (according to Weerdt 1986), characteristics that are clearly different in H. (H.) sonorensis sp. nov. Currently, the sponge populations from the Mediterranean and east Atlantic coast are the only considered belonging to Haliclona cinerea (Weerdt 1986, Weerdt & Soest 1986). However, the H. cinerea East Pacific specimens differ from the European specimens and they also differ from the new species. The Canada specimens are dull yellow in color, with oxeas of 98–111 µm long by 6 µm wide (the skeletal structure was not described) (Lambe 1893). The California specimens are encrusting (3 cm thick), lavender in color, with oxeas of 150 µm long by 6–8 µm wide, without ectosomal specialization and with an choanosomal isodyctial reticulation structure (Laubenfels 1932). The Panama specimens are slightly different to California because they have an ectosomal isodyctial reticulation of oxeas (Laubenfels 1936). Dickinson specimens are also encrusting, with oscules conspicuous from 4 mm in diameter, and a choanosomal irregular reticulation of oxeas of 115 to 190 µm long. Ectosomal skeletal was not described (Dickinson 1945). The closest species to Haliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis sp. nov. is H. (H.) epiphytica Zea & Weerdt 1999, described from the Caribbean (Colombia). The species are similar in consistency, form, choanosomal skeleton and ectosomal skeletal structure. However, they are different in color and spicule dimensions: H. (H.) epiphityca is a cream-color sponge with shorter and thinner oxeas (63-67 - 97 x 2.9–6.9 µm). Both species share the epibiotic habit, but H. (H.) epiphytica grows on red algae, whereas H. (H.) sonorensis sp. nov. has been only found living on Geodia media. In summary, the new species is well characterized by its skeletal structure, in addition to consistent external characteristics like an encrusting shape, pinkish violet color, scarce and slightly elevated oscules, and in general by living in association with another sponge. After the present study, the number of chalinids species along the Mexican Pacific coast has increased to 10 species.Published as part of Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio & Carballo, José Luis, 2006, A new species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) living in association with Geodia media Bowerbank (Mexican Pacific coast), pp. 43-54 in Zootaxa 1343 on pages 45-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17443
Axinyssa isabela Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2008, sp. nov.
No full textAxinyssa isabela sp. nov. (Figs. 2–5, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype: MNCN 1.01 / 620, Costa Fragatas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 40 ’’N, 105 º 52 ’ 46 ’’W, 10 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. Paratypes: BMNH 2008.4. 2.1, Cerro del Faro (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 25 ’’N, 105 º 53 ’07’’W, 20 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 56, Bahía Tiburones (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 33 ’’N, 105 º 53 ’ 10 ’’W, 12 m depth, 11 / 20 / 1999. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 67, Las Monas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 46 ’ 35 ’’N, 105 º 51 ’ 42 ’’W, 20 m depth, 11 / 21 / 1999. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 1050, Punta Bobo (Isla Isabel, Nayarit), 21 º 50 ’ 35 ’’N, 105 º 52 ’ 44 ’’W. 12 m depth, 12 /09/ 2003. LEB-ICML-UNAM- 1291, Playa Iguanas (Isla Isabel, Nayarit, México), 21 º 51 ’07’’N, 105 º 53 ’ 45 ’’W, 4 m depth, 02/08/ 2005. Diagnosis. Incrusting to massive amorphous, yellow sponge, with a firm, fleshy and compressible consistency. Surface is smooth to irregular conulose-microconulose. The choanosome has abundant collagen and a confused skeleton, with ascending single spicules or tracts, ending at the surface commonly in bouquets or single spicules causing a fine hispidation. The spicules are oxeas and derivates (stylotes and strongyles) in a wide size-range, from 200 –(546)– 780 µm long by 3 –(8.7)– 15 µm wide. Description. Incrusting cushion-shaped to massive amorphous (from 3 to 5 cm thick), sometimes lobate sponge, with rounded borders and apical oscules (Fig. 2 A–C). The species grows over rocky substrates, covering areas up to 17 x 12 cm. The surface varies within the same specimens; it can be smooth, although generally, it is irregular, conulose-micro-conulose and minutely hispid, due to the terminal part of the choanosomal spicule and tracts that form brushes on the surface (Fig. 3 A–G). Sometimes small raised ridges may be observed running over the surface. Subectosomal spaces from 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter. Subectosomal aquiferous canals (from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter) are visible around some oscula. Circular or oval shaped oscula (1 to 6 mm in diameter) are scattered irregularly on the surface. They are flush with the surface of the sponge or slightly elevated by an ectosomal membrane. The consistency is firm, fleshy, compressible and resilient in life, but crumbly after preservation. The ectosome is a thin, translucent, partly detachable surface membrane. The choanosome is cavernous, with aquiferous channels very variable in size, from 70 µm to 1.5 mm in diameter. The color in life is light yellow-orange (Fig. 2 A–C). After fixation, the color becomes ochre or dark brown. Skeleton. Ectosome without a specialized skeleton, but with some spicules from peripheral choanosomal skeleton arranged criss-cross or paratangentially, protruding through the surface (Fig. 3). The subectosomal region is characterized by dense collagen with ascending single spicules or tracts and only few small sub-ectosomal channels (Fig. 4). The deeper choanosomal region is very cavernous, with abundant spongin as a collagen matrix. Skeletal arrangement is confused with ascending single spicules or grouped in tracts, becoming slightly more organized towards the periphery (Fig. 4). Spicules. The spicules are mainly oxeas, but derivatives like styles are commonly present. They are large and thin, lightly curved at the centre, or even flexuous. With symmetrical or asymmetrical ends and very variable tips; sharp, mucronate, stepped and blunt tips (Fig. 5). Spicules are present in a wide range of sizes but not divided into categories. Measurements: 200 –(546)– 780 µm long and 3 –(8.7)– 15 µm wide. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Isla Isabel National Park where the specimens were collected. Distribution. Even though a great number of localities have been sampled along the Mexican Pacific coast during the last 8 years (see papers by Carballo et al.), Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. was only found at the National Park Isla Isabel (Nayarit, Mexican Pacific coast). The species is relatively common in vertical walls, small caves and overhangs at depths between 4 and 28 m at different localities of the island (Fig. 1). Remarks. Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is a common sponge at Isla Isabel (Mexican Pacific coast), and constitutes the first record of Axinyssa for the East Pacific region. This species has characteristics typical of Axinyssa according to the most recent definition (Erpenbeck & van Soest 2002), and it also contains typical chemical compounds of this genus (Zubía et al., 2008). The closest species to Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is A. ambrosia (de Laubenfels, 1936) described from the Dry Tortugas (Caribbean), and later reported widespread in the Caribbean (Diaz et al. 1993). Both species are quite similar but subtle morphological differences are present. A. isabela sp. nov. has a thin, translucent, partly detachable membranous layer, which is not present in A. ambrosia. The choanosome is also different, A. ambrosia presents a skeleton with spicules densely strewn in the interior. Toward the periphery this species exhibits radial tracts no longer than 2 to 3 spicule lengths, ending as small conules on the surface. On the other hand, A. isabela sp. nov. has a cavernous choanosome with spicules ascending singly or in tracts, becoming slightly more organized towards the periphery, with abundant collagen and relatively low spicular density. Both species also differ in spicule symmetry and dimensions. A. ambrosia presents fusiform and hastate oxeas, with transitional styloids and strongyloxeas. These are longer and thicker (from 425 to 925 µm long, and from 8 to 30 µm thick) than those seen in A. isabela sp. nov. The latter species presents thin, slightly curved or flexuous oxeas, with symmetrical or asymmetrical ends. Although the similarities between both species are high, we do not consider these species conspecific because of large differences in geographic distance and habitat (Diaz et al. 1993). In addition, we have found consistent morphological differences in skeletal organization and symmetry, as well as regarding the size of spicules, and natural products composition (Zubía et al. 2008). In fact, the levels of genetic differentiation found between an amphi-isthmic Spirastrella sibling pair, together with cytological and small but consistent morphological differences, clearly demonstrated that they belong to different biological species (Wulff 1996, Boury-Esnault et al, 1999). M. microsigmatosa (Carribean) and Mycale cecilia (Pacific Ocean) is another example of a trans-Isthmian species pair. They are two morphologically similar species, which were synonymized by Bergquist (1965), and later suggested as valid species on the basis of their geographical separation and small differences in spicule dimensions (Hajdu & Rützler, 1998). The closest sponge in the East Pacific ocean is Oxeostilon fernaldi (Sim & Bakus 1986) (now in Topsentia according to Erpenbeck & van Soest (2002). Both species are incrusting to massive yellow sponges, but Topsentia fernaldi has a dense and confused choanosomal skeleton and a compact ectosomal crust of oxeas, both with little spongin. In addition T. fernaldi has two size categories of oxeas, which differ in form and size from A. isabela sp. nov. spicules. Axinyssa isabela sp. nov. is also different from other Caribbean species such as A. flaveolivescens Hofman & Kielman, 1992, and A. lithophaga (Wiedenmayer, 1977). A flaveolivescens is described as an endolithic bright yellow sponge, which has large protrusions that emerge from dead coral. This species is clearly different from our species in external morphology and in the smaller size range of spicules (Table 1). A. lithophaga differs from A. isabela sp. nov. by having a purplish black external color and different spicule size and morphology, with fusiform oxeas and strongyloxeas, but true oxeas are rare. Large ones are larger than A. isabela sp. nov. spicules (230–1320 by 2–25 µm). Axinyssa. isabela sp. nov. also differs from the Indo-Pacific Axinyssa -species A. aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922) (cited by Hooper et al. 1997), Axinyssa oinops and Axinyssa pitys (de Laubenfels, 1954), Axinyssa radiata (Lévi & Lévi, 1983) and A. aplysinoides (Dendy, 1922) (see Table 1). Axinyssa oinops differs from A. isabela mainly by having a wine red color and a gelatinous consistency. Axinyssa pitys is different by having a dirty drab color, and a profusely cavernous surface. Axinyssa radiata is a cylindrical-massive ochre sponge with larger spicules (oxeas: 1500–2100 x 15–40; styles: 400 – 110 x 15 µm) than A. isabela sp. nov. Axinyssa specimens and species Shaped Color Spicules (oxeas-oxeotes) Distribution Pacific Axinyssa -speciesPublished as part of Carballo, José Luis & Cruz-Barraza, José Antonio, 2008, First record of Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 (Demospongiae, Halichondrida) from the East Pacific Ocean, with the description of Axinyssa isabela sp. nov., pp. 58-68 in Zootaxa 1784 on pages 60-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18241
Dr. Duane M. Jackson, Morehouse College, July 2011
No full textThis video is a conversation with Dr. Duane M. Jackson. Dr. Jackson talks about his paper, "Recall and the Serial Position Effect: The Role of Primacy and Recency on Accounting Students' Performance." Jackie Daniel, AUC Woodruff Library, is the interviewer
"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States" By M. Carey.
No full text"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States: containing bried sketches of the moral and political character of those states.
By M. Carey, member of the American philosophical, and of the American Antiquarian Society, and author of The Olive Branch, Cindiciae Hibernicae, essays on banking, on political economy, and on internal improvement.
To which are now added the English editor's comments on the subject; together with Important Advice to Emigrants, and Cautions Against Impositions Practiced in the Outports
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