6 research outputs found
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE FACE OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.
No full textThis study dealt with the talk about biological weapons that have been used in wars since ancient times, and whose reappearance has re-emerged to attract the attention of peoples and governments in our time, and then determine the nature of the acts resulting from them, and the international criminal responsibility resulting from the violations committed through them as one of the most deadly weapons that result in International crimes against humans and other living creatures We reached the ambiguity surrounding some international criminal legal rules and explained how they are adapted to the actions resulting from these weapons and the difficulties facing their criminalization
Reflections on Exile in Two Novels by an Iraqi Woman Writer Inaam Kachachi
No full textThe paper presents two novels by an Iraqi writer Inaam Kachachi (born in 1952) – Sawaqi al-quloob (Streams of hearts, 2005) and Tashari (2013). Both works deal with one of the most important topics in contemporary Iraqi literature, i.e. exile. The first part of the paper describes the lives of the main characters in these novels, who mainly reside in Paris, while its second part concentrates on their reflections on exile. Particular attention was paid to spatial and temporal metaphors which were employed by the author to express the protagonists’ thoughts and feelings. Their reflections were set in the context of theoretical considerations about exile by prominent intellectuals, such as Edward Said, as well as those about experiencing space, which were the focus of Yi-Fu Tuan’s attention and of other researchers
The postcolonial subsumption of Lacan's o/Other embedded in The American Granddaughter
No full textWith the advent of the 21st century, the world witnessed the US invasion of Iraq by which a new facet of colonialism protruded. A form of relationship between the US colonizer and the Iraqi colonized is overlooked. This study examines a theoretical concept central to postcolonial theory, Lacan's o/Otherness which relates to a colonized Iraqi subject formation as portrayed in The American Granddaughter by Inaam Kachachi. This study aims to emphasize the aftermath effects of US colonization and to put together how the postcolonial Iraqi author is thinking about the problems of the colonized Iraqis. The reader will be introduced to the narrative that establishes the Iraqi postcolonial subjectivity. Concentrating on the internal and external conflicts of the protagonist garners a deeper understanding of the o/Otherness in the Iraqi case through analyzing the development of the protagonist's growth and change
Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study
No full textIntroduction Methods Resuts Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments Authors' contributions Competing interests Ethical approval References
Effect of Methotrexate and Omega-3 Combination on Cytogenetic Changes of Bone Marrow and Some Enzymatic Antioxidants: An Experimental Study
Inaam N. Ali1, Muthana M. Awad2, Alaa S. Mahmood2,*
1 Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
* Corresponding author: A. S. Mahmood ([email protected])
Abstract:
Objective: To assess the effect of methotrexate and omega-3 combination on cytogenetic changes of bone marrow and activities of some enzymatic antioxidants.
Methods: Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was sub-divided into three sub-groups depending on the concentration of methotrexate (MTX): X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125 mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.250 mg/kg MTX), which were given intraperitoneally on a weekly basis for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) was also sub-divided into three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The rats of the control group were given distilled water. The enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the sera of rats. In addition, the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow were also studied.
Results: MTX resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR compared to the controls. It also increased the MI and chromosomal aberrations of rat bone marrows. On the other hand, omega-3 significantly increased the activities of the investigated enzymatic antioxidants and reduced the MI and chromosomal aberrations in treated mice when given in combination with MTX.
Conclusions: MTX has a genotoxic effect on the bone marrow by increasing the MI and all types of chromosomal aberrations and decreasing the enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GR. The addition of omega-3 can lead to a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX.
Keywords: Methotrexate, Omega-3, Antioxidant, Wistar rat, Chromosomal aberration, Mitotic index
1. Introduction
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist because of their chemical similarity [1]. Vezmar et al. [2] showed that MTX affects the synthesis of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) by interfering with the biosynthesis of thymine and purines. It also directly affects the rapidly dividing and intact cells, especially those in the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestine and bone marrow [3].
Omega-3 is a type of unsaturated fats, which are classified as essential fatty acids that cannot be manufactured by the body and should be taken with food [4]. Sources of omega-3 include fish oils, such as salmon, sardines and tuna, as well as soybeans, walnuts, raisins and linseed, almonds and olive oils [5]. Omega-3 is used in the prevention of a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, atherosclerosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases [6]. A large amount of evidence indicates that omega-3 fatty acids have significant health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties besides their effect on blood cholesterol levels [7]. Antioxidants retard the oxidation process by different mechanisms such as the removal of free radicals [8].
Enzymatic antioxidants include catalase (CAT), which is the first line of defense in the cell that removes hydrogen peroxide formed during biological processes by converting it into an aldehyde, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). There are three major families of SOD enzymes: manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) in the mitochondria and peroxisomes, iron SOD (Fe-SOD) in prokaryote cells and copper/zinc SOD (Cu-Zn SOD) in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells [9]. Therefore, changes in the metal co-factors (manganese, iron, copper and zinc) can alter the effectiveness of SOD and may lead to diseases as a result of oxidative stress [10]. Glutathione reductase (GR) is also an enzymatic antioxidant that converts the oxidized glutathione to the reduced glutathione in the presence of NADPH, which is oxidized to NADP [11]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of MTX and omega-3 on the cytogenetic changes of bone marrow as well as the activities of CAT, SOD and GR enzymatic antioxidants in male rats.
2. Method
2.1. Laboratory animals and experimental design
Fifty-six mature male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 10–12 weeks old and weighing 250–300 gm, were used in the present study. The rats were kept in separate cages, with natural 13- hour light and 11-hour dark periods in a contamination-free environment with a controlled temperature (28.0 ± 1.0°C). In addition, rats were maintained on a standard diet and tap water ad libitum.
The rats were randomly allocated to two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group (MTX group) included 24 rats injected intraperitoneally with different MTX dilutions with distilled water [12]. It was sub-divided into three sub-groups (eight rats per sub-group) according to MTX concentration as follows: X1 (0.05 mg/kg MTX), X2 (0.125mg/kg MTX) and X3 (0.25 mg/kg MTX). All rats were given a single dose of the specified MTX concentration weekly for eight weeks. The second experimental group (MTX and omega-3 group) included 24 rats allocated to three sub-groups (Y1, Y2 and Y3), which were injected intraperitoneally with 0.05, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg MTX, respectively, weekly for eight weeks accompanied by the oral administration of 300 mg/kg omega-3. The control group included eight rats that were intraperitoneally injected with distilled water and given a single dose of distilled water orally weekly for eight weeks.
2.2. Blood collection and processing
After the end of the dosing period, 5 ml of blood were withdrawn from the heart (by cardiac puncture) using a 5 cc disposable syringe. The collected blood was immediately poured into a clean sterile screw-capped tube (plain tube) and left for coagulation in a water bath at 37°C for 15 minutes. After coagulation of blood, the plain tube was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm. Then the samples were stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis.
2.3. Measurement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes
The antioxidant activities of CAT, SOD and GR were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits purchased from Kamiya Biomedical Company (Seattle, WA, US), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
2.4. Cytogenetic study of bone marrow
Rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and their hip bones were cleaned from surrounding muscles and then dissected by cutting both ends of the bone. Five milliliters of physiological buffered saline were injected inside the bone to withdraw bone marrow into a test tube. Tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm/10 minutes. The supernatant was then removed, and 10 ml of KCL solution (0.075 M) were added to the sediment. The mixture was then incubated at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 minutes, with shaking from time to time. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2000rpm/10 minutes to remove the supernatant. However, 5 ml of a freshly prepared fixative solution (methanol: glacial acetic acid 1:3) were added gradually in the form of droplets into the inner wall of the tube with constant mixing. After that, the tubes were placed at 4 °C for half an hour to fix the cells. This process was repeated for three times, and the cells were then suspended in 2 ml of the fixative solution. The tubes were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was then removed while the cells were re-suspended in 1-2 ml of cold fixative solution. After shaking the tubes, 4–5 drops were then taken from each tube onto a clean slide from a height of about three feet to provide an opportunity for the cells and nuclei to spread well.
The slides were stained with acridine orange solution (0.01%) for 4–5 minutes, incubated in Sorensen’s buffer (0.06M, pH 6.5) for a minute. and then examined using a fluorescence microscope Olympus BX 51 America at a wavelength of 450–500 nm [13, 14].
A total of 1000 cells were examined, and both dividing and non-dividing cells were calculated [13]. Mitotic index (MI) was calculated according to the following formula [13]: MI= No. of dividing cells / 1000 × 100
2.5. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells
A total of 1000 dividing cells were examined on the stained slides under a fluorescence microscope at a wavelength of 45–500 nm. The examined cells were at the first metaphase of the mitotic division, where chromosomal aberrations are clear and can be easily seen [13].
2.6. Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS®) software, version 9.1 (Cary, NC, USA) [15]. Effects were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) and statistically compared using a completely randomized design analysis of variance and least significant differences. Differences at P values <5 were considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on antioxidant enzymatic activities
Table (1) shows significantly lower SOD activities among rats treated with MTX or MTX-omega-3 compared to controls. Moreover, sera of rats receiving relatively high doses of MTX (sub-groups X2 and X3) showed the lowest enzymatic activities of 4.29 ± 0.01 IU and 3.93 ± 0.11 IU, respectively. On the other hand, CAT activity differed significantly between treated and control rats as well as among treated rats themselves, In this respect, the controls showed the highest activity of 39.38 ±0.02 IU, while those receiving the highest MTX concentration, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X3 and Y3), showed the lowest activities of 30.97 ± 0.03 IU and 32.12± 0.06 IU, respectively.
Regarding GR activity, control rats showed a higher activity of 53.09± 0.05 IU compared to treated ones; however, the differences in GR activities in rats given low doses of MTX, either alone or in combination with omega-3 (sub-groups X1 and Y1), were not statistically significant. On the other hand, rats in sub-groups X3 and Y3 showed the lowest GR activities of 34.59 ± 0.63 IU and 37.15 ±0.01, respectively, with statistically significant differences from other sub-groups.
3.2. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on mitotic index of bone marrow cells
Figure (1) shows a significant decrease in the MI in all treated groups compared to control. In addition, there was a reverse association between MTX concentration and MI, where rats treated with the highest dose of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant decrease in MI compared to all other treated rat sub-groups. In addition, rats in sub-groups treated with MTX and omega-3 (sub-groups Y1, Y2 and Y3) showed a significant increase in MI compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX only.
Table 1. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3
Group
Enzymatic activity (mean± SE)
SOD (IU)
CAT (IU)
GR (µmol)
Control
6.41±0.02 a
39.38±0.02 a
53.09±0.05 a
X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg)
5.33±0.01 b
37.81±0.01 c
51.12±0.06 a
Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg)
6.08±0.04 a
38.40±0.02 b
51.97±0.03 a
X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg)
4.29±0.01 cd
33.13±0.01 e
42.34±0.03 b
Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg)
4.99±0.40 b
36.68±0.02 d
43.02±3.04 b
X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg)
3.93±0.11 d
30.97±0.03 g
34.59±0.63 c
Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg)
4.47±0.02 c
32.12±0.06 f
37.15±0.01 c
SE, Standard error; IU, international unit; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GR, glutathione reductase; *statistically significant at P < 0.05; **statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference.
3.3. Effects of MTX and MTX-omega-3 combination on chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells
Rats receiving higher concentrations of MTX (sub-group X3) showed a significant increase in all types of chromosomal aberrations, i.e., chromatid gaps, chromosome gaps, chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, deletions and simple fragments (Figure 2 and Table 2) than those of the control group or other treated sub-groups. All rats treated with MTX-omega-3 combination showed a significant decrease in almost all types of chromosomal aberrations compared to their counterpart rats receiving MTX alone (Table 2).
Figure 1. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on the MI of bone marrow cells of treated rats compared to the controls. The groups X1 (0.05 MTX), X2 (0.125 MTX) and X3 (0.250 MTX) were compared to the control group, while the groups Y1 (0.05 MTX+ omega-3), Y2 (0.125 MTX+ omega-3) and Y3 (0.25 MTX+ omega-3) were compared to X1, X2 and X3, respectively.
Figure 2. Effect of MTX and MTX-omega-3 on chromosomal aberration as seen under fluorescence microscope after staining with acridine orange: (1) a simple fragment; (2) a chromatid gap; (3) a chromosomal gap (A) and a chromosomal break (B).
4. Discussion
The present experiment reveals that the addition of omega-3 to MTX alleviates its effects on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GR, and decreases the MI as well as all types of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells. Daham et al. [16] showed that the decline in antioxidants associated with chemotherapy is attributed to the increase in lipid peroxidation caused by these kinds of drugs, which increase the level of free radicals. In addition, Weijl et al. [17] showed that some chemotherapeutic drugs have a negative effect on the antioxidant levels such as GR, whose activity decreases as a result of its involvement in many cellular processes such as cell defenses against the toxicity of some compounds. Al-Dalawy et al. [18] found that the decrease in the level of SOD is an evidence of its increased activity due to the increased release of free radicals.
MTX causes an increase in the release of free radicals, including the OH radical that causes direct damage to DNA [16]. Al-Helaly [19] showed that the amount of food taken has an effect on antioxidants, where nutritional deficiency decreases the antioxidant levels, thus increasing free radicals that cause damage to DNA.
Table 2. Chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells in rats treated with MTX and MTX-omega-3
Group
Type of chromosomal aberration(mean ± SE)
Chromatid gap
Chromosome
Gap
Chromatid breaks
Chromosome breaks
Deletion
Simple
Fragments
Chromosomal aberration (%)
Control
1.33±0.33 e
0.00±0.00 e
1.67±0.33 c
0.33±0.15 c
0.00±0.00
0.67±0.33 cd
0.04±0.005 f
X1
2.75±0.47 cd
1.50±0.28 cd
2.50±0.64 bc
1.00±0.41 bc
0.50±0.28 bc
0.75±0.25 bcd
0.09±0.02 de
Y1
1.75±0.47 de
0.75±0.25 de
1.50±0.28 c
1.00±0.00 bc
0.75±0.25 abc
0.75±0.25 abc
0.065±0.005 ef
X2
4.67±0.33 b
2.67±0.33 ab
2.67±0.33 bc
1.67±0.33 ab
0.67±0.33 abc
1.67±0.33 ab
0.14±0.006 bc
Y2
3.00±0.00 c
2.00±0.00 bc
3.00±0.057 bc
1.33±0.33 b
0.67±0.33 abc
0.33±0.15 d
0.106±0.003 cd
X3
6.80±0.37 a
3.00±0.31 a
4.60±0.74 a
2.40±0.24 a
1.40±0.24 a
1.80±0.37 a
0.20±0.017 a
Y3
5.60±0.40 ab
2.40±0.24 ab
3.60±0.24 ab
1.80±0.20 ab
1.20±0.20 ab
1.40±0.24 abc
0.16±0.003 b
LSD
1.231**
0.814**
0.602**
0.841**
0.774*
0.941**
3.499*
SE, Standard error; * statistically significant at P < 0.05; ** statistically significant at P < 0.01. Means with different letters within the same column showed a statistically significant difference. X1 (0.05 mg MTX/ kg); X2 (0.125 mg MTX/ kg); X3 (0.25 mg MTX/ kg); Y1 (0.05 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y2 (0.125 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg); Y3 (0.25 mg MTX + 300 mg omega-3/ kg).
In the present study, the intraperitoneal administration of MTX to rats also caused a decrease in the MI of bone marrow and a significant increase in the rate of abnormal chromosomal aberration compared to the control rats. This finding is consistent with those reported previously [20], [21]. The effect of MTX can be attributed to its ability to interfere with the genetic material, leading to the appearance of toxic and mutagenic consequences. Rushworth et al. [22] reported that MTX leads to a lack of dihydrofolate reductase, which is the key to the growth and cell division processes. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of the nucleotides involved in the building of DNA and, therefore, to a stop or obstruction of the repair mechanisms of the damaged DNA. In addition, Wong and Choi [23] concluded that MTX inhibits the action of enzymes controlling the purine metabolism, which leads to the accumulation of adenosine in addition to the damage of the molecule itself and to the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations.
Jafer et al. [24] reported the ability of MTX to induce chromosomal aberration in humans or animals by preventing the repair of DNA and affecting the proteins found in chromosomes. These findings were also confirmed by Hussain et al. [25], who found that MTX causes an increase in chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, the MI showed a significant increase in rat sub-groups treated with MTX-omega-3 combination, but there was a decrease in the rate of chromosomal aberration, which confirms the role of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids in protecting the cell from the impact of free radicals [26], [27]. Attia and Nasr [28] reported the antioxidant effect of omega-3, which was attributed to the reduction in lipid peroxidation and the increase in SOD and CAT or the stimulation of GR. It is noteworthy that GR leads to the synthesis of reduced glutathione, which is important in the defense of the cell against toxic substances and the prevention of the occurrence of mutations [29].
5. Conclusions
MTX significantly decreases the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, reduce the MI and increase the chromosomal aberrations of all types in bone marrow. This gives further evidence on the genotoxic effects of MTX on the bone marrow. On the other hand, omega-3 shows a protective effect by reducing the toxic and mutagenic effects of MTX.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the staff of the Water and Environment Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq for their cooperation. They also thank Dr. Jasim Al-Niami for his technical and scientific guidance.
Authors' contributions
INA, MMA and ASM contributed to the study design and analyzed data. All authors contributed to the manuscript drafting and revising and approved the final submission.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests associated with this article.
Ethical approval
The ethical clearance of this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Science, University of Anbar (Reference No. A. D. 51 in 30/8/2015).
References
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Literary recognition : representation of Islam and Muslims in post-9/11 novels
No full textThe emerging field of post-9/11 literary studies is now well into its second decade. During this short span, a small group of novels has dominated the field in an early process of canonisation. Don DeLillo’s Falling Man is pivotal to the nascent genre but other novels such as Joseph O’Neill’s Netherland and Jonathan Safran Foer’s Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close also quickly became exemplars of the United States’ literary response to tragedy, and have remained important in the scholarly endeavours that followed. Even more evident is the dominance of trauma studies as the paradigm for analysis of the genre, partly because of the obvious connection with the content of the literature and the historical events that instigated its development. The effects of these early trends have had particular implications for the analysis of the representation of Islam and Muslims in the post-9/11 literary context. This thesis takes a different starting point. It suggests that an alternative methodology is needed to understand the scope and complexity of the relationship between American writers and representations of Islam. It suggests that post-9/11 novels can be reframed from a genre bounded by traumatic event and religious motivation, to one that is part of a historically and politically driven struggle for recognition. After surveying the current position of the post-9/11 literary landscape, and acknowledging the consequences of the trauma theory model, the thesis considers how contemporary German social philosopher Axel Honneth and his comprehensive work in recognition theory offers an opportunity to explore the literary field more broadly. This involves considering a group of novels that diverge from the early canon by contending with Islam beyond trauma and the terrorist archetype. This group includes, among others, Amy Waldman’s 2011 novel The Submission, with its Muslim American protagonist, and the translated work of Iraqi author Inaam Kachachi, The American Granddaughter. I assert that recognition theory provides explanatory and analytical benefits when considering a range of literary responses that are the product of a post-9/11 context, even when not necessarily a direct representation of its experience. I determine that the reification and commodification of otherness, themes and motifs of misrecognition, and the threshold of the recognition of personhood are all elements of recognition theory that are echoed in the post-9/11 novels. I also demonstrate that Honneth’s view of the centrality of intersubjectivity as a precedent to recognition is equally central in the evaluation of contemporary novels as cultural and political artefacts. Ultimately, recognition theory provides a means to develop a taxonomy of the struggle for social and political progress. A glimmer of progress is explored in the final chapter of the thesis as it moves to a range of novels that engage with Islam in innovative and intriguing ways. The chapter identifies commonalities between the recent works of Teju Cole, Dave Eggers and Ben Lerner that all transcend the limitations of the homeland and place their diverse American protagonists in a global dialogue with the Muslim world. Issues of postcolonialism, post-exceptionality and the recognition of global vulnerability emerge. The thesis concludes that these novels suggest potential developments of the genre and its critical analysis through theories of recognition
8
No full textM1SCEM.ANFX.US
GURRYfif
PALD ALTO
will soon be off to
YOSEMITE
Meanwhile he wants to buy all
the second-hand goods in sight up
to May 1st and then again Irom
May 20 to June 6. But he will
also buy while he is away Irom
May 1 to May "20. He sells every
day too, whether in Palo Alto or
Yoeemite.
S. McADAM & CO.
* Tel-phone Hlaek 113
ftanltary Plumblng
Genersl Repair Work
Tlnnini aad Oaa fit tin*
PALO ALTO
l.-d>nrd Building *
Palo Alto Times
JPRIDAY
, APRIL 111, 1901
Countjof Santa Clars, State of California.
In the matter of ibe person and estate of
Roae de Courcey [ao loaane person..
Order to abow eauae why order of sale of real
estate should not he made.
ii _pp.-u.iiu- !n.iii tin- petition thia day pre-
aunt- and tiled hy William O. Ramoe, tho
guardian ot tbo person and estate of Rose de
•_-.t--.-y, un Inaam- . _i.u. pray Inn lor an order
of aale of real eatate, that li laneooasary to aell
at public or private aale, the whole er »-__-
part of the real eatate of tbe aald lnasoe per-on,
to pa j- Ihe debts and theooeteof admit) lit rat loo
or tbe aald eaiele.
It Is therefore ordered that the next of kin of
tbe aald ward and all perao&m tnie_st<_ ln the
aald ratale appear before tbe Superior Court on
Friday, tbe Ktb day of April. A. D. 1901, at 10
o'oloca In tbe forenoon of aald day, al thu Court
Room of aald Superior Court, at tbe Court
Houae Id the CIly of Kan Joae, ln tbe Oounty of
Santa Clara, to ahow eauae If any thoy can.
why as ordor abould Dot be granted to the aald
guardian to null ao much of tbe real eatale of
the aald Inaane peraon aa aball be neceaaanr.
And that a oopy of thia order tie putillttb*_ at
least fourauoooaalre weeka 1& the Palo Alt.)
Timks, a newapaper printed and publlabod In
Said oounty.
Dated. San Joae, March IS. A. D. isoi.
M. H. BYLAND-
II-I Superior Jodie
Notice to Creditors.
Estate of Celt'no C. Furbush, Deceasetl.
Notloe Is hereby glrtm by tbe underpinned
executor of the laat will of Celtna C. Furuueh,
dooeaaod, to the crndltoi- of and all personi
baring claim* afelnat the aald deceaaed to exhibit the name, with lbs neceatary rouebrra,
within four montha after tbe Brat publication
of thia bo It oe, to tbs ssid executor at hia plaoe
of _»I neat for Ibeaettlemenl of the ellatra of
satd estate, to wit: et tbe offloe of Paul U.
Culver, Number Ul Ualvenlty Ave., In tbe
Town of Palo Alto, In the County of Bants
Clara, State ot California.
Palo Alto, tbla Itth day of April, A.D. 1S0I.
OKOHOE E. FUHBUHH.
Executor ot the Laat Will of Ceilna C. Furbuab.
deoeassd.
Paul D. i.-i. v-.it. Attorney for Executor.
TOWN TAXES.
Notice It hereby given that the Brat lnalall-
ntit of town taie- for the Town of Palo Alt*
will be due aad payable October i, if-o and wiii
be delinquent November tt. I90-. when Ij per
cent will,-, added. II nol paid by April my l_ t
j per cent more will be added. The second la-
a'allmcnt will become due January}, iaoi atvd
becomes dellnqnent 4pril *9> ifOt, when _ per
cent will be added. Tax payers bave tbe option of paylnz tbs whole amount when the
first laatallmcat la paid If ther ao desire.
The taa re te for lows purposes for tbe year
tfools one doUar os each one hundred doUara
of the assessed valuation of all real asd persona1 property wlthls tbe town.
H. A. Ramsay,
Tax Collector.
Offlce at Nortree HSU
Locals.
Miss May Kidder loft Sunday for a
vudt to Pasadena.
The H. R. Club will give a dance at
Nortree hall tonight.
Dr. Lovejoy of Oakland visited bis
son, Prof. A. O. Lovejoy, this week.
Marie Olvae uf Ravenswood and F.M.
Duarte of San Francisco were married
last . _-.tur.lay.
Invitations bave been issued for a
formal danoe at Roble Hall on Saturday evening, April 27.
J. D. Carr, '03, bas gono to Madison,
Wisconsin, to attend a convention of
the Phi Kappa Pai fraternity.
Charles G. Lathrop is having an addition built to his new residence on the
holghts above the University.
J. Murphy of Redwood City has been
placed in charge of the new gates at the
railroad cro_ing on University avenue.
Mrs. F. IL Taylor has purchased
from Captain Janes his homo at University Heights. Mr. Janes will move
to Lo. ,-i.tos.
(■eneral and Mm, H. R. Freeman
of the Presidio and Judge Moses M.
Granger and wife of _-.no. ill,., Ohio,
spent Sunday at the University.
ii.i.i.it. W.Ur..*.. ii..(Sun Mateo county
was In town Monday. Ho was looking
after the ninoteen.tu.ro tract of land
which he owns, near Man_.nita Hall.
Fifty horsee from tho stock farm will
be shipped to Cleveland some time this
month for tbe annual auction sale.
Frabk Covey will go to superintend
tbo sale.
President Tucker of Dartmouth College, who spoke at Stanford on Monday,
wits a college mate of Hon. Ira G.
Hoitt. Mr. Hoitt was here with President Tucker.
Dr. Jordan delivered an address on
Monday night at tho Dartmouth
Alumni banquet. Tuesday night he
spoke at Ukiah and Wednesday night
at Santa Rosa.
On Saturday last J. Schacfor of May-
field found the body of a young man In
the San F ran_l_q ulto crock, near the
bay. Sheriff Langford Investigated the
matter, but found nothing to Identify
the body.
J. K. Mui.ii of Oakland has renewed
his offer of a prize of _00 for the winning team in the Intercollegiate
debate, the money to bo equally divided
among tbe debaters. Ho has given thut
prize for each uf the four previous
dohatee.
Tbe English Club entertained Miaa
Adeline Knapp of Berkeley on Tuesday
night at the Chi Pal house. Miss
Knapp la a well-known magazine contributor, and author of a history (now
In press) which la to bo used In the
Philippine Bchools.
The Hon. Whltelaw Reld, the well-
known diplomat and journalist, lectures
at Stanford thia afternoon on "The
Univeralty Tendencies of the United
Slates." Mr. Reld comes to California
nearly every year to visit his wife's
people, D. O. Mills and family.
The local offloe of the Wells-Fargo
Fxpross Company waa moved on Monday to the oorner room of the Jones
block, opposite the depot. The new
quarters are much more roomy and
pleasant than the old, and Agent Soper
la fitting the plaoe up In attractive
style. The express business here has
Increased ao rapidly that this change
waa made necessary.
"**—JI_OEl.LA N EOUS
TELEPHO. B
— WDDD. EOAL.
and PEEED
DOWNING & SON
565 Emerson Street PALO ALTO
If you deaire to rent your house during
the summer months or for a longer period.
Notify me, inquiry has already beguu.
John F. Byxbee
Real Estate Agent
PAt-O ALTO Opp. P_olll._
BANDIES
ICE CREAM
HUMPHREYS
HANDLING THE BRUSH
WE cannot all handle the brush and
produce painting. If tbat wore
the case, It would be possible to
dcoorate your own walls. What you
lack In arilsiic ability, we can supply
by selling you the Wall Papers
where so much care bas been given to
producing llrst-claas effects and making
art-paintings which can be applied to
your walls. Wo have a selection of
patterns which aro original and up-
to-date.
Stroner & Backus
Dearlers in:::::::: . _,n r__r_r. Bard wsr a.
*_::*_*£.i'aInta. Otis and Glaes£_£__£
California Home Building Loan Co.
AUTHORIZED CAPITAL 140.OOO,000
HOME OFFICE
Cutua Spreckles' Bloc
ROOMS 1408-T
San Francisco_
(13.60 per month will pay foralioai home In 10 yeara
Ije.ao-pcr nu.iiiii will pay tor"
f__nlte contract.
Paid-up atock bearing 6 per o
Why pay rent?
Own your own homo
Tmiii tltll. MM Mil KPOm - OBKT C-.
. ..IB II, ClT.I .1. 000. 000
ADDRESS P. B. ROBERTS, secretary
1148 WAVERLY STREET PALO ALTO
i.n T-IIK1SC0 ruTIOIMl Ml)
..IB -. ..-.-ai a.i
The
Racycles
F. A. DINSMORE
The moat popular wheel on tbo market
Because the RACYCLE is the only wheel that haa the ball
bearings on the outsldo of sprocket and is on this account the easiest
running wheel known. Before buying a wheel do not fail to call at
Dl_more's and see them prices to suit all. Agent also for the Light
LIGJE-IT CYCLERY *
14 University Avenus
Phone Black 13
Price $35
"THE Q._A .0"
The moet Simple, Practical and Durable
TYPEWRITER
on tho Market at any Price
Allow u» to eend you a Catalogue
B. L. KING. C.a.r.l Afi«nt
418 C.llfornla 6tr..l - (
H. W. __KIN_, PALO ALTO A _N
