86,588 research outputs found
Utilizzo delle TIC nella ricerca linguistica sull’arabo scritto contemporaneo: il sistema ipotetico
No full textCon il presente articolo, ci proponiamo di contribuire allo studio dei sistemi condizionali della lingua araba cosiddetta fuṣḥā (“eloquentissima”, “purissima”) scritta contemporanea. Allo scopo di presentarne una descrizione maggiormente aderente alla situazione attuale, il nostro studio prende in esame l’utilizzo scritto della fuṣḥā contemporanea nel web. Attraverso l’applicazione delle TIC all’analisi di corpora digitali è stato possibile confrontare un elevato numero di dati linguistici estrapolati da una selezione di blog e forum arabi di estrema attualità. In ragione della complessità dei sistemi condizionali della lingua araba, la nostra ricerca si concentra essenzialmente sul sistema condizionale potenziale introdotto dall’operatore condizionale ʼin “se”, le cui occorrenze sono state estrapolate dal corpus attraverso l’estrattore terminologico da noi utilizzato, il programma AntConc. Con lo scopo di chiarire il significato socio-pragmatico delle scelte linguistiche evidenziate, la lista delle concordanze è stata analizzata anche in termini sociolinguistici. Completa l’analisi una presentazione diacronica degli studi dei principali grammatici e linguisti arabi, nonché di linguisti occidentali, sull’argomento. Il risultato è il reperimento di nuovi dati estremamente significativi, che in parte contraddicono e in parte sviluppano ulteriormente quanto riportato dalla letteratura scientifica di settore.By the present article we aim at contributing to the study of conditional systems in the so-called fuṣḥā (“most pure”, “most eloquent”) contemporary written Arabic. In the attempt to provide a more faithful portrayal of nowadays situation of written fuṣḥā, our study focuses on the contemporary use of written fuṣḥā on the web. Through the application of ICT to corpus-based analysis we have been able to compare a large amount of linguistic data extracted from a selection of Arab blogs and forums dealing with some very topical issues. Given the complexity of conditional systems in the Arabic language, our research only focuses on the conditional hypothetical system introduced by the conditional operator ’in “if”, whose concordances have been extrapolated by means of a term extractor, the freeware AntConc software in our case. In order to fully appreciate the socio-pragmatic implications of the linguistic choices found in our corpus, these have been analyzed also in sociolinguistic terms. Our analysis comes complete with a diachronic presentation of the most important studies on the topic by the main Arab grammarians and linguists, as well as by western scholars in Arabic linguistics. The results of our research present us with extremely interesting new data that partially contradict and partially further develop what has so far been outlined in the scientific literature in the field
Utilizzo delle TIC nella ricerca linguistica sull’arabo scritto contemporaneo: il sistema ipotetico
No full textCon il presente articolo, ci proponiamo di contribuire allo studio dei sistemi condizionali della lingua araba cosiddetta fuṣḥā (“eloquentissima”, “purissima”) scritta contemporanea. Allo scopo di presentarne una descrizione maggiormente aderente alla situazione attuale, il nostro studio prende in esame l’utilizzo scritto della fuṣḥā contemporanea nel web. Attraverso l’applicazione delle TIC all’analisi di corpora digitali è stato possibile confrontare un elevato numero di dati linguistici estrapolati da una selezione di blog e forum arabi di estrema attualità. In ragione della complessità dei sistemi condizionali della lingua araba, la nostra ricerca si concentra essenzialmente sul sistema condizionale potenziale introdotto dall’operatore condizionale ʼin “se”, le cui occorrenze sono state estrapolate dal corpus attraverso l’estrattore terminologico da noi utilizzato, il programma AntConc. Con lo scopo di chiarire il significato socio-pragmatico delle scelte linguistiche evidenziate, la lista delle concordanze è stata analizzata anche in termini sociolinguistici. Completa l’analisi una presentazione diacronica degli studi dei principali grammatici e linguisti arabi, nonché di linguisti occidentali, sull’argomento. Il risultato è il reperimento di nuovi dati estremamente significativi, che in parte contraddicono e in parte sviluppano ulteriormente quanto riportato dalla letteratura scientifica di settore.By the present article we aim at contributing to the study of conditional systems in the so-called fuṣḥā (“most pure”, “most eloquent”) contemporary written Arabic. In the attempt to provide a more faithful portrayal of nowadays situation of written fuṣḥā, our study focuses on the contemporary use of written fuṣḥā on the web. Through the application of ICT to corpus-based analysis we have been able to compare a large amount of linguistic data extracted from a selection of Arab blogs and forums dealing with some very topical issues. Given the complexity of conditional systems in the Arabic language, our research only focuses on the conditional hypothetical system introduced by the conditional operator ’in “if”, whose concordances have been extrapolated by means of a term extractor, the freeware AntConc software in our case. In order to fully appreciate the socio-pragmatic implications of the linguistic choices found in our corpus, these have been analyzed also in sociolinguistic terms. Our analysis comes complete with a diachronic presentation of the most important studies on the topic by the main Arab grammarians and linguists, as well as by western scholars in Arabic linguistics. The results of our research present us with extremely interesting new data that partially contradict and partially further develop what has so far been outlined in the scientific literature in the field
Opinioni pubbliche. Tradizioni teoriche e forme empiriche dell’opinione pubblica contemporanea
No full textPublic opinion is a central concept in political sociology, since it represents the main informal route to democratic legitimacy, both through the social processes of consensus building, and the exercise of a critical function – of an informal but politically influential counter-power. Various competing perspectives on the concept of public opinion have successively emerged since the eighteenth century. However, none of these were discarded once for all, or, conversely, supplanted the others. In the categorisation proposed in this paper, these concurrent perspectives define public opinion, respectively, as: (a) Social court, (b) Public discussion, (c) Collective action, (d) Majority opinion, (e) Public emotion, (f) Multidimensional process. In order to disentangle this enduring theoretical ambiguity, the second part of this article presents a typology of the main contemporary forms of expression of public opinion: (1) Collective attitude, (2) Aggregate opinion, (3) Current of opinion, (4) Movement of opinion. Each of these theoretical and research-oriented types of public opinion combines different elements of the previous perspectives, and identifies various processes that tend to coexist in the contemporary public sphere. Each type is defined on the basis of a different combination of the following criteria: stages of public thematisation; levels of “processuality”; types of publics involved; principles of effectiveness; political function; related theoretical concepts; main research instruments and techniques. An inclusive definition for the four types will complete this attempt at a sociological re-conceptualization of the contemporary forms of public opinion
La sorveglianza del morbillo per la Regione Liguria negli ultimi cinque anni.
No full textIntroduzione:
Il virus del morbillo appartiene al genere Morbillivirus della famiglia dei Paramixoviridae. Il virione contiene un RNA non–segmentato, a singolo strand, di senso negativo di circa 16 kb. Il genoma contiene 6 geni che codificano per 6 proteine: proteina del nucleocapside (N), fosfoproteina (P), proteina della matrice (M), proteina di fusione (F), emoagglutinina (H) e proteina grande (L). Il virus del morbillo è nato come una zoonosi da quello della peste bovina (bovini peste). Ad oggi l'uomo è l'unico serbatoio naturale del virus. Il contagio avviene per via aerea, con il virus trasportato dalle goccioline di Flugge ovvero le micro gocce di saliva che vengono emesse attraverso il respirare lo starnutire o il tossire, e per contatto diretto o indiretto con i fluidi corporei di una persona malata (saliva, sperma, muco). Il virus penetra attraverso le mucose respiratorie e la congiuntiva e raggiunge i linfonodi dove si moltiplica e si diffonde così per via sistemica. L'incubazione dura circa 10 giorni. La viremia ha un picco in corrispondenza del 12° giorno dopo il contagio. E' una patologia particolarmente contagiosa per cui rientra tra le patologie da notifica obbligatoria. E' disponibile un vaccino. Il PNPV 2017-2019 prevede il Vaccino anti Morbillo-Parotite-Rosolia.
Il sistema di sorveglianza WHO si pone l’obiettivo di eliminare la trasmissione endemica mantenendo alti i livelli delle vaccinazioni e implementando il sistema di sorveglianza in particolar modo nell’ambito del WHO Global Measles and Rubella laboratory Network . A livello nazionale è stata istituita una rete di laboratori afferenti alla rete MoRoNet con obbligo di notifica all'Istituto Superiore di Sanità dei casi confermati positivi.
Oggetto di questa tesi è la descrizione dell'attività di sorveglianza per il morbillo della Regione Liguria negli ultimi cinque anni di lavoro.
Materiali e metodi:
Il laboratorio dell’UO Igiene dell’Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Università di Genova, raccoglie urine e tampone faringeo di pazienti con probabile o possibile morbillo, i casi da confermare e notificare su piattaforma MoRoNet quindi vengono analizzati come segue: estrazione degli acidi nucleici, amplificazione e sequenziamento del gene NP.
Ottenuta la sequenza è possibile determinare il genotipo del virus circolante e confrontarlo con altre sequenze di riferimento disponibili o con altri casi di morbillo. Questa informazione si ottiene costruendo un albero filogenetico con programmi bioinformatici di allineamento di sequenze e analisi di omologia tra sequenze.
Risultati:
Nel laboratorio di riferimento della Regione Liguria nel periodo 2015-2019 abbiamo raccolto 114 casi di morbillo da confermare. Di questi 57 casi sono stati confermati positivi. La media dell'età sul periodo è risultata essere 26,8 anni e la mediana 32 anni. In particolare abbiamo riscontrato la presenza dei focolai epidemici nella provincia di Imperia tra la fine 2017 e l' 2018.
I risultati dei test di caratterizzazione molecolare hanno permesso di identificare nei campioni raccolti nel 2018 un’unica variante di genotipo B3 circolante, mentre nel 2019 si è osservata la circolazione di diverse varianti appartenenti al genotipo D8 clade Manchester.UNK/3. Precedentemente le stagioni epidemiologiche sono state caratterizzate dalla circolazione della variante B3, quindi si conclude considerando attualmente una alternanza quasi annuale delle varianti circolanti di virus del morbillo.
Conclusioni e discussione:
Il morbillo continua a circolare in Italia e causare epidemie per le coperture vaccinali inadeguate nel corso degli anni, che hanno portato all’accumulo di ampie quote di popolazione suscettibili all’infezione. Le adesioni alla prima e alla seconda dose di vaccino MPR sono in aumento ma ancora inferiori al target del 95% e con una rilevante variabilità tra regioni.
Inoltre l'elevata età mediana dei casi indica che esistono ampie sacche di giovani adulti suscettibili, mentre i casi tra gli operatori sanitari Imperiesi evidenziano il problema della bassa copertura vaccinale tra questi ultimi. E' infine evidente la necessità di individuare nel Piano nazionale per l'eliminazione del morbillo e della rosolia congenita nuove azioni rispetto a quanto previsto nei precedenti Piani, per esempio rafforzare la copertura nella popolazione adulta.
Si conclude ricordando che l'obiettivo generale da raggiungere entro il 2023 è: incidenza <1 caso di morbillo / 1,000,000 popolazione, e tra gli obiettivi specifici rimane fondamentale raggiungere e mantenere una copertura vaccinale maggiore o uguale al 95% per la prima dose di morbillo.Introduction:
Measles virus belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramixoviridae family. The virion contains a non-segmented RNA, a single strand, of a negative sense of approximately 16 kb. The genome contains 6 genes that code for 6 proteins: nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H) and large protein (L). Measles virus originated as a zoonosis from that of the bovine plague ( Rinderpest) . To date, man is the natural reservoir user of the virus. Contagion occurs by air, with the virus carried by the droplets of Flugge or the micro drops of saliva that are emitted through breathing, sneezing or coughing, and by direct or indirect contact with the body fluids of a sick person (saliva, sperm, mucus). The virus penetrates through the respiratory mucous membranes and the conjunctiva and observes the lymph nodes where it multiplies and spreads systemically. Incubation lasts approximately 10 days. The viraemia peaks in the correspondence on the 12th day after the infection. It is a particularly contagious pathology for which it falls under the pathologies of mandatory notification. A vaccine is available. The PNPV 2017-2019 provides for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine.nThe WHO surveillance system aims to eliminate endemic transmission by keeping vaccination levels high and by implementing the surveillance system especially within the WHO Global Measles and Rubella laboratory Network. At national level, a network of laboratories has been set up belonging to the MoRoNet network with the obligation to notify the Istituto Superiore di Sanità of confirmed positive cases.
The subject of this thesis is the description of the surveillance activity for measles of the Liguria Region in the last five years of work.
Materials and methods:
The laboratory of the Hygiene Unit of the Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Hospital, University of Genoa, collects urine and pharyngeal swab of patients with probable or possible measles, the cases to be confirmed and notified on the MoRoNet platform are therefore analyzed as follows: extraction of nucleic acids , amplification and sequencing of the NP gene.
Once the sequence is obtained, it is possible to determine the genotype of the circulating virus and compare it with other available reference sequences or with other cases of measles. This information is obtained by building a phylogenetic tree with bioinformatic programs of sequence alignment and homology analysis between sequences.
Results:
In the reference laboratory of the Liguria Region in the period 2015-2019 we collected 114 cases of measles to be confirmed. Of these 57 cases were confirmed positive. The average age over the period was 26.8 years and the median 32 years. In particular, we found the presence of epidemic outbreaks in the province of Imperia between the end of 2017 and 2018.
The results of the molecular characterization tests made it possible to identify a single circulating variant of genotype B3 in the samples collected in 2018, while in 2019 the circulation of several variants belonging to the D8 clade Manchester genotype was observed.UNK / 3. Previously the epidemiological seasons have been characterized by the circulation of the B3 variant, therefore it concludes considering at present an almost annual alternation of the circulating variants of measles virus.
Conclusions and discussion:
Measles continues to circulate in Italy and cause epidemics for inadequate vaccination coverage over the years, which have led to the accumulation of large portions of the population susceptible to infection. The adhesions to the first and second dose of MPR vaccine are increasing but still lower than the target of 95% and with a significant variability between regions.
Furthermore, the high median age of the cases indicates that there are large pockets of susceptible young adults, while the cases among Imperia health workers highlight the problem of low vaccination coverage among the latter. Lastly, there is a clear need to identify new actions in the National Plan for the elimination of measles and congenital rubella compared to the previous Plans, for example to strengthen coverage in the adult population.
It concludes by recalling that the general objective to be achieved by 2023 is: incidence <1 case of measles / 1,000,000 population, and among the specific objectives it remains essential to achieve and maintain a vaccination coverage greater than or equal to 95% for the first dose of measles
Lung fibrosis: an undervalued finding in COVID-19 pathological series
No full textWith the COVID-19 pandemic having reached tremendous proportions, post-mortem series are under the limelight to explain many of the peculiar clinical findings. Pathological descriptions of disease are fundamental for understanding pathogenetic features and might inform new treatments. Indeed, the widely discussed identification of thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 has garnered much interest, and has resulted in new treatment strategies, with anticoagulants now part of patient management. Between April 16, and May 4, 2020, we collected lung tissue using a cryobiopsy approach from eight patients in our institution who died in intensive care with COVID-19 (unpublished). Patients died after a mean disease duration of 31·3 days (SD 8·3), a much longer duration of illness than reported in a previous study by Carsana et al, in which the mean time from symptom onset to death was 16 days (SD 6). Tissues obtained by cryobiopsy are comparable to specimens from live patients as the procedure is done within 30 min of death. We observed marked fibrotic lung parenchymal remodelling, characterised by fibroblast proliferation, airspace obliteration, and micro-honeycombing in many of the available cryobiopsies. Presumably, the fibrotic pathological findings are unlikely to regress in patients with severe COVID-19 who survive, although prospective studies are necessary to identify long-term functional impairment
Body weight at developmental age in siblings born to mothers before and after surgically induced weight loss
No full textBACKGROUND: To gain insight into the role of epigenetic factors in determining body weight in adolescence, we studied the body weight of siblings born to the same mother before and after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) for obesity. The study was performed in a university hospital during a 20-year period.
METHODS: The siblings born before and after BPD were retrospectively rated by their mother as normal, overweight, or obese at 1, 6, and 12 years.
RESULTS: At 1 and 6 years, the body weight was rated as similar in the subsets. However, at 12 years of age, a greater percentage of those born before BPD were considered overweight (42% versus 33%) and obese (22% versus 3%; P <.009) than their counterparts born after BPD. Considering only the subjects aged 21-25 years at the study period, the body weight and body mass index in subjects born before BPD were greater (P <.02 and P <.012, respectively) than in those born after BPD (79.5 ± 16.5 kg versus 66.7 ± 11.8 kg, and 27.5 ± 3.9 kg/m(2) versus 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m(2), respectively).
CONCLUSION: The results of the present study, in which the influences of the genetic pattern and environmental and educational factors were minimized, show that adolescents born to post-BPD mothers weigh less than their siblings born to the same mother before BPD when she was still obese. An insulin-resistant milieu during pregnancy could account for the greater body weight later in adolescence
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