4,532 research outputs found
Effect of soil pH on phosphorus-soil reactions determining phosphorus availability in acid soils
No full textSoil pH has been reported to affect the behavior of phosphorus (P) in soils and phosphate uptake by plants. Research is needed to verify the Barber-Cushman mechanistic nutrient uptake model under varying soil pH\u27s. Conflicting views are held regarding the effect of soil pH on P availability. The effect may vary with soils and the reasons for the differences are not well understood. A pot experiment (Part I) was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model for predicting P and K uptake at six levels of soil pH in an acid Chalmers silt loam. This study showed that the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model accurately predicted the effect of soil pH on P (Y = 1.7 + 0.97 X, r\sp2 = 0.97) and K (Y = 67 + 0.94 X, r\sp2 = 0.995) uptake by maize. Three different acid soils varying in their chemical properties were used to evaluate the effect of type of soil with regard to soil pH and P rates on soil supply parameters, P\sb{\rm li}, P concentration in soil solution, P\sb{\rm si}, P concentration on solid phase, and b, buffer power of soil, and predicted P uptake using the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model (Part II). In addition, two different incubation times of pH adjustment, and four different reaction times after P addition were studied to evaluate the effect of aging on pH adjustment and P addition on P\sb{\rm li}, P\sb{\rm si}, b, and predicted P uptake (Part III). The results of this research show that the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model can (i) satisfactorily predict the effect of soil pH on P and K uptake by maize, (ii) show that the reason for the difference among soils in their ability to provide P for absorption by plants as affected by soil pH is mainly due to the effect of soil pH on P\sb{\rm li}, and (iii) estimate the effectiveness of added P with reaction time after P addition
The 2D/3D dynamics of wall-bounded low-Rm magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence
No full textWith this experimental study, we give evidence that the dynamics of low-Rm MHD turbulence depends on the diffusion length l_z, which corresponds to the distance over which the Lorentz force is able to diffuse momentum before it is balanced by inertia
Dynamics of phosphorus in five acid Colombian soils
No full textMost Colombian soils, classified as Andosols and Oxisols, are characterized by being slightly to strongly acid, low in available P, high in exchangeable Al, and high in P adsorption capacity. These properties are considered to the principal limiting factors for their agricultural use, so that lime application and phosphate fertilization are very important practices in the management of these soils. To study the soil P supply characteristics, several rates of P, as Ca(H\sb2PO\sb4)\sb2 \cdotH\sb2O, were applied to each soil. Soils with pH below 5.0 were limed with CaCO\sb3 prior to P application. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, P, Ca, K, Mg, and Al both in the displaced solution (C\sb{\rm li}) and in the solid phase (C\sb{\rm si}). Exchangeable or labile P was determined by using the anion-exchange resin method. A pot experiment was conducted in a controlled climate chamber to verify the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model for predicting P uptake by twelve-day-old corn plants from these soils. The initial P concentration in soil solution (C\sb{\rm li}) for the Colombian Andosols and Oxisols is very low compared to that for U.S.A. Mollisols. The high P adsorption capacity of Andosols and Oxisols seems to be the principal reason for their low C\sb{\rm li} values. The soil buffer power (b) was similar for Andosols (122) and Mollisols (118) but much higher for Oxisols (150). The effective diffusion coefficient (D\sb{\rm e}) values were highest in Andosols and similar for Oxisols and Mollisols. This result was related to the water retention capacity of the soils. The relationship between C\sb{\rm li} and the rate of P added to soils resulted in an exponential function, whereas that between C\sb{\rm si} and P addition resulted in a linear function. As a result, the soil buffer power showed a downward trend with P additions. The soil bulk density and the P application rate greatly affected root growth parameters. In Andosols the root length was greater than in Oxisols and Mollisols. Mean root radius was also less in Andosols. Increasing P rate significantly reduced most root growth parameters, except root radius. Good agreement was found between observed and predicted P uptake for both P rates and soils. This indicates that the Barber-Cushman nutrient uptake model accurately predicted P uptake by twelve-day-old corn plants from the soils used in this study
Anthomyza oblonga Roháćek & Barber 2016, sp. nov.
No full textAnthomyza oblonga sp. nov. (Figs 206, 223, 225–238) Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, “CAN:ON: SSMarie, Bristol Pl.Pk., 04.vii.2008, KNBar-ber, sweeps, Impatiens, Clematis, Equisetum, Rub-us, ferns, Phalaris 46°30.77’N 84°16.66’W ” and “ Holotypus ♂ Anthomyza oblonga sp. n., J. Roháček & K. N. Barber det. 2013” (red). The specimen is in perfect condition, with highly visible, partly exposed genitalia (see Fig. 206) (CNCI, intact). PARATYPES: CANADA: MANITOBA: Ninette, 13.vi.1958, 1 ♀, C. D. F. Miller leg.(CNCI); Ninette, ex. Rudbeckia laciniota, 3.vi.1958, 1 ♂, maple/elm noodplain community, 12.vi.1958, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, J. F. McAlpine leg. (CNCI). NEWFOUNDLAND: Port aux Basques, 6.viii.1961, 1 ♀, C. P.Alexander leg. (USNM, 1 ♀ genit. prep.). NOVA SCOTIA: C[ape] B[reton] H[ighlands] N. P., Beulach Ban Falls, PG812870, swept along fast rocky stream, 8.vii.1983, 2 ♀♀; Truro, 14.vii.1983, 1 ♀, all J. R. Vockeroth leg. (all CNCI). ONTARIO: Algonquin, mixed wood, 1.vi.1991, 1 ♂, M. Barták leg.(MBPC, genit. prep.); Cootes Paradise nr. Dundas, sweeping undergrowth of deciduous forest, 20.viii.1994, 17 ♂♂ 9 ♀♀, J. Roháček leg. (SMOC 14 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ genit prep., NMPC 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀); Dubreuilville, 48°21.05'N 84°33.84'W, sweeping Diervilla, ferns, Clintonia, Cornus, Aralia, Eurybia, Vaccinium under Populus / Pinus, 10.vii.2010, 1 ♀, J. Roháček leg. (SMOC, genit. prep.); Fergus, Malaise trap, 21.vii.1990, 1 ♂, S. A. Marshall leg. (DEBU); Fort Frances, 10 mi E on Hwy. 11, 8–9.vii. 1978, 1 ♀, H. J. Teskey leg. (CNCI); Greenwater P. Pk., Green Trail, 49°11.73'N 81°16.76'W, sweeps, Eurybia, Cornus, Clintonia, Diervilla, Aralia under Populus, 21.vii.2009, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (DEBU 01502212); 7 mi E Grifnth, 22.vi.1985, 1 ♂, B. E. Cooper leg. (CNCI); Icewater Creek WS [watershed], ~ 12.7 km NNE Searchmont, mi. 10.5 Whitman Dam Rd., alder thicket, 1.viii.1986, 1 ♀ (CNCI); Icewater Creek WS [watershed], 46°53.7'N 84°03.4'W, sweeps, Thalictrum, Eupatorium [Eutrochium], sedge, fern in mixed forest, 7.vii.1998, 6 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ (CNCI 4 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, 1 ♀ genit. prep., USNM 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀), sweeps, Thalictrum, sedge, fern, riparian mixed forest, 7.vii.1998, 3 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ (AMNH 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, CNCI 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), sweeps, Thalictrum, Eupatorium [Eutrochium], fern in mixed forest, 10.vii.1998, 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), sweeps, trailside sedges, ferns, grasses, 10.vii.1998, 2 ♀♀, sweeps, trailside veg. incl. sedges, ferns, grasses, 17.vii.1998, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.) (CNCI); King Mt., 26 km N S[ault] S[te.] Marie, riparian sweeps, 16.vi.1987, 1 ♀ (CNCI), all K. N. Barber leg.; Moosonee, 51.24622°N 80.67281°W, Repl. 1 mesic, Malaise trap, 18–21.vi.2010, 2 ♀♀; Moosonee, 51.24466°N 80.67767°W, Repl. 2 mesic, Malaise trap, 21–24.vi.2010, 1 ♂, NBP Field Party leg. (LEMQ); Moosonee, 51°14.75'N 80°40.33'W, sweeps, mostly Rubus, Ribes, under Populus, 9.vii.2014, 1 ♀; Moosonee, 51°14.79'N 80°40.35'W, 9.vii.2014, sweeps, mostly Solidago, Calamagrostis, 1 ♀; Moosonee, 51°16.33'N 80°39.11'W, sweeps, mostly Rubus, Impatiens, under Salix, Alnus, 10.vii.2014, 2 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; Moosonee, 51°16.36'N 80°39.11'W, sweeps, railside ditch, mostly Equisetum ssuviatile, Carex spp., 11.vii.2014, 1 ♀, all K. N. Barber leg. (all CNCI); Ottawa, 15.vii.1957, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), J. E. H. Martin leg., 30.vi.1963, 1 ♀, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, S of Algoma U[niversity] College, 46°29.9'N 84°17.2'W, sweeps, Impatiens under Populus / Betula, 13.vii.1998, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (♀ genit. prep.); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Baseline Rd., 46°31.40'N 84°24.45'W, sweeps, edge of forest, Solidago, Rubus, Equisetum, grasses, 25.vi.2005, 1 ♂, all K. N. Barber leg. (all CNCI); Sault Ste. Marie, Baseline Road, 46°31.40'N 84°24.40'W, sweeping Aster [Doellingeria], Rubus, Equisetum, Carex, Clematis, ferns under aspen (Populus), 7.vii.2010, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ (2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), 12.vii.2010, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), J. Roháček leg. (SMOC); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Baseline Rd., 46°31.40'N 84°24.40'W, Malaise #1, Aster [Doellingeria], Rubus, Equisetum, Carex, Solidago, in aspen clearing, 8–18.vii.2005, 1 ♀, sweeps, Aster [Doellingeria], Rubus, Equisetum, Carex, ferns under aspen, 25.vi.2005, 2 ♂♂, 26.vi.2005, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, 22.vii.2010, 1 ♀ (CNCI), 19.vi.2011, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ (INHS), 29.vii.2012, 2 ♀♀, sweeps, mostly ferns under aspen, 19.vi.2011, 3 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ (LACM), 27.vii.2012, 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), 28.vii.2012, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), 29.vii.2012, 2 ♀♀ (CNCI), K. N. Barber leg.; S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Birchwood Pk., mixed forest, 15.vi.1986, 1 ♂ (MCZC), 28.vi.1986, 1 ♂, 6.vii.1986, 1 ♂ (CNCI); same locality but 46°30.7'N 84°15.6'W, sweeps, mostly Impatiens, under Betula / Acer, 19.vi.1998, 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit.prep.), 23.vi.1998, 1 ♀, sweeps, Impatiens, under Betula / Acer, 27.vi.1998, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), sweeps, graminoids, Impatiens, ferns under Betula / Acer, 17.ix.2004, 1 ♀; same locality but 46°30.67'N 84°15.63'W, sweeps, Rubus, Aralia, graminoids, ferns, under Betula / Acer, 29.vi.2008, 1 ♂, sweeps, mostly Impatiens, fern, Aster [Eurybia], 23.viii.2009, 1 ♂ (all CNCI), all K. N. Barber leg.; S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Bristol Place, 28.vi.1987, 1 ♀, 1.vii.1987, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Bristol Pl[ace] Pk., 46°30.8'N 84°16.6'W, sweeps, Impatiens under Betula / Acer, 9.vii.1998, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, sweeps, Clematis, Rubus, Impatiens, grasses, 28.v.1999, 1 ♂, sweeps, mostly Impatiens, Clematis, Rubus, grasses, 11.vi.1999, 2 ♂♂ (CNCI); same locality but 46°30.77'N 84°16.66'W, sweeps, Impatiens, Clematis, Equisetum, Rubus, ferns, Phalaris, 29.vi.2008, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ (CASC), 30.vi.2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (MCZC), 1. vii.2008, 2 ♀♀, 4.vii.2008, 6 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ (1 ♂ wing illustration, one pair in copula), 5.vii.2008, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ (CNCI), 9.vii.2008, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ (DEBU, 1 ♀ genit. prep.), 11.vii.2008, 7 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), 13.vii.2008, 1 ♀, 27.vii.2009, 1 ♂ 5 ♀♀ (CNCI), 21.vii.2014, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (SMOC), all K. N. Barber leg.; S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Finn Hill, 46°31.6'N 84°17.4'W, sweeps, vegetation under Populus, 4.vii.2002, 1 ♀; S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Fish Hatchery Road, along Coldwater Ck., 46°34.33'N 84°17.23'W, sweeps, trailside Clematis, Eutrochium, 17.vi.2010, 1 ♂; S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Florwin Dr. greenbelt, 46°30.3'N 84°17.2'W, sweeps, Impatiens under Acer / Betula, 23.vi.1999, 1 ♀; S[ault] S[te.] Marie,Sault Coll[ege] Woodlot, 46°32.08'N 84°18.25'W, sweeps, Clintonia, ferns, under Acer, 31.v.2010, 1 ♂, all K. N. Barber leg. (all CNCI). QUEBEC: Abbotsford, 4.vi.1937, 1 ♂, G. E. Shewell leg.; Beechgrove, 7. vi.1955, 1 ♀, J. F. McAlpine leg.; Beechgrove, 45°39'N 76°08'W, 29.vi.1962, 1 ♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg.; Bolton Pass, Knowlton, 800', 5.vi.1963, 1 ♂, J. G. Chillcott leg. (all CNCI); 1.2 km E Bristol, Silver Creek, 45°31'N 76°27'W, noodplain meadow, 5.vi.1996, 1 ♀, L. Dumouchel leg. (LEMQ 0040277); Gatineau Pk., Harrington Lk., 3.vii.1963, 1 ♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg.; Lac Roddic, 16 km S Maniwaki, 23.vi.1991, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, M. Barták leg. (MBPC, both genit. prep.); Magog, 1.vi.1965, 1 ♀, D. M. Wood leg. (genit. prep.); Old Chelsea, 18.vi.1963, 1 ♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (genit. prep.); Old Chelsea, King Mt., 26.v.1963, 1 ♂, J. G. Chillcott leg.; Wakeneld, 26.vi.1946, 1 ♀, 9.vii.1946, 1 ♀, G. E. Shewell leg. (all CNCI). SASKATCHEWAN: Kenosee, 7.vi.1958, 2 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀; Saskatoon, 9.vii.1951, 1 ♀, all A. R. Brooks leg. (all CNCI). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: CONNECTICUT: Canaan, 17.viii.1952, 1 ♀, A. Stone leg.; Redding, 8.vi.1928, 1 ♀ (genit. prep), A. L. Melander leg. (both USNM). ILLINOIS: Savanna, 13.vi.1917, 1 ♂, [no collector] (INHS 40,188). INDIANA: Lafayette, 24.v.1917, 1 ♂, J. M. Aldrich leg. (USNM). MARYLAND: Bethesda, 14.viii.1981, 1 ♀, G. C. Steyskal leg. (USNM); Montgomery Co., Bethesda, 5.v.1968, 3 ♂♂, L. V. Knutson leg., 26.v.1968, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg.; Cabin John, 21.vii.1921, 1 ♂, J. R. Malloch leg. (Malloch det. as A. tenuis); Montgomery Co., Dickerson, 14.vii.1974, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), G. A. Foster leg.; Glen Echo, 23.vii.1922, 1 ♂, J. R. Malloch leg.; Lavale, 9.v.1970, 1 ♂ (genit. prep., left wing and apical half of right wing missing), G. Steyskal leg. (all USNM); Plummers Is., 12.v.1907, 1 ♂, W. L. McAtee leg. (with det. as A. tenuis), 9.viii.1909, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), Barber & Schwarz leg., 28.vii.1912, 1 ♀, H. L. Viereck leg., 5.v.1914, 1 ♂, 10.v.1914, 1 ♂, at light, 13.vi.1914, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), R. C. Shannon leg., Malaise trap, 8–20.vii.1968, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), Paul Spangler leg. (all USNM). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., ~0.5 km E Farley, 42°36.16'N 72°25.94'W, sweeps, asters, ferns, Impatiens, Rubus, under canopy, 26.vii.2006, 2 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI, 1 ♀ genit. prep.); Middlesex Co., Lincoln, Malaise trap, 4–8.vi.1952, 1 ♀, E. T. Armstrong leg. (USNM, genit. prep.). MICHIGAN: Hillsdale Co., 21.v.1960, 1 ♂, R. & K. Dreisbach leg. (USNM). MINNESOTA: Itasca Pk., 12.vii.1952, 1 ♂, [no collector] (AMNH). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Mt. Washington, 18.vii. [-], 1 ♀, C. W. Johnson leg. (MCZC). NEW YORK: Bemus Pt., Chautauqua Lk., swampy woods, 31.v.1963, 1 ♀, W. W. Wirth leg. (USNM); Ithaca, 24.v.1900 [?], 1 ♂, [no collector] (AMNH, genit. prep., wings in genit. vial); New York, 31.v.1923, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg.; Tompkins Co., Ringwood Res., swamp, 16–17.vi.1963, 1 ♀, W. W. Wirth leg.; Rome, 24.vi.1935, 1 ♀, H. K. Townes leg. (all USNM); Whiteface Mt., 4600–4872', 19.vii.1962, 1 ♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI). NORTH CAROLINA: Buncombe Co., Blue Ridge Pkwy. at Craggy Gardens, 35.70°N 82.39877°W, 5400', sweep forest path and clearing, 17.viii.2007, 1 ♀, T. A. Wheeler leg. (LEMQ); Swain Co., Rte 441, 3 mi N Cherokee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 35°31.3'N 83°18.5'W, 2000', 27.v.1999, 1 ♀, S. D. Gaimari leg. (99-5, Nat’l Pk. Svc. Permit #GRSM-99-074) (USNM). ENNSYLVANIA: Dauphin Co., Grantville, 24.v.1962, 1 ♀, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI, genit.prep.); Roxborough, 23.v.1909, 1 ♀, [no collector] (USNM, genit. prep.). VIRGINIA: Bland Co., Brushy Mt. at Rd. 623, 37.05229°N 81.30209°W, sweep forest edge, 15.viii.2007, 6 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀, J. Mlynarek leg., 4 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (LEMQ 0040768–72, 1 ♂ genit. prep.), T.A. Wheeler leg., 1 ♂ (LEMQ 0040310, genit. prep.), A. MacLeod leg.; Chain Bridge, 7.v.1922, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), 20.viii.1922, 1 ♀, 14.v.1924, 1 ♂, J. R. Malloch leg.; Fairfax Co., Dead Run, 28.vii.1915, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, R. C. Shannon leg. (♀ genit. prep.); Falls Church, Holmes Run, light trap, 24.viii.1960, 1 ♀, W. W. Wirth leg. (all USNM); Page Co., G.Washington N. F., Gap Creek Trail, 38.70764°N 78.56077°W, 1662', sweep forest path at creek, 19.viii.2007, 1 ♀, J. Mlynarek leg. (LEMQ 0040534); Great Falls, “ 12-vi ”, 1 ♀, N. Banks leg. (MCZC); Giles Co., Mountain Lake Biol. Stn., 37°22'31"N 80°31'18"W, sweep nr. station, 20.v.2005, 1 ♂, S.A. Marshall leg. (DEBU 00252870); near Plummers Island, MD [Maryland], at light, 20.v.1914, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), R. C. Shannon leg. (USNM); Shenandoah N. P., mi. 65–100, sweeps, 29.v.1979, 2 ♂♂, M. J. Sharkey leg. (DEBU); Hawksbill Gap, Shenandoah N. P., 1600 m, 17.viii.1981, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI); Shenandoah Co., Mt. Jackson, 25.v.1962, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, J. G. Chillcott leg., 2 ♂♂, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI); Tazewell, Burkes Garden, Sta[tion] Spr[in]g, 37°05.9'N 81°22.4', 960 m, 18.v.2005, 4 ♂♂, W. N. & D. Mathis leg. (USNM). WEST VIRGINIA: Grant Co., Dahle Soda, 13. vi.1986, 1 ♂, A. L. Norrbom leg. (USNM). Other material examined (not included in type series). Provenance unknown, “Loew Coll.”, “Type 13427” (red label), 1 ♀, (MCZC, genit.prep., erroneously labelled a syntype of Anthophilina tenuis Loew). CANADA: ONTARIO: Moosonee, 51°16.33'N 80°39.11'W, sweeps, mostly Rubus, Impatiens, under Salix, Alnus, 10.vii.2014, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI, deformed postabdominal tergites); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Bristol Pl[ace] Pk., 46°30.77'N 84°16.66'W, sweeps, Impatiens, Clematis, Equisetum, Rubus, ferns, Phalaris, 21.vii.2014, 3 ♂♂, K. N. Barber leg. (SMOC, used for molecular work). SASKATCHEWAN: Kenosee, 7.vi.1958, 1 ♀ (CNCI, headless, genit. prep.). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: NEW HAMPSHIRE: “N.H.”, “205”, “Loew Coll.”,“ Type 14558” (red label), 1 ♀ (MCZC, headless, double mount with a ♀ of Arganthomyza duplex on the same pinned bricket, erroneously labelled as type specimens of Anthophilina terminalis Loew). NEW YORK: Delaware Co., Franklin Mtn. nr. Oneonta, 3.vii.1980, 1 ♀, D. J. Bickel leg. (MCZC, head glued to pin, genit. prep.). Other A. macra group material of questionable identity (Anthomyza sp. cf. oblonga). CANADA: ONTARIO: S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Baseline Rd., 46°31.40'N 84°24.40'W, sweeps, Aster [Eurybia], Rubus, Equisetum, Carex, ferns, under aspen, 8.viii.2005, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.); S[ault] S[te.] Marie, Birchwood Park, mixed forest, 28.vi.1986, 1 ♀ (genit. prep.), both K. N. Barber leg. (both CNCI). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: PENNSYLVANIA: Dauphin Co., Grantville, 24.v.1962, 1 ♀, J. R. Vockeroth leg. (CNCI, genit. prep.). Description. Male. Total body length 2.02–2.66 mm. Externally extremely similar to A. tenuis including colouration and chaetotaxy, thus body bicolourous and sparsely pale grey microtomentose as in the latter species. Head shape as in A. tenuis, about as long as high. Colouration of head practically identical with that of the latter species including microtomentose pattern of all its parts. Also mouthparts very similarly coloured. Cephalic chaetotaxy as in A. tenuis, only pvt somewhat longer (usually slightly longer than half length of vti), 3–4 (usually 3) pairs of medial microsetulae in anterior third of frons, 9–10 postocular setulae; vi long as in A. tenuis; subvibrissa weak but usually distinctly longer than anterior peristomal setula. No differences in colour and chaetotaxy of palpus. Eye large and oval as in A. tenuis, with longest (oblique) diameter 1.3–1.4 times as long as shortest. Gena higher than that of A. tenuis, about 0.12 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Also antenna (including arista) as in the latter species although whitish marginal cilia on 1st nagellomere slightly longer. Thorax dark brown dorsally and yellow laterally and ventrally as in A. tenuis but the pattern is yet more variable. In lightest specimens the yellow is extended not only on humeral and notopleural areas but also on lateral sides of mesonotum (up to supralar seta); even disc of scutellum is broadly yellow leaving only its sides brownish. In darkest specimens, on the contrary, humeral callus and a band across dorsal margin of mesopleuron and pteropleuron are also brownish, in addition to darkened laterotergite, mediotergite, subscutellum and scutellum. Intermediates between these extremes are frequent. Thoracic chaetotaxy: hu, npl(s), prs, sa and pa as in A. tenuis; also both (postsutural) dc similar; 5–6 dc microsetae in front of anterior dc, the hindmost only slightly longer than others; ac microsetae less numerous than in A. tenuis, normally in only 2 rows on suture (plus a few single microsetae laterally to them), usually ending slightly behind anterior dc, only rarely reaching up to posterior dc; 2 sc and 2 stpl as in A. tenuis but upcurved setulae on sternopleuron more numerous (4–5) and differently arranged, in more or less perpendicular row with most dorsal setulae longer and situated almost between stpl macrosetae; no setula in front of anterior stpl. Scutellum formed as in A. tenuis but usually paler on disc medially, sometimes largely yellow (see above). Legs yellow as in A. tenuis, with only distal third to half of apical segment of all tarsi brownish. f 1 with ctenidial spine about as long as maximum width of t 1; other pedal chaetotaxies as in A. tenuis. Wing (Fig. 223) closely resembling that of A. tenuis, with hyaline pale ochreous brown membrane and ochreous veins. Venation as in A. tenuis, only with r-m sometimes situated in middle of cell dm, and terminal section of CuA 1 slightly to distinctly longer than dm-cu. Wing measurements: length 2.30–2.74 mm, width 0.79–0.97 mm; Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.48–1.84, rm\ dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.95–2.79. Haltere yellowish white, knob often lighter. Abdomen colouration and structures very similar to those of A. tenuis. Preabdominal terga brown to pale brown (sometimes slightly paler dorsomedially), distinctly lighter than mesonotum or epandrium. T1 concolourous or slightly paler than T2. T2–T5 as in A. tenuis. Preabdominal sterna somewhat wider than in A. tenuis, pale yellow and with denser setosity. S1 as in A. tenuis, S2–S5 slightly to distinctly wider than long, becoming wider and more transverse posteriorly; S5 the largest and widest, posteriorly distinctly widened. T6 as in A. tenuis but somewhat longer, seemingly bipartite, with dorsomedial unpigmented part narrower. S6–S8 dorsally fused and more or less asymmetrical as usual. S6 and S7 ochreous to yellow in pale specimens, brown and concolourous with T 5 in dark ones, with anterior ledge-like margins always darker brown. Both S6 and S7 usually with more setulae (S6 with 3–5, S7 with 2–4). S8 long, brown to pale brown as T5 or (in pale specimens) with lightened marginal areas. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 225, 226) very broad as in A. tenuis but smaller, with similar chaetotaxy, usually with setae denser laterally; anal nssure higher (longer) and cercus slightly larger (compared to epandrium) than in A. tenuis. Medandrium distinctly higher, with dorsolateral corners small (Fig. 225). Gonostylus (Figs 225, 226, 231) distinctive, dissimilar to those of all relatives, roughly suboblong, relatively narrow but with outer side convex, with both distal corners more or less angular, setose only on inner side and externally largely micropubescent, with only anterior marginal band bare (Fig. 226). Hypandrium (Fig. 227) as in A. tenuis but more robust anteriorly. Transandrium (Fig. 228) generally constructed as in relatives, somewhat wider and with terminal arms of caudal process thicker than those of A. tenuis. Pregonite (Fig. 227) similar to that of A. tenuis, 3 anterior and only 4 posterior setae (latter on short lobe-like process). Postgonite more slender (only when viewed in pronle) than that of A. tenuis and with 1–2 setiform microsensilla below 1 usual seta inserted more proximally at anterior margin (Fig. 227). Aedeagal part of folding apparatus with the same armature as in A. tenuis; connecting sclerite also similar although somewhat paler and less sclerotized; basal membrane with dense short excrescences more spine-like (Fig. 227). Phallapodeme more robust, particularly the fulcrum (Fig. 230). Phallophore as in A. tenuis. Saccus (Fig. 230) voluminous but somewhat smaller and its membranous distal part with markedly fewer spines than that of A. tenuis hence resembling that of A. silvatica. Filum (Fig. 230) compact ribbon-shaped, largely dark, fading only towards apex which is (in contrast to A. tenuis) parallel-sided with blunt tip (Fig. 229). Ejacapodeme larger than in relatives (Fig. 230). Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 2.46–3.21 mm. Cephalic and thoracic setae longer and thicker. Orbit rarely (2 specimens seen) with 1–3 additional microsetulae among ors. Antenna with 1st nagellomere only sometimes darker yellow around base of arista. Mesonotum with ac microsetae sometimes more numerous forming up to 4 rows on suture. Ctenidial spine on f 1 distinctly longer and thicker, longer than maximum width of t 1. Wing measurements: length 2.73–3.25 mm, width 0.93–1.13 mm; Cs 3: Cs 4 = 1.33–1.68, rm\dm-cu: dm-cu = 1.85–2.82. Preabdomen with terga more transverse, bicolourous, typically dorsally largely yellow and laterally brown (cf. Fig. 232). T1 more or less ochreous to pale brown; T2 not only laterally but also anteriorly brownish, otherwise yellow, or (more rarely, in dark specimens) completely pale brown. T3–T5 largely yellow, only laterally (on bent sides) brown, with dark parts sharply contrasting with yellow dorsum of sclerites. More rarely T3–T5 (or only some of them) with dorsal pale areas smaller and ochreous and/or with dorsomedial pale brown spot. Preabdominal sterna pale yellow, narrower than in male but also densely (more than in A. tenuis) setose; S2 and S3 about as long as wide; S4 and S5 wider t
Anthomyza pullinotum Roháćek & Barber 2016, sp. nov.
No full textAnthomyza pullinotum sp. nov. (Figs 276, 296–312, 378) Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, “CAN:AB: ~22.7kmS Belle-vue, Hwy 774, 17.vii.2011, KNBarber, sweeps, road-side ditch, mostly Carex spp., Equisetum, grasses 49°22.62’N 114°22.58’W ” and “ Holotypus ♂ Anthomyza pullinotum sp. n., J. Roháček & K. N. Barber det. 2014” (red). The specimen is in good condition, with exposed genitalia (saccus and nlum visible on right side) and readily observable gonostyli (see Figs 296, 298) (DEBU, intact). PARATYPES: CANADA: ALBERTA: Banff N. P., 11 mi W Banff, 4500', 11.vii.1955, 1 ♂, G. E. Shewell leg. (CNCI); Banff Nat. Pk., 15 mi E Mt. Eisenhower Jct., 27.vii.1967, 1 ♂, S. P. Whitney leg. (USNM, genit. prep.); ~ 22.7 km S Bellevue, Hwy 774, 49°22.62'N 114°22.58'W, sweeps, roadside ditch, mostly Carex spp., Equisetum, grasses, 17.vii.2011, 10 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI 6 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, SMOC 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, USNM 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀); Calgary, Fish Creek Prov. Pk., 50°55.61'N 114°07.43'W, sweeps, mostly Carex utriculata & Equisetum ssuviatile, 12.vii.2011, 1 ♀, J. E. Swann & K. N. Barber leg.; same locality but 50°55.600'N 114°07.426'W, sweep, oxbow with sedges, 9.vii.2011, 1 ♂; same locality but 50°55.739'N 114°03.312'W, sweep near creek, 22.vii.2010, 1 ♂; same locality but pond near Shannon Terrace, 50°55.600'N 114°07.427'W, swept from sedges and Equisetum, 12.viii.2011, 1 ♂; same locality but Shannon Terrace, sweep around pond by 2 nd bridge, 9.vii.2010, 7 ♂♂ 1 ♀, all J. E. Swann leg. (all BDUC); Cypress Hills, Elkwater, trails, 49°39'24"N 110°17'32"W, 1250 m, 5.vii.2001, 2 ♀♀ (DEBU 00354151–52); Cypress Hills Prov. Pk., Elkwater, 5.vii.2001, 1 ♀ (DEBU 00362459), all S. A. Marshall leg.; w. border Elk Island N. P., Range Rd. 210, 0.5 km N Hwy #16, 53°34.52'N 112°57.09'W, sweeps, mixed sedges, 21.vii.2008, 2 ♀♀, sweeps, Calamagrostis canadensis, 21.vii.2008, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg.; Elkwater Lk., 19.vii.1956, 1 ♂, O. Peck leg. (all CNCI); ~ 22.5 km NW Highwood House, ~ 4 km W Mist Ck., 50°31.38'N 114°53.17'W, sweeps, Carex sp. (large), 25.vii.2008, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (DEBU); ~ 3.4 km SSW Hinton, Hwy #40, 53°21.27'N 117°37.32'W, sweeps, Equisetum ssuviatile, 22.vii.2008, 1 ♂; ~ 11 km WSW Hinton, nr. jct. Twp. Rd. 510A & Range Rd. 262, 53°22.72'N 117°44.13'W, sweeps, mostly Bromus inermis, 22.vii.2008, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, all K. N. Barber leg. (all CNCI); 2 mi S Jasper, 30.vii.1967, 1 ♂, S. P. Whitney leg. (USNM, genit. prep.); Kananaskis Country, Sibbald Area, Hwy 68, 3.1 km W Powderface Trail, 51°03.10'N 114°54.72'W, sweeps, mostly Carex utriculata, 15.vii.2011, 1 ♂ 1 ♀; same locality but Hwy 68 & Powderface Trail, 51°02.28'N 114°52.40'W, sweeps, mostly Carex utriculata ?, 15.vii.2011, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber (all CNCI); ~ 31.5 km S Kananaskis Village, 0.5 km W Little Highwood Pass, 50°38.55'N 115°02.94'W, sweeps, Bromus inermis, 25.vii.2008, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg. (genit. prep.); 50 mi N Nordegg, F[orestry] Trunk Rd., along beaver pond, 20.vii.1987, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ (incl. pair in copula), S. A. Marshall leg. (all DEBU); ~ 14.4 km E Obed, Range Rd. 213 @ RR crossing, 53°32.19'N 117°01.02'W, sweeps, mostly Carex utriculata, 25.vii.2011, 4 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI); Spray Valley P. Pk., 50°48.95'N 115°09.84'W, sweeps, fen, Carex utriculata ? and Poa sp., 13.vii.2011, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (DEBU 01502856). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Fernie,Annex Pk., 49°30.72'N 115°04.13'W, sweeps, wet ditch, Carex utriculata, 17.vii.2011, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI); Kaslo Cr., 18.vi. [-], 1 ♂, R. P.Currie leg. (USNM, genit. prep.); ~8.0 km SE Valemount, edge of Kinbasket Lake, 52°46.65'N 119°10.38'W, sweeps, mostly Carex utriculata, 23.vii.2011, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg.; Lac Le Jeune, 27.vi.1973, 1 ♂, H. J. Teskey leg.; Liard Hot Spring, mi. 496, 1500', Alaska Hwy, 9–10.vii.1959, 1 ♀, E. E. MacDougall leg. (all CNCI); Mt. Robson Prov. Pk., Hwy #16, small road towards Mt. Robson, 53°03'N 119°15'W, forest noor, swamp, (Universität Bielefeld, Ca1519), 6.viii.2002, 1 ♂, M. v. Tschirnhaus leg. (ZSMC, in ethanol); Revelstoke, 2.vii.1973, 1 ♀, H. J. Teskey leg.; Sawmill Lk., Telegraph Ck., 1100', 2.vii.1960, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, W. W. Moss leg., Carex, grass, Equisetum beside lake, 2.vii.1960, 1 ♂, 28.viii.1960, 1 ♂, R.Pilfrey leg.; ~ 27 km N Sparwood, Lower Elk Valley Rd., 49°50.24'N 114°53.29'W, sweeps, edge of creek, Carex utriculata ?, 20.vii.2011, 1 ♀, K. N. Barber leg.; Summit Lake, mi. 392 Alaska Hwy, 4500', 8.vii.1959, 1 ♀, E. E. MacDougall leg.; Spring Creek, Terrace, 220', 11.vi.1960, 1 ♂, R. Pilfrey leg. (all CNCI). LABRADOR: Goose Bay, 9.vii.1948, 1 ♂, 13.vii.1948, 1 ♀, W. E. Beckel leg., 11.vii.1950, 1 ♀, J. J. Tibbles leg. (CNCI). ONTARIO: Moosonee, 51.27717°N 80.64778°W, Repl. 3 wet, Malaise trap, 19–22.vi.2010, 1 ♀, NBP Field Party leg. (LEMQ). YUKON: Klondike Hwy, 8.8 km S Twin Lakes, Conglomerate Mt., 61°37.9'N 135°53.1'W, sweep along Klusha Creek, 15.vii.1998, 1 ♂; same locality but Conglomerate Mt., Klusha Creek, 61°38'N 135°53'W, sweep grass/sedges along creek, 8.vii.1997, 1 ♂ both (LEMQ); Alaska Highway at Yukon River crossing, 60°34'N 134°40'W, sweep grass/sedges along river margin, 2.vii.1997, 13 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀ (LEMQ 0039623 [only 1 ♂ with accession #], 1 ♂ wing illustration, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.); Yukon River at Alaska Hwy crossing, sweep grass/sedges along riverbank, 2.vii.1997, 1 ♀ (LEMQ 0039961), all T. A. Wheeler leg. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ALASKA: Knik Lake, NW of Wasilla, sweeping vegetation edge of lake, 18.vii.1978, 7 ♂♂ 1 ♀, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. (CASC, 1 ♂ genit. prep.). COLORADO: Electra Lake, F.4367E, ~ 37°33'N 107°48'W, ~8400', 28.vi.–1.vii.1919, 2 ♀♀, [no collector] (AMNH, 1 ♀ genit. prep.); Estes Park, 11.vii.1934, 1 ♂, A. L. Melander leg. (USNM, genit. prep.); Teller Co., 3.5 mi S Florissant, Sanborn Ranch, along tributary of Plum Creek, 14.vii.2004, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, The Nature Place, sweeping forbs, 10.vii.2004, 1 ♀, B. A. Foote leg. (CMNH); Summit Co., Frisco, 3.viii.2001, 2 ♂♂, I. S. Winkler leg. (BYUC); Jackson Co., Gould, 8.viii.1965, 1 ♀, F. C. Harmston leg. (LACM, genit. prep.); Boulder County, Middle Boulder Creek, 16 km W Boulder, Hwy 119, 2280 m, 8.viii.1973, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg. (CASC, 1 ♂ genit. prep.); 3 mi N Nederland, 8500', marshy stream margin, 2.vii.1961, 1 ♀; 5 mi E Nederland, 7500', marshy lake & stream margin, 2.vii.1961, 1 ♂, both J. G. Chillcott leg.; State Bridge nr. Bond, 7000', 24–25.vi.1961, 1 ♂, C. H. Mann leg. (all CNCI). MICHIGAN: Keweenaw Co., Isle Royale, 15., 17.vii.1938, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, G. Steyskal leg. (USNM, 1 ♂ genit. prep.). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Pinkham Notch, 9.vii.1931, 1 ♀, J. M. Aldrich leg. (USNM). Description. Male. Total body length 2.48–2.90 mm; body distinctively bicolourous (Figs 296–298), with occiput (partly) and dorsal sides of thorax and abdomen largely brown to dark greyish brown (notum in particular), sharply contrasting with yellow lateral and ventral sides of thorax and abdomen, most of head, and all extremities (including antenna and palpus). Head about as long as high, anteriorly slightly angular in pronle, with face slightly receding, largely yellow except for brownish ocellar triangle and darker brown occipital pattern. Occiput very slightly concave, bicolourous, laterally with large dark brown subtriangular area extended from posterior eye margin to foramen and medially with small pale brown spot behind ocellar triangle; lateroventral parts of occiput and medial V-shaped area above foramen yellow (the latter dorsally transilient to yellow parts of frons and largely covered with 2 silvery microtomentose spots meeting above foramen). Frons relatively narrow, yellow and largely dull, only ocellar triangle brown; frontal triangle with sparse but distinct silvery golden glittering microtomentum as in A. mcalpinei. Also orbits as in latter species, with silvery whitish microtomentum reduced behind middle ors to form a narrow line. Frontal triangle very narrow and with attenuated and acutely pointed anterior corner reaching to anterior fourth to nfth of frons. Frontal lunule small but distinct, yellow. Face as in that of A. mcalpinei but separated from parafacialia by broader and usually darker, golden-orange microtomentose marginal stripe reaching onto ventral margin of gena; parafacialia, gena, postgena and mouthparts coloured and microtomentose as in A. mcalpinei. Cephalic chaetotaxy not particularly different from that of A. mcalpinei including dark colour and variability in length of setae; only postocular setulae (6–7) somewhat longer, particularly those situated more dorsally. Palpus as described for A. mcalpinei including chaetotaxy. Eye also very similar to that of A. mcalpinei, with longest diameter oblique and 1.3–1.4 times as long as shortest. Shortest genal height 0.16–0.18 times as long as shortest eye diameter, thus gena somewhat deeper (higher) than that of A. mcalpinei. Antenna geniculate, entirely yellow; 1st nagellomere with short white pilosity. Arista about 1.9 times as long as antenna; basal segments ochreous yellow, distal setiform part blackish brown and with (dark) cilia shorter than those on 1st nagellomere as in A. mcalpinei. Thorax slightly narrower than head. Scutum dorsally invariably dark greyish brown with dense pale grey microtomentum with distinct bluish tinge (Fig. 297). Humeral callus and notopleural area yellow (but the latter usually with ochreous to pale brown darkening around anterior npl), often with yellow or ochreous colour extended along suture up to level of prs, and sometimes also with short yellow stripe between sa and pa. Scutellum also brown and similarly microtomentose to scutum but sometimes (particularly medially) paler brown. Pleural part of thorax sparsely whitish grey microtomentose, more shining than scutum, usually entirely bright yellow (Fig. 297), rarely with very narrow brownish marginal darkening dorsally on mesopleuron and propleuron. Postscutellum and postnotum brown to dark brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 hu (usually longer than posterior npl) plus 1 (rarely 2) hu setula on humeral callus; 2 npl (anterior distinctly longer than hu); 1 distinct prs (as long as or longer than hu); 1 sa (as long as prs) and 1 pa (usually longer than sa); 2 long postsutural dc (anterior about as long as anterior npl, posterior longest of thoracic setae) and 6–8 dc microsetae in front of them (the hindmost distinctly enlarged); ac microsetae more sparse than in A. mcalpinei, arranged in only 2 medial rows but with 1–2 lateral ac microsetae behind suture in addition; hindmost (medial) ac pair usually situated somewhat beyond level of posterior dc; 2 sc (shorter laterobasal about as long as sa, apical almost as long as posterior dc); 1 small hair-like ppl (exceptionally 2, observed in single specimen); 2 long stpl (anterior shorter) and 4–5 upcurved setulae in dorsal half of sternopleuron, its ventral part with 5–6 longer setae. Scutellum rounded triangular, slightly convex dorsally. Legs pale yellow, only distal half to three-fourths of last tarsal segment of all tarsi dark brown. Pedal chaetotaxy very similar to that in A. mcalpinei: f 1 with ctenidial spine only slightly longer than maximum width of t 1; f 3 in distal two-nfths with 5–7 shortened and thickened setae in posteroventral row; t 2 with short ventroapical seta; fore and hind basitarsus with 2–3 enlarged (also thickened on hind basitarsus) ventrobasal setulae, also mid basitarsus with 1 or 2 somewhat longer and thicker ventrobasal setulae. Wing (Fig. 276) less elongate (somewhat wider) than that of A. mcalpinei, having pale yellowish ochreous veins and membrane. C with distinct sparse spinulae (not well visible on Fig. 276 because erect and perpendicular to alar plane) among hair-like setosity between apices of R 1 and R 2+3. R 2+3 long, bent parallel to C with apex slightly upcurved to it; R 4+5 very slightly bent, subparallel with almost straight or indistinctly bent M. Discal cell (dm) moderately long and narrow; r-m situated slightly in front of the middle of cell dm. Apical portion of CuA 1 longer than dm-cu and ending near wing margin; A 1 short, ending far from it. Alula distinct, moderately narrow. Wing measurements: length 2.56–2.90 mm, width 0.81–0.99 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 0.86–1.25, rm\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.63–3.17. Haltere yellowish white with stem more yellow. Abdomen dorsally largely brown, ventrally pale to whitish yellow (Fig. 298). Preabdominal terga T1–T5 mostly brown but their side areas variously yellow; T2–T3 usually darkest with only margins yellow, T1 and T4–T5 (particularly) usually with lateral yellow regions larger, covering up to one third on each side. T1–T5 relatively shortly and sparsely setose, subshining, with greyish microtomentum distinct but sparser than that on thorax. T1 and T2 separate, only narrowly fused laterally. T1 shortest and most transverse, T2 slightly shorter than T3–T5, the latter subequal in size, all reaching onto lateroventral sides of abdomen. Preabdominal sterna pale to whitish yellow, relatively broad (only S1 and S2 narrower) and becoming wider posteriorly; S1 short and transverse, S2 slightly, S3–S5 distinctly transverse, all suboblong to slightly trapezoidal (wider posteriorly), S5 widest. S2–S5 nnely but not very densely setose, only S1 bare and with darker posterior marginal stripe. T6 submembranous as in A. mcalpinei, very short, transversely strip-like, bare and almost unpigmented. S6 and S7 pale brown (usually) to brown, often with central part lighter (up to ochreous yellow), both with dark brown anterior marginal ledge; both S6 and S7 with 2–3 (usually 2) setae; S8 somewhat longer than epandrium, brown (usually darker than S6 and S7 but paler than epandrium), setose in posterior two-thirds. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 299, 300) darker than S8 (Fig. 298), moderately long and relatively broad as in A. mcalpinei, but slightly less setose, with 2 or 3 pairs of longer and thicker setae dorsolaterally; anal nssure relatively small but more acutely triangular than that of A. mcalpinei. Cercus relatively short and pale, with nne setae, apical and preapical longest. Cerci (Fig. 299) distinctly closer to each other than in A. mcalpinei. Medandrium (Fig. 299) simple, slightly smaller (lower) than in A. mcalpinei, dorsally slightly narrowed and with dorsolateral corners simple, obtuse-angled, ventrally with shallow broad emargination, bare. Gonostylus (Figs 299, 300, 303) elongate and slender but shorter than epandrial height, bent anteriorly (with distinct anterior concavity in lateral view – Figs 298, 300), distally gradually tapered and apically somewhat pointed, with 1 short apical and 1 small subapical tooth (Fig. 303), thus more resembling that of the Palaearctic A. dissors but distinctly different from that of A. mcalpinei although similarly micropubescent on most of outer side and with longer setae only on inner side. Hypandrium (Fig. 302) resembling that of A. mcalpinei but somewhat more robust. Transandrium (Fig. 301) also as in the latter species although more arched dorsally, without caudal process except for a pair of short medial sclerotizations transilient to nnely spinose parts of basal membrane. Pregonite (Fig. 302) most similar to that of A. mcalpinei but with anterior tooth more slender and acutely pointed, ventrally with 5 (2 middle usually longest) setae. Postgonite (Fig. 302) clearly different from that of A. mcalpinei, short and unusually broad, widest preapically (in lateral view), with wide rounded apex, dark basally, pale apically, with 1 setula in basal third to fourth of anterior margin and several sensillae on outer side. Dorsal internal sclerite at base of postgonite distinct, narrower than, and almost as long as postgonite. Basal membrane (Figs 301, 302) with the same nne armature as in A. mcalpinei, but spinulae on posterolateral areas smaller. Aedeagal part of folding apparatus with different structure from those of A. mcalpinei and A. dissors, laterally with elongate group of nne dark tubercles in addition to elongate hyaline striae. Connecting sclerite strong, dark, proximally fused to phallophore, distally slightly wider and with a few (in contrast to that of A. mcalpinei) spines on apex (Fig. 304); membrane posterior to connecting sclerite with only nne unpigmented spinulae and nat warts. Phallapodeme very similar to that of A. mcalpinei including position and shape of fulcrum and laterally projecting apex (Fig. 304). Aedeagus (Fig. 304) with phallophore short and compact; distiphallus large and long, bind from near its base. Saccus more voluminous and longer than in A. mcalpinei and A. dissors, often more dilated distally, membranous, basally with usual slender sclerites plus one short lateral sclerite and armed with 8 robust dark-pigmented spines (thus more than in A. mcalpinei). Filum most resembling that of A. mcalpinei but its curved slender terminal part distal to small subterminal membranous lobe with fewer spinulae (Fig. 305). Ejacapodeme small, pale, with small pointed terminal projection (Fig. 304). Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 3.09–3.73 mm. Head with occiput sometimes yellower, with lateral brown areas interrupted by a yellow stripe connecting orbit with lateroventral area of occiput. Frons with up to 4 pairs of medial microsetulae in front of frontal triangle. Outer side of 1st nagellomere with large darker (ochreous to pale brown) anterodorsal spot below insertion of arista, also dorsal margin of inner side sometimes faintly darkened. Thorax often paler than in male because yellow lateral areas extend dorsally or even onto posterior nfth of scutum to form small yellow spots in prescutellar area; scutellum also sometimes partly (usually laterally) yellow to (rarely) completely ochreous yellow. Largest female specimens with more ac microsetae (forming 4 rows also presuturally) and with more setose sternopleuron (with up to 6 upcurved setulae and 7 ventral setae). f 3 without row of shortened and thickened posteroventral setae. Wing generally more elongate. Wing measurements: length 3.07–3.67 mm, width 0.99–1.19 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 0.87–1.11, rm\ dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.29–3.20. Abdomen with T1–T6 distinctly lighter, brownish only medially but these darker areas often reduced to small medial spots or sometimes disappear to leave terga completely yellow. T2–T5 shorter and more transverse than in male, T1 distinctly, T2 slightly narrower than T3. T3–T5 broad and subequal in size, all wider than T6. Preabdominal sterna pale yellow, somewhat more densely setose and slightly narrower than in male. S2 as long as wide, S3 slightly, S4 and S5 distinctly transversely suboblong. S5 largest and widest abdominal sternum, being slightly wider than S6. Postabdomen (Figs 306, 308) relatively long (more elongate than in A. mcalpinei), telescopic, yellow with brown markings. T6 simple, large, narrower than T5 and much longer than that of A. mcalpinei, slightly tapered posteriorly and with broadly rounded posterior corners, dark yellow or with medial brownish area of various size, with relatively short and dense setae in posterior two-thirds (dorsomedially in only posterior half), marginal setae longest. S6 also relatively narrow (less transverse than in A. mcalpinei), slightly trapezoidal with anterior corners rounded, less broad than S5, pale yellow and nnely densely setose. Tergosternum T7+S7 relatively long, subcylindrical, narrowing slightly posteriorly, dorsomedially (Fig. 306) shortened due to anteromedial incision (shallower than that seen in A. mcalpinei), ventrally longer but without anteroventral pouch-like structures (Fig. 308). T7+S7 with variable yellow and brown pattern, dorsally with brown posteromedial area that is variable in size, ventrolateral region often with brown area that becomes darker anteroventrally; ventral part of T7+S7 with original S7 well discernible but fused anteriorly with dilated anteroventral lobes of T7, relatively dark but with paler elongate area medially, with nne setae and sparse micropubescence (Fig. 308); dorsal and lateral parts of T7+S7 with rather short setae, those dorsally distinctly shorter and thicker (Figs 306, 378); 7th spiracle embedded in expanded lateral part of original T7 (Figs 308, 378). 8th segment nnely micropubescent laterally. T8 (Fig. 306) about as long as wide, with sides bent ventrally, brownish, with deep emargination anteromedially and with unpigmented crescent-shaped marginal area posteromedially (hence different from that of A. mcalpinei), with sparse micropubescence centrally and nne exclinate setae laterodorsally; S8 (Fig. 308) shorter than T8, anteriorly strongly tapered, medially divided into 2 posteriorly convex (dorsally bent), nnely hirsute and micropubescent sclerites that have a rather cordate shape. Genital chamber (uterus) posteriorly with distinctive darkpigmented internal sclerotization (Figs 309, 311, 312) formed by 1 compact ventral sclerite (different from that of A. mcalpinei because convex ventrally), a complex (doubled) pair of weak, elongate and pale-pigmented dorsal sclerites and 1 subcircular, curved (in pronle) annular sclerite situated in front of the former. Membranous pa
Triangular Constellations in Flows
No full textParticles advected on the surface of a fluid can exhibit fractal clustering. The local structure of a fractal set is described by its dimension , which is the exponent of a power-law relating the mass in a ball to its radius : . It is desirable to characterise the {\em shapes} of constellations of points sampling a fractal measure, as well as their masses. The simplest example is the distribution of shapes of triangles formed by triplets of points, which we investigate for fractals generated by chaotic dynamical systems. The most significant parameter describing the triangle shape is the ratio of its area to the radius of gyration squared. We show that the probability density of has a phase transition: is independent of and approximately uniform below a critical flow compressibility , which we estimate. For the distribution appears to be described by two power laws: when , and when
Use of a mechanistic model to evaluate phosphate fertilizers and effects of added salts on phosphorus availability
No full textThe Barber-Crushman mechanistic nutrient uptake model was used to evaluate P availability as affected by phosphate fertilizer and changes of the concentration of electrolytes. Thirteen soils were used to compare the effectiveness of monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP); the effect of adding salts was evaluated in Rarden subsoil with low pH and predominantly variable charge (Hapludalfs); a pot experiment was conducted in Rarden soil, limed or unlimed, to evaluate rock phosphate, partially acidulated, and soluble P fertilizers to supply P to corn, and the ability of the model to predict P uptake in acid soils. Treatments were applied to soil samples that were incubated for 18 to 30 days depending on the experiment. Predicted P uptake did not differ between MCP and DAP in almost all soils; DAP was, however, the most effective P fertilizer to increase corn dry matter especially on unlimed soil because DAP decreased Al in the soil solution. Addition of salts increased predicted P uptake and P in the soil solution (P\sb{\rm li}) in soils with low pH and predominantly variable charge, and decreased them in soils with permanent charge. The increase of P\sb{\rm li} in soils with variable charge and low pH after addition of salts was caused by changes of the surface potential, which was associated with the ability of salts to displace native cations from the exchange sites; for KCl P\sb{\rm li} started to increase at rates equal or above 500 mg K kg\sp{-1}. Predicted P uptake was most highly correlated with D\sb{\rm e} when different soils were evaluated, with P\sb{\rm li} for a given soil. The model underpredicted P uptake by corn due to the effect of root hairs on P uptake. Addition of salts also increased Al, Ca, Mg, and K in the soil solution, and decreased soil pH and resin-exchangeable P. All effects caused by salts on P parameters and on the composition of the soil solution disappeared after leaching the soil samples
Exact two-dimensionalization of low-magnetic-Reynolds-number flows subject to a strong magnetic field
No full textWe investigate the behavior of flows, including turbulent flows, driven by a horizontal body-force and subject to a vertical magnetic field, with the following question in mind: for very strong applied magnetic field, is the flow mostly two-dimensional, with remaining weak three-dimensional fluctuations, or does it become exactly 2D, with no dependence along the vertical? We restrict attention to low-magnetic-Reynolds number (Rm) flow. Because liquid metals have low magnetic Prandtl number, such low- flows can have a kinetic Reynolds number as large as one million and therefore be strongly turbulent. We first focus on the quasi-static approximation, i.e. the asymptotic limit of vanishing magnetic Reynolds number Rm << 1: we prove that the flow becomes exactly 2D asymptotically in time, regardless of the initial condition and provided the interaction parameter N is larger than a threshold value. We call this property absolute two-dimensionalization: the attractor of the system is necessarily a (possibly turbulent) 2D flow. We then consider the full-magnetohydrodynamic equations and we prove that, for low enough Rm and large enough N, the flow becomes exactly two-dimensional in the long-time limit provided the initial vertically-dependent perturbations are infinitesimal. We call this phenomenon linear two-dimensionalization: the (possibly turbulent) 2D flow is an attractor of the dynamics, but it is not necessarily the only attractor of the system. Some 3D attractors may also exist and be attained for strong enough initial 3D perturbations. These results shed some light on the existence of a dissipative anomaly for magnetohydrodynamic flows subject to a strong external magnetic field
The Decay of Wall Bounded MHD Turbulence at Low RM
No full textWe have developed a new spectral method to simulate flows with very fine boundary layers present. We apply it to calculate the evolution of freely decaying MHD turbulence between isolating walls. By comparison them with results obtained in fully periodic domain we quantify the influence of the channel walls on the character of freely decaying MHD turbulence
Anthomyza occidentalis Roháćek & Barber 2016, sp. nov.
No full textAnthomyza occidentalis sp. nov. (Figs 337, 339, 343–356, 377) Type material. HOLOTYPE: ♂, “ USA: OR: Lane Co., Tokatee Klootchman St.Nat.Site., ~7.9kmS Yachats, 10.vi.2009, KN Barber, sweeps, mostly E. tel-mateia, Angelica, base of cliff 44°12.47’N 124°06.90’W ” and “ Holotypus ♂ Anthomyza occidentalis sp. n., J. Roháček & K. N. Barber det. 2014” (red). The specimen (largely yellow coloured, Fig. 339) is in good condition, with partly visible gonostylus (DEBU, intact). PARATYPES: CANADA: BRITISH COLUMBIA: Milner, 12.vii.1953, 1 ♀, G. J. Spencer leg. (CNCI, genit.prep., right wing missing). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: CALIFORNIA: Cambria, Santa Rosa Creek Trail, 35°33.94'N 121°06.03'W, sweeps, Equisetum telmateia braunii & Delairea odorata under canopy, 3.v.2014, 1 ♀, 4.v.2014, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (LACM); Mendocino Co., Inglenook Fen, fen area, 30–50', 11.viii.1972, 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep., 1 ♂ with det. as Anthomyza pallida), 22.vii.1972, 2 ♀♀ (1 ♀ genit. prep.), E. I. Schlinger leg. (EMEC, UCIS- 215194, -233, -249, -597, -599); Marin Co., 2 air mi W. Inverness, 1.v.1976, 1 ♀, J. Doyen & P. Rude leg. (EMEC, genit. prep.); San Francisco Co., Lake Merced, 7.v.1927, 1 ♂, C. L. Fox leg. (genit. prep., wing illustration); San Francisco, Lake Merced, collected with night trap in willow thicket, 21.vi.1964, 2 ♂♂ (both genit. prep.), collected in willow thicket near lake, 1.viii.1964, 3 ♂♂ (2 ♂♂ genit. prep.), P. H. Arnaud Jr. leg.; Humboldt Co., McKinleyville bog area nr. Azalea Avenue, 9.vii.1980, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.), T. W. Davies leg. (all CASC); Morro Bay, 27.vii.1940, 1 ♂ (genit. prep.), A. L. Melander leg.; Pacinc Grove, 4.vii.1921, 1 ♂, A. H. Sturtevant leg. (both USNM); Marin Co., Point Reyes, 19.iv.1980, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, S. A. Marshall leg. (DEBU); Humboldt Co., Prairie Ck. Redwoods S. P., Elk Prairie Cmpgd., 41°21.63'N 124°01.73'W, sweeps, riparian Scirpus sp., 8.vi.2009, 1 ♂, K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI); Rosemead, 17.iii.1950, 1 ♂ 1 ♀, A. H. Sturtevant leg. (USNM); Los Angeles Co., Rosemead, 17.iii.1950, 5 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ (3 ♂♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), 22.iii.1950, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (1 ♂ genit. prep.); San Mateo Co., San Francisco, 18.v.1950, 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ (1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), all M. R. Wheeler leg. (all AMNH); San Francisco, 1.viii.1915, 1 ♂, A. L. Melander leg. (USNM, genit. prep.). OREGON: Curry Co., Cape Blanco, 29.vi.1972, 1 ♂, W. N. Mathis leg.; Curry Co., 8 mi N Gold Beach, 29.vi.1972, 3 ♂♂ 1 ♀ (2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep.), G. Steyskal leg. (all USNM); Curry Co., Samuel Boardman S. P., Lone Ranch Beach, 42°06.07'N 124°20.76'W, sweeps, mostly Equisetum telmateia, 3.vi.2009, 2 ♂♂; Lane Co., Tokatee Klootchman St[ate] Nat[ural] Site., ~ 7.9 km S Yachats, 44°12.47'N 124°06.90'W, sweeps, mostly E. telmateia, Angelica, base of cliff, 10.vi.2009, 5 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, all K. N. Barber leg. (CNCI 4 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep., SMOC 1 ♂ 1 ♀, both genit. prep.). WASHINGTON: Friday Harbor, 6.vii.1905, 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, J. M.Aldrich leg. (USNM, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ genit. prep., 1 ♀ with det. as Anthomyza pallida Zett.); Pierce Co., Tacoma, 22.vi.1982, 1 ♀, T. L. Whitworth leg. (LACM); Whidbey Island nr. Keystone Ferry, 18.ix.1975, 1 ♀, G. F. Hevel leg. (USNM). Other material examined (not included in type series). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: CALIFORNIA: Asilomar, 1.ix.1945, 1 ♂, A. L. Melander leg. (headless, genit. prep.); Pacinc Grove, 4.vii.1921, 1 ♂ (headless, genit. prep.), A. H. Sturtevant leg. (both USNM). OREGON: Curry Co., 8 mi N Gold Beach, 29.vi.1972, 1 ♂, G. Steyskal leg. (USNM, headless, genit. prep.). WASHINGTON: Whidbey Island nr. Keystone Ferry, 18.ix.1975, 1 ♀, G. F. Hevel leg. (USNM, genit. prep., legs and one wing missing). Description. Male. Total body length 2.58–3.10 mm. Externally very similar to A. concolor including the (slightly less) variable body colour (Fig. 339), ranging from largely yellow to largely brown, although the latter variant seems to be comparatively infrequent. Head about as long as high or somewhat longer than high, anteriorly distinctly angular in pronle and face receding (more than in A. concolor), largely yellow but frons and particularly occiput with variable pale to dark brown markings. Occiput distinctly concave medially, in pale specimens light yellow with dark yellow to ochreous brown crescent-shaped areas surrounding the medial pair of silvery white microtomentose spots; in darker specimens these areas darker and widened laterally; in darkest specimens occiput largely brown to dark brown (including small spot behind ocellar triangle), with only medial area above foramen (= ground of silvery white microtomentose spots) yellow and connected dorsally with orbital stripes. Frons relatively narrow, largely dull, pale to dark yellow with only ocellar triangle brownish (lighter in pale specimens), in darkest adults also middle of frontal triangle (usually pale) brown and ocellar triangle blackish brown; frontal triangle subshining, with sparse whitish grey to white microtomentum (denser and nner on ocellar triangle). Orbits pale to whitish yellow with sparse silvery white microtomentum as in A. concolor. Frontal triangle narrower (posteriorly only slightly wider than ocellar triangle) and shorter than in A. concolor, reaching to anterior third of frons. Frontal lunule small, yellow. Face, parafacialia and gena formed, coloured and microtomentose as in A. concolor; postgena, ventral part of occiput and mouthparts pale yellow to yellow (also in darkest specimens). Cephalic chaetotaxy (all setae black) as in A. concolor but pvt usually (sometimes surprisingly) long and strongly crossed, no additional microsetula in front of shorter anterior ors setula; subvibrissa similar to foremost peristomal setula and peristomals (4–6) usually shorter. Palpus as in A. concolor, including chaetotaxy. Eye subovoid, broader anteroventrally, with longest diameter oblique and 1.5–1.6 times as long as shortest. Gena lower than in A. concolor, with shortest height 0.11–0.13 times as long as shortest eye diameter. Antenna geniculate, entirely yellow; 1st nagellomere with white pilosity somewhat longer than in A. concolor. Arista with basal segments ochreous to brown and distal setiform part blackish brown, the latter about 2.1 times as long as antenna, shortciliate (cilia somewhat shorter than those on 1st nagellomere). Thorax hardly narrower than head. Scutum with variable colouration ranging from almost entirely yellow, through yellow with various brownish darkened areas (lateral stripes outside of dc lines, medial area in posterior half) to almost entirely dark brown (usually with paler brown notopleural area). Scutellum yellow, with various brown darkening medially to almost completely dark brown (often with paler margins). Dorsum of thorax with distinct yellowish grey microtomentum (best visible in darkest specimens) and relatively dull. Pleural part of thorax more shining than scutum, most often entirely yellow or with various brown markings (more dorsally) to largely dark brown with only small areas (usually ventrally) ochreous brown to yellow. Postscutellum (this always darker) and postnotum yellow to ochreous to dark brown. Thoracic chaetotaxy very similar to that of A. concolor but anterior dc longer than all other setae on scutum except for posterior dc (being longest thoracic seta) and hindmost dc microseta unusually enlarged and resembling a third dc macroseta (sometimes there is 1 additional, more anterior, enlarged dc microseta); sternopleuron with 4–6 upcurved setulae in dorsal half and with 4–5 longer setae ventrally. Scutellum rounded subtriangular, slightly to distinctly convex dorsally. Legs pale yellow to deep yellow (also in darkest specimens in contrast to A. concolor), only distal half to four-nfths of last tarsal segment of all tarsi dark brown. Pedal chaetotaxies as in A. concolor but f 1 with ctenidial spine as long as or slightly longer than maximum width of t 1 and f 3 with 6–9 (usually 8–9) shortened and thickened setae in posteroventral row. Wing (Fig. 337) extremely similar to that of A. concolor including venation but R 4+5 and M usually more distinctly bent and r-m often situated distinctly in front of middle of discal cell (dm). Wing measurements: length 2.79–3.38 mm, width 0.97–1.12 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 0.97–1.12, rm\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.15–2.61. Haltere yellowish white with slightly darker stem (as in A. concolor). Abdomen also variable in colouration, although less so than in A. concolor. Colour of preabdominal terga (T1–T5) largely yellow to ochreous only in palest specimens and completely brown in darkest specimens, but in others with various darker markings: T1–T3 usually more darkened than T4–T5 or T1–T3 entirely brown and T4–T5 partly ochreous yellow. T1–T5 sparsely greyish microtomentose and subshining, with relatively short and sparse setae as in A. concolor. T1 and T2 dorsally distinctly separate but laterally fused. T1 shortest, T2 slightly shorter than T3–T4, the latter subequal in size; T5 slightly longer than T4, all terga bent onto lateroventral sides of abdomen. Preabdominal sterna pale yellow to ochreous, in dark specimens S1, S2 and S5 (this usually partly) brown darkened, all relatively broad and becoming slightly wider posteriorly; S1 as in A. concolor, S2 slightly wider than long, S3–S5 about 1.5 times wider than long; S3–S4 transversely suboblong, S5 not wider than S4 but with posterior margin slightly emarginate. S2–S5 nnely but not densely setose, S1 bare and with usual darker posterior stripe. T6 very short and transverse, bare, submembranous, pale yellow to ochreous brown but with only lateral parts pigmented (usually poorly visible). S6–S8 brown to dark brown, S8 darkest but usually paler than epandrium. S6 and S7 with darker anterior marginal ledge, S6 with 2–3, S7 with 2 relatively long setae; S8 about as long as epandrium, paler at anterior margin, setose in posterior half. Genitalia. Epandrium (Figs 343, 344) uniformly brown to blackish brown, distinctly longer, of shorter height and particularly broader than in A. concolor, with sparser setae than in latter species, several (2–3 dorsolateral pairs) of them longer than others; anal nssure larger and wider than that of A. concolor, triangular (Fig. 343). Cerci more robust and more distant from each other (Fig. 343), with a number of nne setae, apical longest. Medandrium (Fig. 343) moderate and formed as in A. concolor but ventrally with deeper semicircular emargination. Gonostylus (Figs 343, 344, 349) distinctly different from that of A. concolor and other relatives, elongate but somewhat shorter than epandrial height, regularly bent medially, tapered towards an acutely pointed apex (Fig. 349), in lateral view with anterior margin distinctly convex (Fig. 344), micropubescent on most of outer side and with relatively long nne setae on concave inner side. Hypandrium (Fig. 345) similarly formed to that in A. concolor but more robust. Transandrium (Fig. 346) thicker than in A. concolor and distinctly arched dorsomedially, without distinct caudal process except for a (broadly set) pair of short sclerotizations transilient to spinose parts of basal membrane. Pregonite (Fig. 345) somewhat different from that of A. concolor, with anterior tooth acute and bent posteromedially, but small angled, tuberculate protuberance behind it lacking; posteriorly with usual narrow projection transilient to basal membrane; pregonite with 6–7 (one longer) setae ventrally. Postgonite (Fig. 345) nat, similar to that in A. concolor but having simple base attached to a distinct internal dorsal sclerite and 1 anterolateral seta situated near base. Basal membrane (Fig. 346) with spinose area wider and shorter than in A. concolor (darker spines laterally, pale and nat medially). Aedeagal part of folding apparatus laterally with a double row of very small dark tubercles (Fig. 348) as in A. concolor. Connecting sclerite strong and dark proximally, distally less sclerotized, lighter and with only small pale tubercles (without spines) (Fig. 348). Phallapodeme similar to that in A. concolor, including position of fulcrum, which is basally broader. Aedeagus (Fig. 348) also resembling that of A. concolor but saccus with different armature, base without nat ventral plate but with a weak lateral sclerotization partly ovelapping basal spine, and with only 4 robust dark-pigmented spines, 1 or 2 of which have bases dilated and sclerotized. Filum also most similar to that of A. concolor but having only small spines (instead of one robust tooth-like process) in front of terminal slender part, and its curved apex (with bicuspid tip) provided with more (up to 10) small spines (Fig. 347). Ejacapodeme small, pale, with thicker but short terminal end (Fig. 348). Female. Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise. Total body length 3.01–3.77 mm. Head, thorax and preabdomen with similar colour variations to those in male, but dark specimens rarer and lightest specimens with darkenings on occiput and mesonotum very faded to absent. Antenna with 1st nagellomere ochreous to brownish darkened on anterodorsal half of outer side; inner side of 1st nagellomere sometimes (also in pale specimens) similarly or less infuscated. f 1 with ctenidial spine as in male but f 3 lacking posteroventral row of shortened and thickened setae. Wing measurements: length 3.43–4.01 mm, width 1.15–1.39 mm, Cs 3: Cs 4 = 0.98–1.18, rm\dm-cu: dm-cu = 2.08–2.67. Abdomen with T1–T6 of variable colouration, ranging from entirely yellow, through partly brown to entirely brown. T1–T5 somewhat shorter and more transverse than in male. T1 distinctly, T2 slightly narrower than T3, T3–T5 widest and subequal in size or T5 slightly longer. Preabdominal sterna whitish yellow to ochreous, not narrower than in male, S3–S5 becoming only slightly wider posteriorly. S2 distinctly transverse, about 1.5 times as long as wide and usually darker (or with central brownish spot) than other sterna (except for the usual dark posterior stripe of S1), S3–S5 distinctly suboblong, up to twice as long as wide. All S2–S5 densely nnely setose. Postabdomen (Figs 351, 352, 377) somewhat shorter and wider than in A. concolor, telescopic. T6 large, longer and narrower than in A. concolor, slightly tapered posteriorly and with posterior corners broadly rounded, yellow and (often) with central brown spot of various extent or completely brown, with relatively short and dense setae in posterior two-thirds, marginal setae longest. S6 transversely suboblong to trapezoidal with anterior corners rounded, also longer than in A. concolor, pale yellow to pale ochreous and (in contrast to A. concolor) densely setose. Tergosternum T7+S7 moderately long, slightly tapered posteriorly, dorsomedially less shortened (not incised anteromedially) than in A. concolor, ventrally shorter and with simple anterior margin. T7+S7 variable in colour, yellow with large brown dorsal spot (Fig. 351) in pale specimens to completely dark brown (also ventrally brown) in darkest specimens. T7+S7 ventrally less convex than in A. concolor, with lateral margins of original S7 relatively straight (Fig. 377) and separated from T7 by wider membranous slit almost reaching to anterior margin of synsclerite with 7th spiracle embedded in T7 close to this slit (Figs 352, 377). Dorsal part of T7+S7 (Fig. 351) with dense, nne and longer setae (in contrast to A. concolor); ventral part nnely setose. 8th segment with nnely densely micropubescent membrane laterally. T8 (Fig. 351) wider than in A. concolor, slightly longer than wide, bent onto sides, brownish, with deep anteromedial emargination and posteromedially with pale-pigmented semicircular area, sparsely setose, and without micropubescence; S8 (Fig. 352) slightly shorter than T8, subcordate and medially divided as in A. concolor. Genital chamber (uterus) posteriorly with pigmented internal sclerotization (Figs 353, 356) composed of only 1 pair of nat crooked sclerites (medially more separated than those of A. concolor, cf. Fig. 353 versus Fig. 332) and 1 subcircular, curved (in pronle) annular sclerite situated anteroventrally to the former. Membranous part of genital chamber long, as in A. concolor, without additional small sclerotizations. Ventral receptacle (Fig. 355) very slender and long, tubular and hyaline, with coiled vermicular apex, thus resembling that of A. concolor. Accessory gland small, vesicular, hyaline, on distally slightly dilated but indistinctly ringed duct. Spermathecae (1+1) shortly ovoid with somewhat nattened distal end (Figs 350, 354); with deep invagination (distinctly broader than in A. concolor) which may be partially everted, and with several small tubercular (not pointed) spines in basal part; duct very long and ending without obvious cervix centrally in spermathecal body. T10 pale brown, small and shorter than long (Fig. 351), rounded and wider posteriorly and emarginate anteriorly, with 3–5 pairs of setae (1 long) and reduced micropubescence. S10 yellowish, larger and wider than T10, pentagonal in ventral view (Fig. 352), nnely setulose and micropubescent. Cercus moderately short, slightly wider than in A. concolor, with nne and relatively short setae, apical and dorsopreapical longest (Figs 351, 352). Discussion. Anthomyza occidentalis sp. nov. is one of the largest representatives of the genus and is supported as being closely allied to A. concolor, externally resembling this species in numerous aspects including large body size and striking colour variability. Structures of the male genitalia are especially supportive of a sister-species relationship, having a similarly formed fulcrum of the phallapodeme, similar armature of the basal membrane and aedeagal part of folding apparatus, and similar construction and armature of the saccus and nlum of the aedeagus. The short, narrow frontal triangle is one of a few external features distinguishing A. occidentalis from A. concolor, but the genitalia of both sexes provide a number of often small differences useful for diagnosis. For the A. occidentalis male: epandrium broad, gonostylus pointed and differently curved, pregonite without small tuberculate angle behind anterior tooth and with more setae, postgonite with basally situated seta, basal membrane with spinose area broad and short, saccus with only 4 spines and some with expanded bases, nlum without subterminal tooth but with more small spines on apex, and connecting sclerite without spines apically. For the A. occidentalis female: T6 and S6 both longer and narrower, dorsal part of T7+S7 without anterior emargination or long nne setosity, ventral part of T7+S7 less convex and S7 component shorter and more separated from T7, 7th spiracle close to margin of T7, T8 shorter, internal sclerotization of the genital chamber with only 1 pair of more separated posterior sclerites, spermathecae with wider invagination and spines reduced to blunt tubercles, and T10 short and transverse. Etymology. The name of this new species refers to its strictly western distribution; Latin adjective occidentalis meaning western. Biology. The type locality (Oregon: Tokatee Klootchman State Natural Site, Fig. 314) contained a relatively narrow patch of Equisetum telmateia braunii and an unidentined species of Angelica at the base of a coastal cliff; the latter species is unlikely to serve as a host for A. occidentalis. The central role of E. telmateia braunii as a host plant is further implicated in two other separate collections (California: Cambria; Oregon: Samuel Boardman St. Pk.). The Cambria site had a very simplined vegetative cover with only the horsetail and the introduced invasive ivy, Delairea odorata Lemaire, present under a forest canopy. The most productive subsite at the open coastal hillside of Samuel Boardman State Park supported a more complex community including a grass component but the horsetail was still dominant. The distribution of A. occidentalis also very closely tracks the distribution of E. telmateia braunii, as documented by HAUKE (1993), but see comments under Distribution.Another fairly specinc observation was made of a riparian Scirpus sp. (California: Prairie Ck. Redwoods S. P. – Elk Prairie Campground) where E. telmateia braunii was not observed but this needs connrmation as it is based on a single male of A. occidentalis. There are additional less specinc habitat references such as “fen area” (California: Inglenook Fen), “willow thicket” (California: San Francisco, Lake Merced), and “bog area” (California: McKinleyville). Anthomyza occidentalis has been taken at sites also yielding A. concolor (California: Cambria, Rosemead), A. vockerothi (California: Pt. Reyes) or both these species (Oregon: Samuel Boardman St. Pk.) but the collections at the last two sites were dominated by A. vockerothi. Anthomyza occidentalis and A. concolor would represent the third and fourth species of Anthomyza to be associated with a horsetail (see discussions under A. equiseti and A. vockerothi), possibly exclusively for A. occidentalis as in A. equiseti. The known night period for A. occidentalis runs from 17 March (California: Rosemead) to 18 September (Washington: Whidbey Island). Distribution. Anthomyza occidentalis has, by far, the most restricted distribution of all the Nearctic Anthomyza. In Canada it is known only from sout
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