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The Relationships between the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih and the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-shi
No full textDuring the Sung dynasty many versions of the national history were compiled. All these national histories included a chapter called Shih-huo-chih 食貨志. These versions of the Shih-huo-chih are not extant now in their original form, but fragments of them have been included in such books as the Sung-shih Shih-huo-chih 宋史食貨志, the Hsü Tzŭ-chih-t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien 續資治通鑑長編, the Wên-hsien t’ung-k’ao 文獻通考, the Yü-hai 玉海, the Huang-chao pien-nien kang-mu pei-yao 皇朝編年綱目備耍, and the Shang-t’ang ch’ün-shu k’ao-so 山堂群書考索. The original form of the Shih-huo-chih, therefore, can be traced to some extent. Among the above works, the preface to the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-shih states that, though the chapter was based on the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih 宋朝國史, the quotation was limited only to the facts worth quoting because otherwise the chapter would become too voluminous. Comparing, however, the chapter of the Sung-chao kuo-shih with the similar chapters of the above works, the Sung-shih Shih-huo-chih seems to have borrowed in its entirety this chapter in the Sung-chao kuo-shih. In other words, although the Sung-shih Shih-huo-chih is mostly based on the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih, such chapters as the fang-t’ien 方田 were newly added, and the description of the Sung-chao kuo-shih is sometimes corrected or illustrated by new facts. Moreover, for the period after Li-tsung 理宗 at the end of the Southern Sung (1225~1279), the Sung-shih Shih-huo-chih has a unique description because the corresponding part of the Sung-chao kuo-shih is lacking.The author then compares the text of the Sung-shih Shih-huo-chih with that of the above books for the purpose of restoring the original form of the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih. The Hsü Tzŭ-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien not only quotes the Sung-chao kuo-shih most extensively but also exhaustively corrects its errors of the latter. The Wên-hsien t’ung-k’ao also greatly depends upon the Sung-chao kuo-shih without indicating the source, while the Yü-hai, indicating the source, borrows some passages. The Shan-t’ang ch’ün-shu k’ao-so quotes the sections covering the reigns of Chê-tsung 哲宗 and Hui-tsung 徽宗in the Sung-chao kuo-shih which are not clearly recorded in the other books. The Huang-chao pien-nien kang-mu pei-yao quotes, mostly in its notes, the description from the Sung-chao kuo-shih without indicating the source.Thus the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih remains in the form of various versions quoted in other works and from these the author endeavors to restore part of the text of the Shih-huo-chih in the Sung-chao kuo-shih.journal articl
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THE "LIU-I SHIH-HUA" OF OU-YANG HSIU (CHINA).
No full textPoetry occupies an eminent position in the history of Chinese literature because almost all the traditional men of letters had experience in composing poems. However, it was not until the Sung Dynasty that the criticism of poetry became very popular; this was singled out by the appearance of a number of books called, shih-hua (icons omitted) (remarks on poetry). Since the Sung period on, shih-hua has received both praise and censure. Traditional critics tended to evaluate shih-hua from a practical viewpoint. For example, Wang Shih-han (icons omitted) criticised the content of shih-hua as trivial because it deviated from the subjects of filial piety, trust, and other Confucian merits. On the other hand, Kuo Shao-yu (icons omitted) proclaimed that shih-hua preserved a great deal of worthy materials for the study of poetry. Modern scholars tend to evaluate shih-hua from the aesthetic viewpoint. For instance, Yen Yuan-shu (icons omitted) describes shih-hua as "vague and obscure" and "lacking systematic discourse." Yet other scholars such as Yeh Wei-lien (icons omitted) claim that the shih-hua offers readers a chance to recapture the world of rich imagery in poetic composition. In order to make a more objective judgement between the above two extremely different evaluations of shih-hua, the following issues must first be resolved: the definition of shih-hua which is related to Ou-yang Hsiu's (icons omitted) Liu-i shih-hua (icons omitted) the first book titled shih-hua, what kind of poetic tradition the Liu-i shih-hua inherited, what kind of person its author was, under what kind of literary environment it was produced, what were the contents of the work, and what kind of influence it exerted on the development of the shih-hua genre. Then we may tentatively reach an answer: the practical criticism of poetry only covers one part of the content of shih-hua. To make a complete evaluation of a shih-hua book or the shih-hua genre itself, a critic must take all the issues above into consideration
[[alternative]]Connect and Dynamic Equation
No full text[[abstract]]The Content-Addressable Memory Problem is one of the most famous in neural nets. This problem is recently settled by Shih-Tsai. In this thesis, we introduce the notion of the connection and give a different approach to some of results obtained in Shih-Tsai. We shall show that the nets will govern the fixed points base, the transient length, and the behavior of the dynamic equation.
Jembra kuanae Shih, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Jembra kuanae</i> Shih sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 2, 3)</p> <p> <b>Coloration:</b> General color brown (Fig. 2 A). Tegmen without markings (Fig. 2 B); wing hyaline, veins brown, apical area with brown pubescence except apical cells. Two color variations on head (Figs. 2 D, 2E), pronotum and mesoscutellum: dark brown type with irregular dark brown mottles (Fig. 2 E), and yellowish brown type with one obviously inverted and yellowish V-shaped stripe (Fig. 2 D).</p> <p> <b>Structure:</b> Head width: body width: body length= 1:1.6:3.2. Head in ventral view rhombus shaped (Fig. 3 B), as long as wide; head in dorsal view triangular (Fig. 3 A), about 2.6 times as wide as long. Head subequal to pronotum at level of anterior margin, about 1.04:1.0. Frons with a median longitudinal carina and 10 transverse ridges in ventral view (Fig. 3 B). Expanded flagellar base with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae on ventrolateral side. Rostrum nearly extended to apex of middle trochanters. Pronotum width at widest part greater than median length by about 1.5: 1.0. Tegmen densely punctured (Fig. 3 D) with pits about 0.1 mm in diameter; 3 times as long as wide, AM (length of anal margin): PM (length of posterior margin): LT (length of tegmen) = 1.0: 3.0: 3.9. Wing with 3 apical cells (Fig. 3 E). Hind tibia with two lateral spines, distal one about 2.0–2.5 times as long as basal one; apical spines arranged into 2 rows, upper row composed of 11 spines, lower one composed of 12 spines. First hind tarsomere with apical spines arranged in two rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H), upper row composed of 18–21 spines, lower one composed of 7–12 spines.</p> <p> <b>Male Genitalia:</b> Pygofer in lateral view subquadrate (Fig. 3 I), about 1.3 times wider than long; basal margin of pygofer straight downward, then protruding at ventral third; pygofer ventral view oval (Fig. 3 J); dorsal process of pygofer (dp) in lateral view cone like, ventrally directed (Fig. 3 I); ventral process of pygofer (vp) (= genital plate) in lateral view, about 0.7 times longer than posterior margin of pygofer; ventral processes of pygofer in ventral view bilobed, acute at tip and direct mesade (Fig. 3 J). Abdominal segment X cylindrical, subequal to the abdominal tergite of segment XI (XIt) in length. Aedeagus T-shaped (Figs. 3 O–P) in both dorsal and ventral views, joined with basal part and apical winged plate; basal part of aedeagus short in lateral view, cylindrical, and membranous; apical winged plate somewhat hardened; transversely enlarged at caudal view, widest at middle and with a obviously concave gonopore (Fig. 3 N). Genital style triangular, basal part narrow and gradually widening to apex (Figs. 3 K–L).</p> <p> <b>Measurements:</b> Body length (from apex of vertex to tip of tegmen): 3, 7.9 ± 0.2 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 8.5 ± 0.1 mm (n =2); Body width: 3, 3.8 ± 0.3 mm (n =17); Ƥ, 3.9 ± 0.3 mm (n =2).</p> <p> <b>Holotype: Male, TAIWAN</b>, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; Holotype depository: TARI.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: TAIWAN</b>, 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, II. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 5 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, III. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 2 males, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, V. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 3 males, 1 female, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, VIII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap (TARI); 1 male, Taichung, Wanfeng Hill, XII. 1984, K. S. Lin & K. C. Chou, Malaise trap; 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (TARI); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada); 1 male, Nantou, Chushan, 24-IX-1999, H. T. Shih (National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, ROC.).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> Named for the first author’s mother K. C. Kuan.</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> Taiwan.</p> <p> <b>Host plants:</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> This species can be distinguished easily from other <i>Jembra</i> species by the following characteristics: (1) antenna with 4 plate-shaped basiconic sensillae (Figs. 2 G–H) on the expanded flagellar base; (2) pronotum without obvious lateral carinae, median carina interrupted by some longitudinal wrinkles on the anterior margin (Fig. 3 A); (3) frons with median longitudinal carina (Fig. 3 B); (4) wing with 3 apical cells and without pubescence in apical cells (Fig. 3 E); (5) the first tarsus with apical spines arranged in 2 rows (Figs. 2 C, 3H); (6) the dorsal process of pygofer conical (Fig. 3 I); (7) genital style triangular (Figs. 3 K–L), without distinct slender inner and outer processes; (8) apical portion of aedeagus winged, and each lateral tip of winged portion directed ventrad (Figs. 3 O–P).</p>Published as part of <i>Shih, Hsien-Tzung, Liang, Ai-Ping & Yang, Jeng-Tze, 2009, The genus Jembra Metcalf and Horton from Taiwan with descriptions of two new species and the nymph of J. taiwana sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 1979</i> on pages 33-36, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185235">10.5281/zenodo.185235</a>
[[alternative]]Diagonal stability for sets of nonnegative matrices
No full text[[abstract]]The purpose of this thesis is to prove two results concerning the simultaneous diagonal stability. This paper is motivated by a recent result of Ando and Shih.
On Ssu-k’ung T’u’s Shih-p’in
No full textThis paper was drafted by Achilles Fang (1910–1995) who was a senior lecturer of the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations of Harvard University. The paper is kept in Harvard University Archives. According to Achilles Fang’s description in the first edition, “The first draft of this iconoclastic paper was drafted in the early 1960’s and, after lying in dust for more than a decade was edited by the late John Lyman Bishop for Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. I have, however, held it back all this while not out of timidity. But I have found it futile to complete the demolition of the rest of the 24 poems as thoroughly I made with half of them. But those who are unabashed in their schwarmerei for this patently forged document (forged was it in spite of endorsement meted out in the Ssu-k’u Catalogue (195) and silence of Yu Chia-hsi in his Ssu-k’u t’i-yao pien-cheng, and Chang Hsin-ch’eng in Wei-shu t’ung-k’ao, will understand why I broke down my long-lasting reticence about their sacred cow: I am paying a fitting tribute to the memory of the man whom I miss as Chuang Chou missed Hui Shih. Fitting it should be, for my demolition finds its justification in the cope-stone unearthed by Bishop about 1945 somewhere in China: I am grateful to him for presenting me with his copy of a rubbing of three (Nos. 1, 6, 7) of the Shih-p’in poems attributed to Ssu-k’ung T’u (837–908) supposedly in the holograph of Yen Chen-ch’ing (709–785).” In a word, Achilles Fang found that Erh-shih-ssu Shih-p’in was a forgery and Ssu-k’ung T’u was not the original author of it.</jats:p
How Shih-chi Was Wr itten to Follow Chun-chiou
No full text《史記》是中國的正史鼻祖、散文大宗，但司馬遷卻自謂其作史接周、孔，「繼春秋」。因此，《史記》與《春秋》的關係，遂變成一個重要、有爭論且難解的老問題。本研究計畫約縮研究範圍，直指問題核心，主要探討司馬遷所說的是哪一部《春秋》？何人所作？以及《史記》究竟如何「繼春秋」？此一問題之探，需要對《史記》與《春秋》同具深入的理解，特別是春秋公羊。Shih-chi has been known as the origin of
Chinese standard histories and a classic of
prose for a long time. But its author Symachian
claimed that the root of what he did
was the spirits of Zhou-gung (周公) and
Confucius, and his book was a follower of
Chun-chiou( 春秋). Therefore the relation
between Shih-chi and Chun-chiou has
constantly been an important open question
without any identical answer. Now in this
plan, only the keys of all difficult problems
are aimed at so that actual progress would be
made. Essentially three questions will be
discussed one after another: Which Chunchiou
is the one to be followed by Shih-chi?
Who is the author of the Chun-chiou? How
was Shih-chi written to follow it? I think a
successful research about these questions will
deeply depend on a comprehension of Shihchi
as well as of Chun-chiou, especially the
interpretations of Chun-chiou from Gungyang(
公羊) school
Gestures and Literature Oral Tradition in the Shih-chi
No full textSsu-ma Ch'ien 司馬遷 drew upon many kinds of sources in compiling the Shih-chi. One was oral tradition, as narrated by the old men of the city. Their narrations were acted out in the market place where the people crowded to listen and to pass the time. During the transmission from mouth to mouth, the narrations improved until they became refined literary masterpieces. Ssu-ma Ch'ien travelled through out China collecting these traditional tales, and inserted them into his history. The most dramatic scenes described in the Shih-chi are these narrations copied by him just as they were spoken. In comparison those parts of the Shih-chi, which derive from the Confucian classics or official documents, seem tedius. The daily life of the people fascinated Ssu-ma Ch'ien. The Shih-chi portrays the ways of gamblers, assassins, the rich and the poor of all classes. In the later Han 後漢, the aristocracy began to increase in strength, and consequently influenced the author of the Han-shu 漢書, Pan Ku 班固 who wrote only about Confucianism as the ideology of the ruling class. After him, the oral tradition never reappeared in formal history. It survived only in vernacular novels such as the Shui-hu-chuan 水滸傳
The Structure of the Shih-chi 史記 and the Theory of Five Virtues
No full textThe Shih-chi is written from the viewpoint of the circular theory of history 循環史觀, which reflects the system of cognition that the creation and destruction repeat each other eternally, shared commonly by the people of antiquity. According to the Shih-chi, history began with the Yellow Emperor 黄帝 and then developed into a succession of dynasties, each of which enjoyed the protection of one of the five elements. The fall of a dynasty is due to either cataclysm or tyranny, a notion also common in the folk legends of the time. With the tyranny of the First Emperor of Ch'in 秦始皇, the greatest catastrophe befell and destroyed the civilization continued since the Yellow Emperor. Soon, however, from the chaos emerged Liu Pang 劉邦, who by slaying a serpent realized the cosmos and brought new life to China. What the author of the Shih-chi intended to write was a history of one full cycle, beginning with the Yellow Emperor and coining to Han Wu-ti 漢武帝, the ruler of his time. Both of them, thought he, enjoyed the protection of the element earth ; accordingly, he consciously tried to draw a parallel between the deeds of the two. The theory which tries to explain the succession of dynasties in terms of the five elements is being usually referred to as the wu-hsing hsiang-sheng 五行相勝説. The author of the Shih-chi, however, terms it as the wu-te chung-shih shuo 五徳終始説 or the theory of five virtues. The Shih-chi, it can be said, was written on the basis of this theory and the Taoist philosophy
Chinese Love Stories from Ch\u27ing-shih
No full textAbout the Book
Ch\u27ing-shih is a lovingly made anthology of love stories, provided we push the limits of definition of love story just a little wider than they are usually set. The stories are classified into twenty-four major categories, each further divided into subsections and concluded with a paragraph of commentary. Professor Mowry provides a sampling of the contents of each category but not of each subsection, though the headings themselves are enough to pique our curiosity: shall we turn next to incomplete resurrections, or unusual degenerates ? The stories were collected in the early seventeenth century, just a decade or two before the fall of the Ming dynasty, but nine-tenths of them are pre-Ming in origin. Whether the earliest or the most recent stories have the higher artistic value will be a matter for the reader\u27s judgement. -- From the Preface.
About the Author
Hua-yuan Li Mowry is Associate Professor of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures at Dartmouth College.
About the Electronic Publication
This electronic publication of Chinese Love Stories from Ch\u27ing-shih was made possible with the permission of the author. University Press of New England created EPUB, MOBI, and PDF files from a scanned copy of the book.
Rights Information
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License © Hua-yuan Li Mowr
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