3,027 research outputs found
Multinational banks and development finance
No full textFinancial market recommendations for less industrialized economies, particularly in the wake of the recent financial crises, have included a push for more international financial competition. The entry of multinational banks (MNBs) into developing economies is supposed to create more market discipline for domestic banks, thus making them more efficient, and enhancing financial stability. Using data from the BIS and the IMF, we look at the determinants of MNB presence, at MNB activities, and their impact on credit supply and on financial stability. With respect to the determinants of MNB presence, we find that lower asset prices, a ready market and competition with other MNBs matter more than economic fundamentals of the host economy. In line with these results, MNBs focus their activities predominantly on serving MNCs, and on providing services that domestic banks cannot offer to domestic corporations, and high net worth individuals. Thus, we also find that domestic banks lower their total credit exposure by reducing their commercial loans in response to increased competition, particularly in serving MNCs, domestic corporations, or high net worth individuals, which may lead to real implications for less industrialized economies, particularly lower business investment. --
Derivatives at Agricultural Banks
No full textUsing data between 1995 and 2010, we find that agricultural banks are benefiting from the derivatives activities by reducing total risk without hurting their profit. In nonagricultural banks, both profitability and total risk are adversely affected, possibly due to speculative derivatives positions.Agricultural Banks, Financial Derivatives, Profitability, Risk Management, Agricultural Finance, Risk and Uncertainty,
Financial condition of community banks
No full textThis article examines the condition of the banking industry in the United States, with an emphasis on community banks. In spite of the recent recession, the condition of the banking industry is substantially better than during the recession of 1990-91. There has been an increase in problem loans at both large and small banks during recent quarters, and nonperforming loans have risen relative to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Among the banks in each of the size groups in this article, however, ratios of equity to total assets in recent quarters are at about their highest levels since the early 1990s. Output of an early warning model of bank distress, which converts individual measures of bank condition into an index number, indicates a substantial improvement in the condition of community banks and larger banks after the early 1990s. While the median probability of failure has been higher for community banks than for larger banks during recent quarters, the difference is very small. Trends in the ratings that supervisors have assigned to the banks examined during recent quarters are not consistent with the view that examiners have been detecting a systematic deterioration in the condition of community banks.Community banks ; Bank supervision
Portia in Primetime: Women Lawyers, Television, and L.A. Law
No full textThe following paper was written in March 1989, when L.A. Law was still in its third season and the author was in her last year at Harvard Law School. The analysis is based on events and characters prior to April 1, 1989. An unedited version of the paper is on file at Harvard Law School. The Epilogue included here updates the author\u27s review of L.A. Law through March 15, 1990
Eenige beschouwingen over de toekomst van ons technisch hoger onderwijs
No full textRede, uitgesproken op den Gedenkdag der Technische Hoogeschool, 8 Januari 1923, door den rector-magnificus Prof. L.A. van Royen.Delft University of Technolog
Foreign Banks in Transition Economies: Small Business Lending and Internal Capital Markets
No full textOn the basis of focused interviews with managers of foreign parent banks and their affiliates in Central Europe and the Baltics, we analyse foreign banks’ small business lending and internal capital markets. This allows us to complement the standard empirical literature, which has difficulty in measuring important variables such as lending technologies and capital allocation systems. We find that the acquisition of local banks by foreign banks has not led to a persistent bias in these banks’ credit supply towards large multinational corporations. Instead, increased competition and the improvement of subsidiaries’ lending technologies have led foreign banks to gradually expand into the SME and retail markets. Second, we show that local bank affiliates are strongly influenced by the capital allocation and credit steering mechanisms of the parent bank. The credit growth of subsidiaries therefore potentially depends on the financial health of the foreign based parent bank.foreign banks, transition economies, small business lending, internal capital markets
Foreign banks in transition countries. To whom do they lend and how are they financed?
No full textWe use focused interviews with managers of foreign parent banks and their affiliates in Central Europe and the Baltic States to analyse the small-business lending and internal capital markets of multinational financial institutions. Our approach allows us to complement the standard empirical literature, which has difficulty in analysing important issues such as lending technologies and capital allocation. We find that the acquisition of local banks by foreign banks has not led to a persistent bias in these banks’ credit supply towards large multinational corporations. Instead, increased competition and the improvement of subsidiaries’ lending technologies have led foreign banks to gradually expand into the SME and retail markets. Second, it is demonstrated that local bank affiliates are strongly influenced by the capital allocation and credit steering mechanisms of the parent bank.foreign banks, transition economies, small-business lending, internal capital markets
L.A. Tabulae ad Astra
No full textL.A.: Tabulae ad Astra (Los Angeles: Maps to the Stars) is a series of prints integrating portions of street maps of Los Angeles with gestural lines, impromptu marks from testing pen nibs, and cutting lines on boards—all unwittingly produced in the artist’s studio while working on other projects. The combined layers of intersecting and overlapping marks take on a surprising cartographic character that is reinforced by additional ancient map-like elements such as measurement grids, Latin phrases, beastiary, and scale markers. The resultant prints are also physically connected to the Los Angeles landscape, being printed on paper that was first soaked and stained in the waters of the L.A. River. Together Tabulae ad Astra plays on the constant tensions of control vs. freedom, order vs. complexity, safety vs. adventure, and city vs. wilderness.
Cover images: Design by Rebecca McKinney featuring Tab.10 and ephmera, by Dirk Hagner, courtesy of the artist. Artwork images by Dirk Hagner, courtesy of the artist. All other documentation photographs by Jeff Rau and Melanie Kim, from exhibition in the Earl & Virginia Green Art Gallery. L.A. Tabulae ad Astra (exhibition catalog), by Dirk Hagner Editor: Jeff Rau Contributing author: Karin Lanzoni Copyright © 2015 Earl & Virginia Green Art Gallery. Book design by Rebecca McKinney.https://digitalcommons.biola.edu/exhibit-catalogs/1012/thumbnail.jp
Portia in Primetime: Women Lawyers, Television, and L.A. Law
No full textThe following paper was written in March 1989, when L.A. Law was still in its third season and the author was in her last year at Harvard Law School. The analysis is based on events and characters prior to April 1, 1989. An unedited version of the paper is on file at Harvard Law School. The Epilogue included here updates the author's review of L.A. Law through March 15, 1990
The Foundations of Banks' Risk Regulation: a Review of the Literature
No full textThe stability of the banking industry around the world has been observed as periodical since the Great Depression. Financial markets have changed dramatically over the last twenty-five years, introducing more competition for and from banks. Banks are the financial institutions responsible for providing liquidity to the economy. This responsibility is, however, the main cause of their fragility. Deposit insurance is the most efficient instrument for protecting depositors and for preventing bank runs. Pricing deposit insurance according to the individual bank's risk seems to be the most appropriate strategy but it does not seem to be sufficient in the sense that it seems to remain residual information problems in the market, although there is no appropriate statistical analysis on this issue. In 1988, the G10 modified banking regulation significantly by setting capital standards for international banks. These standards have now been adopted by more than one hundred countries as part of their national regulation of banks' risk. Current regulation of bank capital adequacy has its critics because it imposes the same rules on all banks. This seems particularly unsuitable when applied to credit risk which is the major source of a bank's risk (about 70%). Moreover, diversification of a bank's credit-risk portfolio is not taken into account in the computation of capital ratios. These shortcomings seem to have distorted the behaviour of banks and this makes it much more complicated to monitor them. In fact, it is not even clear that the higher capital ratios observed since the introduction of this new form of capital regulation necessarily lower risks. Additional reform is expected in 2004, but there is as yet no consensus on othe form it will take nor on whether it will suitably regulate banks in individual countries. Consequently, it might be appropriate to continue developing national regualtion based on optimal deposit insurance (with individual insurance pricing and continuous auditing on individual risk) and to keep searching for other optimal complementary instruments for use against systemic risk, instruments suitably designed to fit the banking industry's peculiar structure. Other market discipline (such as subordinated debt) and governance instruments may be more efficient than the current capital requirement scheme for the banks' commitment problem associated to deposit insurance. The central bank should be responsible for aggregate liquidity. Confidence inthe financial sector is a public good that must be ensured by the government. Who should be in charge: the central bank or a regulatory agency? The revised literature seems to say that this role should be taken by a regulatory agency independent fromthe central bank and independent from the political power.Bank, liquidity, deposit insurance, capital standard, national regulation, credit risk, capital regulation, subordinated debt, governance, capital requirement, central bank, regulatory agency
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