197,834 research outputs found
General Aspects and Historical Background
No full textThe scope of catalytic enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylations is expanding rapidly
and since the seminal papers appeared in the mid 1980s, numerous examples
featuring enantioselectivities higher than 90% have been published. At present,
nearly all the organic compounds displaying electrophilic character have been reacted
with aromatic systems in FC-type alkylation reactions. However, the typology of
reagents becomes slightly narrower if we limit the survey to approaches that employ
chiral catalysts capable of traducing stereochemistry in the final products. Activated
as well as unactivated carbon–carbon double bonds and C1⁄4X frameworks characterize
the most used classes of electrophilic agents, that are generally combined with
privileged chiral organometallic and organic catalysts. It is also worth mentioning the
actual distribution of enantioselective FC processes based on the type of aromatic
system employed. Interestingly, highly reactive electron-rich arenes (pyrrole and
indole) still constitute almost 80% of catalytic enantioselective FC-processes, while
asymmetric transformations of benzene-like compounds are quite undeveloped
Intervento di adeguamento di fabbricato in C.C.A. con realizzazione di sopraelevazione di un piano in acciaio ad uso residenziale
No full textL'articolo tratta della sopraelevazione di un edificio degli anni 70 con l'eliminazione della copertura esistente e sua sostituzione a parità di peso con una residenza in una struttura metallica appoggiata sul solaio tramite isolatori sismici.
Per questa sua particolarità è chiamata anche casa su palafitta. La realizzazione risulta essere un prototipo di densificazione urbana con miglioramento sismico. la progettazione architettonica è stata curata dall'arch. Gabriele Lelli e dall'arch. Roberta Bandini e le strutture sono a cura dell'ing Marco Peroni
Nucleophilic Allylic Alkylation and Hydroarylation of Allenes
No full textThe synthesis of benzylic stereocenters containing vinyl units is a stimulating and challenging target for organic chemists, due to the wide distribution of this key structural motif in biologically active natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Aromatic electrophilic allylic substitution and intramolecular hydroarylation of allenes are the most promising synthetic routes to framework. In this chapter, a collection of inter- as well as intramolecular approaches working under catalytic regime, is presented with particular emphasis to their scope and limitations. Recent developments in the field of asymmetric Friedel-Crafts type allylic alkylation (ee constantly higher the 90%) are also presented. The known chiral catalysts employed, for enantioselective FC-allylation of arenes, are Ir, Pd, Pt and Au-organometallic species. Interestingly, no examples of organocatalyzed allylation of arenes have been described to date
Nucleophilic Substitution on Csp3 Carbon Atoms
No full textThe functionalization of aromatic compounds through catalytic stereoselective reactions is predominant in modern organic chemistry, and constitutes the leitmotiv in approaching new complex chiral molecules. In this framework, asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylations, based on nucleophilic substitution of pro-stereogenic Csp3 carbon atoms are becoming of great importance.
In this chapter, we present and overview of the works published in this scenario, with particular concern to the selective ring-opening of enantiomerically pure epoxides via mild Lewis acids catalysis, kinetic resolution of chiral racemic cis and trans oxiranes and desymmetrization of meso with indoles and chiral organometallic catalysis.
The emerging field of direct activation of alcohols in sterecontrolled FC alkylations is also matter of discussion. Both diastereo- and enantioselective approaches are described. Here, particular emphasis has been devoted to the peculiar attitude of ferrocenyl alcohols in participating in catalytic alkylations of arenes “on water”
Drinfeld cusp forms: oldforms and newforms
No full textLet p=(P) be any prime of Fq[t], let m be any ideal of Fq[t] not divisible by p and consider the space of Drinfeld cusp forms of level mp, i.e. for the modular group Γ0(mp). Using degeneracy maps, traces and Fricke involutions we offer definitions for p-oldforms and p-newforms which turn out to be subspaces stable with respect to the action of the Atkin operator UP. We provide eigenvalues and/or slopes for p-oldforms and p-newforms and a condition to get the whole space of cusp forms as the direct sum between them
La nutrizione artificiale in Terapia Intensiva
No full textLA NUTRIZIONE ARTIFICIALE IN TERAPIA INTENSIVA
M. Zanello, M. Bandini, G. Lamazza
Università Alma Mater Studiorum di Bologna – UOC di Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dip. Neuroscienze – Ospedale Bellaria AUSL di Bologna
Gli ultimi decenni hanno rilevato un rapido e forte approfondimento delle conoscenze riguardo alla “malattia critica”, un quadro complesso e dinamico di natura metabolica, biochimica, biologica e clinica che caratterizza ogni malattia acuta e severa di pertinenza intensivologica (trauma, ustioni, infiammazione e sepsi, insufficienza acuta di organi vitali e multiorganica) sia in pazienti medici che chirurgici. Queste acquisizioni hanno integrato quanto già noto riguardo al digiuno e alla risposta ipermetabolica e catabolica post-stress, le cui conseguenze comuni sono rappresentate dal rapido e acuto deterioramento dello stato nutrizionale, specifico dello stato di criticità, e ciò ha permesso una evoluzione delle finalità e il miglioramento della strategia della nutrizione artificiale nei pazienti degenti in ambienti di cure intensive (Terapia Intensiva).
La risposta metabolica allo stress traumatico, chirurgico o fisico (ustione) è composta da una cascata di interazioni endocrine, metaboliche, biologiche ed immunologiche che ha lo scopo di preservare i tessuti e gli organi e la disponibilità energetica promuovendo la guarigione. Gli stimoli scatenanti (stressors) sono rappresentati dagli eventi acuti traumatici (dolore, ipoperfusione, deficit di ossigeno, acidosi, shock, anemia, ecc.) che innescano risposte neuroendocrine, vagali e genomiche (signaling cellulare ed espressione genica). Il deficit energetico rappresenta la caratteristica centrale del processo fisiopatologico e i meccanismi intermedi sono rappresentati dall’ accelerazione del dispendio energetico (ipermetabolismo) e della attivazione della degradazione proteica (catabolismo azotato) con consumo e perdita muscolare e di massa magra, unite a stimolo della neoglucogenesi con iperglicemia, causata anche dal relativo deficit di azione insulinica, e da ridistribuzione di substrati azotati con deplezione acuta di alcuni di essi condizionatamente indisponibili (glutamina, arginina) e, infine ma di grande peso ed importanza, dal coinvolgimento negativo del tratto intestinale, con alterato trofismo e conseguente anomala funzionalità di barriera associata a precoci modificazioni dell’ ecosistema microbico. (1-4) I fattori biologici scatenanti e che sostengono molti degli eventi metabolici sono rappresentati da una forte produzione di citokine e mediatori della flogosi (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, γ-IFN, TNF-α, ecc.) e da danno ossidativo (ROS); l’ infiammazione sistemica (SIRS) (spesso ulteriormente esasperata da infezione e, quindi, sepsi) è un’ ulteriore frequente caratteristica dello stato di criticità. (5-7) Il deterioramento intestinale specie immunologico (GALT) e di permeabilità, lo stato infiammatorio e la ridotta protidosintesi giustificano l’ immunodepressione (successiva alla fase di flogosi, CARS) spesso clinicamente evidente e negativamente impattante sull’ outcome. (8,9)
Il digiuno ed il semi-digiuno, come è ampiamente noto e riconosciuto, aggiungono danno ed esaltano molti degli effetti negativi dello stato critico.
Su questo scenario fisiopatologico, denso di effetti potenziali e complicazioni cliniche malnutrizione-correlate (infezioni acquisite, MOF, dipendenza da cure intensive, ecc.), viene utilizzata la nutrizione artificiale che assume le seguenti finalità terapeutiche riassumibili in:
• controllo del metabolismo,
• supporto energetico e prevenzione della malnutrizione,
• azione modulante positiva sui processi biologici disregolati (infiammazione, risposta immune),
• miglioramento dell’ outcome clinico (end-point primari e, successivamente, secondari non surrogati)
• e che deve avere come centro e orientamento l’ intestino e le sue funzioni.
Molteplici linee guida e raccomandazioni basate sulla lettura sistematica della..
Randomized filtering and Bellman equation in Wasserstein space for partial observation control problem
No full textWe study a stochastic optimal control problem for a partially observed diffusion. By using the
control randomization method in Bandini et al. (2018), we prove a corresponding randomized dynamic
programming principle (DPP) for the value function, which is obtained from a flow property of an associated
filter process. This DPP is the key step towards our main result: a characterization of the value function
of the partial observation control problem as the unique viscosity solution to the corresponding dynamic
programming Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation. The latter is formulated as a new, fully non linear
partial differential equation on the Wasserstein space of probability measures. An important feature of
our approach is that it does not require any non-degeneracy condition on the diffusion coefficient, and no
condition is imposed to guarantee existence of a density for the filter process solution to the controlled
Zakai equation. Finally, we give an explicit solution to our HJB equation in the case of a partially observed
non Gaussian linear–quadratic model
BRAIN id: NSM1 - carpological dataset
No full textDomagnano (San Marino).
Dataset including plant macroremains (seeds and fruits) from sediment samples from a Gothic well in the site of Domagnano (San Marino; 43°56'52" N, 12°28'08" E, 255 m a.s.l.; chronology: from c. 250 BC to c. 650 AD). The dataset was created as part of the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC, Palermo, Italy). The site is included in the BRAIN database (https://brainplants.successoterra.net/; site id: NSM1)
Margherita Bandini Datini: donna e mercante
No full textIl saggio ricostruisce, attraverso la corrispondenza con il marito, l'importante mercante Francesco di Marco Datini, la figura di Margherita Bandini, vissuta tra la fine del Trecento e il primo ventennio del Quattrocento, mettendo in luce alcuni elementi epistolografici e il ruolo rivestito da Margherita nella gestione dell'impresa del consorte, sottolineando nel contempo l'originalità e l'importanza della sua figura all'interno del contributo dato dalle donne alla storia sociale, economica e culturale del Medioevo e della prima Età Moderna
Inocybe kusadasiensis Kaygusuz & Bandini & Çelik 2022, sp. nov.
No full textInocybe kusadasiensis Kaygusuz & Bandini sp. nov. (Figs. 3–5) MycoBank: — MB843681 Holotype: — TURKEY. Aydın Province: Kuşadası district, around Davutlar, on soil under Pinus brutia, 37°42′58″N, 27°16′55″E, alt. 67 m, 10 March 2020, leg. O. Kaygusuz, OKA-TR1796; GenBank: ON 180687 for nrITS. Diagnosis:— Inocybe kusadasiensis has a brown to dark brown pileus, fibrillose pileus surface, a stipe covered by metuloid caulocystidia over entire length, but very sparsely so on the lower half, smooth basidiospores measuring on average 10.0 × 6.6 μm, mostly long narrowly fusiform to narrowly lageniform, often (sub)capitate pleurocystidia, measuring on average. 85 × 13 µm and very long caulocystidia. By these combined characteristics as well as by nrITS sequence data I. kusadasiensis differs from all other Inocybe species, including the related I. muricellata. Etymology:— Referring to Kuşadası district of Aydın Province, Turkey, where this species was first discovered. Description:— Pileus 10–18 mm diam, when young campanulate-convex, then conico-convex or plano-convex with evident umbo at maturity, brown to dark brown all over, somewhat paler to straw yellowish around the centre because of faint and fugitive remnants of a velipellis; surface at first minutely tomentose, later radially fibrillose all over, not hygrophanous. Lamellae subdistant (L = ca. 35–45, l = 1–3), rather thick, adnexed, ventricose, golden beige, ochraceous brownish, to brown; edge even and concolorous. Stipe 20–25 × 1.5–2.0 mm, equal, without bulb, solid, at first covered by pale shiny tomentum, later longitudinally floccose-striate or glabrous, entirely dark brown with or without faint reddish hue beneath the tomentum, pruinose mainly in the upper part, but sparsely also in the lower part. Context light brown or whitish in pileus and stipe. Smell weakly subspermatic. Taste indistinct. Basidiospores (8.0‒)8.2‒11.9(‒13.0) × (5.5‒)5.9‒7.3(‒8.3) μm (n = 80 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 10.0 × 6.6 μm, Q = (‒1.2)1.4‒1.7(‒1.9), Q m = 1.5, ellipsoid to oblong or amygdaliform, often guttulate, smooth, thick-walled, pale brown in 3% KOH. Basidia 34‒45 × 8‒12 μm, generally 4-spored, rarely 2-spored. Pleurocystidia numerous, (64‒)70‒95(‒ 105) × (10‒)11‒16(‒18) μm (n = 50 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 85 × 13 μm, Q = (‒4.6)5.0‒7.8(‒8.2), Q m = 6.4, mostly long and narrowly fusiform to narrowly lageniform, usually with a narrow neck and often with a subcapitate to capitate apex, narrow at the base; apex crystalliferous or not; usually with only short pedicel; walls up to 4.5 μm thick near the apex, intensely yellow-green in 3% KOH. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia moderately abundant, (34‒)40‒72(‒82) × (12‒)14‒22(‒23) μm (n = 50 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 56 × 18 μm, Q = (‒1.7)2.2‒4.0(‒5.4), Q m = 3.2, lageniform to broadly lageniform with a subcapitate to pointed apex, with a short narrow pedicel or roundish to broadly truncate base, occasionally fusiform to broadly fusiform; apex crystalliferous or not; walls up to 4.0 μm thick, intensely yellowgreen in 3% KOH. Paracystidia frequent, (17‒)25‒53(‒58) × (9‒)10‒17(‒19) μm (n = 30 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 37 × 14 μm, Q m = 2.7, narrowly to broadly clavate, thin-walled. Caulocystidia in the upper part of stipe, sparsely also in the lower part, (75‒)85‒100(‒110) × (11‒)13‒20(‒28) μm (n = 30 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 89 × 16 μm, Q m = 5.8, narrowly fusiform to narrowly lageniform to cylindrical, often with a long narrow neck and a subcapitate apex, without or with short pedicel, thick-walled, with yellow-green wall in 3% KOH. Cauloparacystidia numerous, occurring in clusters, (20‒)25‒68(‒77) × (7‒)9‒26(‒33) μm (n = 30 of 2 coll.), L m × W m = 45 × 17 μm, Q m = 2.7, mostly clavate to broadly clavate, sometimes oblong or cylindrical, thin-walled. Clamp connections present in all examined tissues. Habit, habitat and distribution: —Solitary or in small groups, on the ground in forests, under Pinus brutia, mainly in coastal areas, from the Aegean part of the Western Turkey. So far only known from the type locality in Aydın Province, Turkey. Possibly also in Italy (see discussion). Additional materials examined: — TURKEY. Aydın Province: Kuşadası district, around Davutlar, on soil under Pinus brutia, 37°42′56″N, 27°16′55″E, alt. 65 m, 25 February 2022, leg. O. Kaygusuz (OKA-TR1797, GenBank: ON 180688 – nrITS); ibid., under P. brutia, 37°42′50″N, 27°16′58″E, alt. 50 m, 05 March 2022, leg. O. Kaygusuz (OKA-TR1798).Published as part of Kaygusuz, Oğuzhan, Bandini, Ditte & Çelik, Ali, 2022, Inocybe kusadasiensis (Inocybaceae: Agaricomycetes), a new species from Turkey, pp. 1-15 in Phytotaxa 570 (1) on pages 7-8, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/725146
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