24,416 research outputs found
Dots and Bpxes implementation
No full textTitle: Dots and Boxes implementation Author: Martin Balko Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: RNDr. Ondřej Pangrác, Ph.D. Supervisor's email address: [email protected] Abstract: The presented thesis deals with the analysis of a popular logical game Dots and Boxes and its generalized versions. It focuses on the different methods and algorithms of opponent's artificial intelligence. The result of the work is implementation of the generalized version of this game in which a board editing, game with more than two players on the several levels of difficultness and the different face valuations are possible. Keywords: Dots and Boxes, Nimstring, Advanced Chain Countin
The Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture Revisited
No full textThe famous and still open Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture from 1935 states that every set of at least 2^{k-2}+1 points in the plane with no three being collinear contains k points in convex position, that is, k points that are vertices of a convex polygon. In this paper, we revisit this conjecture and show several new related results.
First, we prove a relaxed version of the Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture by showing that every set of at least 2^{k-2}+1 points in the plane with no three being collinear contains a split k-gon, a relaxation of k-tuple of points in convex position. Moreover, we show that this is tight, showing that the value 2^{k-2}+1 from the Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture is exactly the right threshold for split k-gons.
We obtain an analogous relaxation in a much more general setting of ordered 3-uniform hypergraphs where we also show that, perhaps surprisingly, a corresponding generalization of the Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture is not true. Finally, we prove the Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture for so-called decomposable sets and provide new constructions of sets of 2^{k-2} points without k points in convex position, generalizing all previously known constructions of such point sets and allowing us to computationally tackle the Erdős-Szekeres Conjecture for large values of k
Ramseyovské výsledky pro uspořádané hypergrafy
No full textRamsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs Martin Balko Abstract We introduce ordered Ramsey numbers, which are an analogue of Ramsey numbers for graphs with a linear ordering on their vertices. We study the growth rate of ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with respect to the number of vertices. We find ordered match- ings whose ordered Ramsey numbers grow superpolynomially. We show that ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with bounded degeneracy and interval chromatic number are at most polynomial. We prove that ordered Ramsey numbers are at most polynomial for ordered graphs with bounded bandwidth. We find 3-regular graphs that have superlinear ordered Ramsey numbers, regardless of the ordering. The last two results solve problems of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov. We derive the exact formula for ordered Ramsey numbers of mono- tone cycles and use it to obtain the exact formula for geometric Ramsey numbers of cycles that were introduced by Károlyi et al. We refute a conjecture of Peters and Szekeres about a strengthening of the fa- mous Erd˝os-Szekeres conjecture to ordered hypergraphs. We obtain the exact formula for the minimum number of crossings in simple x-monotone drawings of complete graphs and provide a combinatorial characterization of these drawings in terms of colorings of ordered...Ramseyovské výsledky pro uspořádané hypergrafy Martin Balko Abstract Představíme uspořádaná Ramseyova čísla, která jsou obdobou Ramseyových čísel pro grafy s lineárně uspořádanými vrcholy. Studujeme růst uspořádaných Ramseyových čísel uspořádaných grafů vzhledem k počtu vrcholů. Nalezneme uspořádaná párování se superpolynomiálními uspořádanými Ramseyovými čísly. Ukážeme, že uspořádaná Ramseyova čísla uspořádaných grafů s omezenou dege- nerovaností a intervalovým chromatickým číslem jsou nanejvýš poly- nomiální. Dokážeme, že uspořádaná Ramseyova čísla jsou nanejvýš polynomiální pro uspořádané grafy s omezenými délkami hran. Nalezne- me 3-regulární grafy se superlineárními uspořádanými Ramseyovými čísly nad všemi uspořádáními. Poslední dva výsledky řeší problémy od autorů Conlon, Fox, Lee a Sudakov. Odvodíme přesnou formuli pro uspořádaná Ramseyova čísla mono- tónních cyklů a použijeme ji k získání přesné formule pro geomet- rická Ramseyova čísla cyklů, která byla představena Károlyim a spol. Vyvrátíme domněnku Peterse a Szekerese o zesílení slavné Erd˝osovy- Szekeresovy domněnky nad uspořádanými hypergrafy. Dokážeme přesnou formuli pro minimální počet...Katedra aplikované matematikyDepartment of Applied MathematicsFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult
Covering Lattice Points by Subspaces and Counting Point-Hyperplane Incidences
No full textLet d and k be integers with 1 0 is an arbitrarily small constant. This nearly settles a problem mentioned in the book of Brass, Moser, and Pach. We also find tight bounds for the minimum number of k-dimensional affine subspaces needed to cover the intersection of Lambda with K.
We use these new results to improve the best known lower bound for the maximum number of point-hyperplane incidences by Brass and Knauer. For d > =3 and epsilon in (0,1), we show that there is an integer r=r(d,epsilon) such that for all positive integers n, m the following statement is true. There is a set of n points in R^d and an arrangement of m hyperplanes in R^d with no K_(r,r) in their incidence graph and with at least Omega((mn)^(1-(2d+3)/((d+2)(d+3)) - epsilon)) incidences if d is odd and Omega((mn)^(1-(2d^2+d-2)/((d+2)(d^2+2d-2)) - epsilon)) incidences if d is even
Grid representations of graphs and the chromatic number
No full textGrid Representations and the Chromatic Number Martin Balko August 2, 2012 Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr Dr. Supervisor's email address: [email protected] Abstract In the thesis we study grid drawings of graphs and their connections with graph colorings. A grid drawing of a graph maps vertices to distinct points of the grid Zd and edges to line segments that avoid grid points representing other vertices. We show that a graph G is qd -colorable, d, q ≥ 2, if and only if there is a grid drawing of G in Zd in which no line segment intersects more than q grid points. Second, we study grid drawings with bounded number of columns, introducing some new NP- complete problems. We also show a sharp lower bound on the area of plane grid drawings of balanced complete k-partite graphs, proving a conjecture of David R. Wood. Finally, we show that any planar graph has a planar grid drawing where every line segment contains exactly two grid points. This result proves conjectures of D. Flores Pe˝naloza and F. J. Zaragoza Martinez. Keywords: graph representations, grid, chromatic number, plan
Grid representations of graphs and the chromatic number
No full textGrid Representations and the Chromatic Number Martin Balko August 2, 2012 Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr Dr. Supervisor's email address: [email protected] Abstract In the thesis we study grid drawings of graphs and their connections with graph colorings. A grid drawing of a graph maps vertices to distinct points of the grid Zd and edges to line segments that avoid grid points representing other vertices. We show that a graph G is qd -colorable, d, q ≥ 2, if and only if there is a grid drawing of G in Zd in which no line segment intersects more than q grid points. Second, we study grid drawings with bounded number of columns, introducing some new NP- complete problems. We also show a sharp lower bound on the area of plane grid drawings of balanced complete k-partite graphs, proving a conjecture of David R. Wood. Finally, we show that any planar graph has a planar grid drawing where every line segment contains exactly two grid points. This result proves conjectures of D. Flores Pe˝naloza and F. J. Zaragoza Martinez. Keywords: graph representations, grid, chromatic number, plan
Erdős-Szekeres-Type Problems in the Real Projective Plane
No full textWe consider point sets in the real projective plane ℝ² and explore variants of classical extremal problems about planar point sets in this setting, with a main focus on Erdős-Szekeres-type problems.
We provide asymptotically tight bounds for a variant of the Erdős-Szekeres theorem about point sets in convex position in ℝ², which was initiated by Harborth and Möller in 1994. The notion of convex position in ℝ² agrees with the definition of convex sets introduced by Steinitz in 1913.
For k ≥ 3, an (affine) k-hole in a finite set S ⊆ ℝ² is a set of k points from S in convex position with no point of S in the interior of their convex hull. After introducing a new notion of k-holes for points sets from ℝ², called projective k-holes, we find arbitrarily large finite sets of points from ℝ² with no projective 8-holes, providing an analogue of a classical result by Horton from 1983. We also prove that they contain only quadratically many projective k-holes for k ≤ 7. On the other hand, we show that the number of k-holes can be substantially larger in ℝ² than in ℝ² by constructing, for every k ∈ {3,… ,6}, sets of n points from ℝ² ⊂ ℝ² with Ω(n^{3-3/5k}) projective k-holes and only O(n²) affine k-holes. Last but not least, we prove several other results, for example about projective holes in random point sets in ℝ² and about some algorithmic aspects.
The study of extremal problems about point sets in ℝ² opens a new area of research, which we support by posing several open problems
Generating simple drawings of graphs
No full textIn this thesis, we study the crossing numbers of complete graphs. After introducing a long history of the old problem of determining the crossing number of Kn, we survey the recent progress on the Harary-Hill conjecture by compiling proofs of this conjecture for special classes of drawings of Kn. We also create a program for generating a database of all simple drawings of Kn with n ≤ 8. We implement another program that visualizes these drawings and allows the user to create its own simple drawings of general graphs. The visualizer also captures the structure of crossings of the displayed drawings. We use our programs to verify a conjecture by Balko, Fulek, and Kynčl for small cases and we find a mistake in a paper by Mutzel and Oettershagen.
Ramsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs
No full textRamsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs Martin Balko Abstract We introduce ordered Ramsey numbers, which are an analogue of Ramsey numbers for graphs with a linear ordering on their vertices. We study the growth rate of ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with respect to the number of vertices. We find ordered match- ings whose ordered Ramsey numbers grow superpolynomially. We show that ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with bounded degeneracy and interval chromatic number are at most polynomial. We prove that ordered Ramsey numbers are at most polynomial for ordered graphs with bounded bandwidth. We find 3-regular graphs that have superlinear ordered Ramsey numbers, regardless of the ordering. The last two results solve problems of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov. We derive the exact formula for ordered Ramsey numbers of mono- tone cycles and use it to obtain the exact formula for geometric Ramsey numbers of cycles that were introduced by Károlyi et al. We refute a conjecture of Peters and Szekeres about a strengthening of the fa- mous Erd˝os-Szekeres conjecture to ordered hypergraphs. We obtain the exact formula for the minimum number of crossings in simple x-monotone drawings of complete graphs and provide a combinatorial characterization of these drawings in terms of colorings of ordered..
On the Beer index of convexity and its variants
No full textLet S be a subset of R^d with finite positive Lebesgue measure. The Beer index of convexity b(S) of S is the probability that two points of S chosen uniformly independently at random see each other in S. The convexity ratio c(S) of S is the Lebesgue measure of the largest convex subset of S divided by the Lebesgue measure of S. We investigate a relationship between these two natural measures of convexity of S.
We show that every subset S of the plane with simply connected components satisfies b(S) <= alpha c(S) for an absolute constant alpha, provided b(S) is defined. This implies an affirmative answer to the conjecture of Cabello et al. asserting that this estimate holds for simple polygons.
We also consider higher-order generalizations of b(S). For 1 = 2 there is a constant beta(d) > 0 such that every subset S of R^d satisfies b_d(S) 0 such that for every epsilon from (0,1] there is a subset S of R^d of Lebesgue measure one satisfying c(S) = (gamma epsilon)/log_2(1/epsilon) >= (gamma c(S))/log_2(1/c(S))
- …
