112,990 research outputs found
Main principles of the monetary policy of the national bank of Ukraine
No full textBabenko-Levada, V. Main principles of the monetary policy of the national bank of Ukraine / Babenko-Levada, V., Kovalenko, O. // Тиждень науки-2021. Факультет економіки та управління. Тези доповідей науково-технічної конференції, Запоріжжя, 19-23 квітня 2021 р. / Редкол. : В. В. Наумик (відпов. ред.) Електрон. дані. – Запоріжжя : НУ «Запорізька політехніка», 2021. – С. 26-29
Ceratophysella lobata Babenko & Skarżyński 2011, sp. n.
No full text<i>Ceratophysella lobata</i> sp. n. <p>Figs 10-20</p> <p> <i>Hypogastrura</i> (<i>Ceratophysella</i>) <i>brevisensillata</i>: Fjellberg (1985): 37</p> <p> <i>Hypogastrura</i> (<i>Ceratophysella</i>) cf. <i>brevisensillata</i>: Babenko <i>et al</i>. (1994): 127</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype, female, Russia, Jakutia (Sakha Republic), Suntar-Khayata Mt. Range, upper current of Kyumyume River (63° 13’N 139° 32’E), 1,800 m a.s.l, willow bushes with lichen cover, 9.VII.2002, leg. O. Makarova (MPGU). – Paratypes, 12 females, 11 males on slides and many specimens in alcohol, same data as holotype (MPGU, DBET and MNHG).</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL: Russia: 3 females, Ural Mts., Perm’ Province, State nature reserve “Basegi”, Srednii Baseg Mt. (58° 50’N 58° 40’E), alpine tundra, 23.VII.1990, leg. S. Esyunin (MPGU). – 2 females, same region but mixed forest with fern cover, 4.IX.1990, leg. S. Esyunin (MPGU). – 13 females and 3 males, Siberia, Putorana plateau, vicinity of Yt-Kyuel’ lake (68° 08’N 91° 50’E), 700-900 m a.s.l., nival desert, 28.VII-13.VIII.1996, leg. A. Babenko (MPGU). – 7 females and 1 male, Siberia, Taimyr peninsula, upper current of Nizhnaya Agapa River (70° 06N 87° 25’E), tundra, 6.VII-5.VIII.1999, leg. A. Babenko (MPGU). – 2 females and 1 male, Chukotka, vicinity of El’gygytgyn Lake (67° 26’ 172° 10’E), tundra, 20.VIII.1974, leg. E. Bondarenko (MPGU). – 10 specimens, Chukotka, Aborigen, in fungi on dry ridge, 29.VII.1979, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF). – 9 specimens, USA, Alaska, Brook Range, W of Atigun Camp, dry alpine meadow, c. 1600 m a.s.l., 19.VIII.1976, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF). – 7 specimens, USA, Alaska,vicinity of Fairbanks, litter in aspen forest, 21.VII.1980, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF).</p> <p> DESCRIPTION: Body length 1-1.2 mm. Color in alcohol light to dark grey-brown. Eye patches black, anal spines light. Granulation fine and uniform, usually 12-15 granules between setae p 1 on abd. V. Dorsal chaetotaxy of B type, macrosetae p 2 on th. II-III set nearly in line with setae p 1, setae m 3 and m 4 on th. II usually present, setae a 2 slightly longer than a 3, setae m 6 absent, setae p 1 and p 2 on abd. IV macro- and micro-setae respectively, setae p 3 absent (Figs 10-11). Arrangement of setae on head typical for the genus. Differentiation of dorsal setae into micro- and macrosetae not strong and more pronounced on last abdominal terga. Setae short, fine, pointed, slightly curved and serrated. Body sensilla p 4 on th. II-III and p 5 on abd. I usually equal to microsetae, thick and sometimes curved. Body sensilla (s) on abd. II-V and lateral parts of th. II-III about as long as macrosetae (Fig 12). Microsensilla (ms) on th. II present. Subcoxae I-III with 1, 2, 3 setae respectively.</p> <p>Ant. IV with simple apical vesicle, subapical organite (or), microsensillum (ms), 5-7 (usually 7) cylindrical sensilla (2 lateral and 3-5 dorsal) (Fig. 15) and about 15 short curved flattened at tips sensilla in ventral file (Fig. 14). Ant. III-organ with two long (lateral) and two short (internal) curved sensilla (Fig. 15). Microsensillum on ant. III present. Eversible sac between ant. III-IV present. Ant. I with 7 setae.</p> <p>Ocelli 8 + 8. Postantennal organ about twice as large as single ocellus, with four lobes of which the anterior pair larger than the posterior. Accessory boss present (Fig. 13).</p> <p> Labrum with 5, 5, 4 setae and without apical papillae. 4 prelabrals present. Labium of the <i>C. armata</i> type. Maxillary head with prolonged denticulate lobe on lamella 5 which only slightly shorter than lamella 4 (Figs 16-17). Outer lobe with 2 sublobal hairs.</p> <p>Tibiotarsi I, II, III with 19, 19, 18 setae respectively, tibiotarsal tenent hairs nearly as long as inner edge of claws and usually pointed, sometimes truncate. Claws with inner tooth and pair of indistinct lateral teeth. Empodial appendage with broad basal lamella and apical filament reaching inner tooth or slightly beyond (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Ventral tube with 4 + 4 setae.</p> <p>Furca well developed. Dens/mucro ratio = ca. 2. Dens with 7 setae (2 inner modified). Mucro boat-like (Fig. 20). Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth.</p> <p>Anal spines equal to or slightly longer than inner edge of claws III, situated on basal papillae (Figs 11, 19).</p> <p> VARIABILITY: Siberian and available Alaskan material appears to be morphologically homogeneous throughout the distributional range. However Fjellberg (1985) mentioned that in Alaska “exact chaetotaxy and differentiation in macro/microchaetae is rather variable” and alpine specimens from Brook Range “frequently have long, hair-like p 5 sensilla on Abd.I”. It may indicate the presence of the third separate form there apart from <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. and <i>C. brevisensillata</i> s. l.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The name reflects the most characteristic feature of the new species - the presence of an additional lobe on one of the maxillary lamellae.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: The new species which seems to be a usual inhabitant of Subarctic Mountains was found in few remote Palaearctic regions from Ural to Chukotka and in Alaska (see map on Fig. 21 and material above).</p> <p> AFFINITIES: A combination of four features, viz. a full number of ocelli, a chaetotaxy of B type, shortened dorsal sensilla on three first terga and maxillae with prolonged lobe on lamella 5, distinguishes <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. from all other known species of the ceratophysellan lineage. Thus, only <i>C. brevisensillata</i> and <i>Bonetogastrura nivalis</i> (Martynova) are characterized by the same type of sensillar differentiation, but both have the usual armata-type of maxillae and longer dorsal setae which are more clearly differentiated into macro/microsetae. Apart from this, <i>B. nivalis</i> has only 4 + 4 ocelli and partly reduced chaetotaxy (m 3 always and m 4 usually absent on th. II-III, abd. I-III without m-setae as a rule and p 3 often absent on abd. I-IV).</p> <p> Shortened dorsal sensilla on thorax similar to those in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. are also characteristic of <i>C. bengtssoni</i> (Ågren), <i>C. microchaeta</i> (Babenko) and <i>B. variabilis</i> (Christiansen) but maxillae of all these species are modified differently with broadened lamella 1 and without prolonged lobe on lamella 5.</p> <p> The same type of maxillae as in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. is known only for <i>C. sigillata</i> (Uzel), <i>C. sibirica</i> Martynova and <i>C. pseudarmata</i> (Folsom) 1. They can be easily distinguished from <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. due to long dorsal sensilla on all terga and clearly clavate tibiotarsal tenent hairs (pointed or truncate in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n.).</p>Published as part of <i>Babenko, Anatoly & Skarżyński, Dariusz, 2011, Ceratophysella lobata sp. n. from Siberia with notes on C. brevisensillata Yosii, 1961 (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), pp. 257-264 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 118 (2)</i> on pages 260-263, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.117808, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5828507">http://zenodo.org/record/5828507</a>
Analysis of factors of purchasing dairy products in Slovenia
No full textNamen magistrske naloge je bil proučiti dejavnike, ki vplivajo na nakup mlečnih prehrambnih izdelkov, in ugotoviti, kateri dejavniki so pri slovenskih porabnikih in njihovih nakupnih odločitvah, najpomembnejši.
V teoretičnem delu magistrske naloge je s pomočjo teoretičnih izhodišč obravnavanih avtorjev domače in tuje literature predstavljeno nakupno odločanje porabnikov, nakupni proces, dejavniki in vrste nakupnega odločanja ter podrobneje več dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na odločitve o nakupu prehrambnih izdelkov. V praktičnem delu magistrske naloge je bila izvedena raziskava dejavnikov nakupa mlečnih prehrambnih izdelkov v Sloveniji. Rezultati raziskave so podali vplogled v preference porabnikov, njihove poglede, stališča in vrednote glede obravnavane tematike.
Proučevanje porabnikov in nakupnih dejavnikov bi moralo ponudnikom predstavljati pomembno izhodišče pri oblikovanju njihovih trženjskih strategij. Le poznavanje porabnika lahko vodi podjetje do doseganja ključnih ciljev. Porabniku je potrebno ponuditi, kar želi in potrebuje, sicer bo odšel h konkurenci, pridobiti porabnika nazaj pa je veliko dražje in težje kakor ga obdržati.The aim of the Master’s thesis was to study the factors which influence the purchase of dairy products and to establish which factors play the most important role in the purchase decisions of Slovene consumers.
The theoretical part of the thesis presents, with the help of the theoretical platforms of considered domestic and foreign literature authors, consumers’ purchase decision, purchase process, factors and types of purchase decision. It also presents in detail several factors which affect the decisions of food products purchase. The practical part of the thesis includes the survey on the factors of dairy products purchase in Slovenia. The results of the survey reveal the preferences of consumers, their views, opinions and values about the subject matter.
The studies of the consumers and purchase factors should be considered as an important basis for providers when designing their marketing strategies. Only the perception of consumers can lead a company to achieving key goals. Consumers must be offered what they desire and need otherwise they will go to competition. Getting them back is much more expensive and harder than holding on to them
Jacekaphorura furcata Babenko, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textJacekaphorura furcata sp. nov. Figs 6–15 Type material. Holotype, female, Russia, Magadan District, Bolshoi Annachag Mts. Range, upper reaches of Kolyma River, field station “Aborigen” 61 ° 56 ′ N 149 ° 40 ′ E, moss and Larix /Pinus litter on slope down to stream, 25.vii. 1979, A. Fjellberg leg. Paratypes, 22 specimens, same sample as holotype; male and juvenile, same area, slope with Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) down from ridge to boggy area close to aufeis, litter, 25.vii. 1979, V. Behan leg.; 3 juvenile females, same area, Olen’ River, north-facing slope, moss/lichen cover, 23.viii. 2006, A. Alfimov leg. Description. Length up to 1.3 mm. Colour white. Body shape cylindrical, abdominal tip clearly broadened, Abd. VI small, poorly separated from and almost completely hidden under Abd. V (Fig. 6). Antennae thin, clearly longer than head. Ant. IV with spherical subapical organite and microsensillum set slightly above proximal whorl of chaetae (Figs 12). AO consisting of 5 long and narrow papillae, two smooth sensory rods, two granulated sensory clubs slightly differing in size and granulation, 5 guard chaetae, and lateral microsensillum (Figs 12–13). Ant. IV and II with 11–12 and 22–25 chaetae, respectively. PAO long with 32–39 simple vesicles (Fig. 14), abnormal variation rather frequent and specimens completely lack PAO or with only few lobes on one or both sides are seen. Labrum with 9 chaetae and 4 prelabral ones. Labium of A-type, with all 5 usual papillae (A–E), 7 long and 4 spiniform guards, and 6 proximal chaetae. Basal fields with 4 + 6 chaetae. Maxillary palp simple with two sublobal hairs. Dorsal pso formula as 32 / 133 / 33333, anterior pso on head set close together in a form of triangle, medial hind pseudocellus on head moved slightly forward (Fig. 6). Number of ventral pso 2 /000/0111, ventral pso on head in usual position: medial and postero-lateral; ventral pso on abdomen as Fig. 10. Parapseudocelli (psx) are seen only on inner side of femora and sometimes on antennae laterally to AO. Upper subcoxae with 1 – 1 – 1 pso, psx invisible. Granulation fine and more or less uniform with slightly enlarge granules around pso. Dorsal chaetotaxy more or less symmetrical, chaetae clearly differentiated into macro-, meso- and microchaetae, especially laterally and on abdominal tip (Fig. 6, 10), most macro- and mesochaetae truncate. Th. I with usually with 9 + 9 chaetae, whole range in adults 6–9 on each side. Both Th. II and Th. III with lateral microsensilla. Unpaired dorsal chaeta d0 on head absent, Abd. V with one or two unpaired axial mesochaetae, Abd. VI with a0 (usually absent in juveniles) clearly shorter than a 2. Thorax without chaetae along linea ventralis. Sternum of Abd. 4 with prominent cuticular fold near anterior border with 2 + 2 chaetae set on it by pairs in a line. In mature males these chaetae clearly modified (Figs 7–8). Chaetotaxy of manubrial field in juveniles as on Fig. 9 with 1 + 1 intermediate chaetae between dental row and 3 + 3 q-chaetae. Adults with few secondary chaetae (Fig. 8). VT with 8–10 distal chaetae on each flap, frontal and proximal chaetae at corpus base absent, in mature males some distal chaetae slightly thickened and longer than in females. Upper subcoxae usually with 5, 6, 5 (6) chaetae, Ti. I–III with 24, 25, 23 chaetae as a rule: distal row complete with 11 chaetae (7 A + 4 T), 7, 7, 6 chaetae in B-whorl, M chaeta present on all tibiotarsi, and 5, 6, 5 chaetae in proximal C-whorl. Unguis usually with small tooth in proximal part of inner edge, lateral ones invisible, unguiculus with distinct but not wide lamella, slightly shorter than inner edge of unguis (Fig. 15). Anal spines absent. Affinities. As it was pointed above J. furcata sp. nov. occupies an isolated position within the genus, although there are only three characters which differ it from the type species of the genus, viz. less number of chaetae due to smaller size, the presence of cuticular fold on Abd. IV sternum, and only one pso on each subcoxa. On the other hand, a high similarity in pso distribution (see below) may testify its close relation to other species of the genus. Etymology. Named after the presence of cuticular fold, the most characteristic feature of the new species.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, 2013, New species of the genus Jacekaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from upper reaches of Kolyma river (North-East of Russia), pp. 77-84 in Zootaxa 3737 (1) on pages 79-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3737.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/28523
Packing Odd Walks and Trails in Multiterminal Networks
No full textLet G be an undirected network with a distinguished set of terminals T ⊆ V(G) and edge capacities cap: E(G) → ℝ_+. By an odd T-walk we mean a walk in G (with possible vertex and edge self-intersections) connecting two distinct terminals and consisting of an odd number of edges. Inspired by the work of Schrijver and Seymour on odd path packing for two terminals, we consider packings of odd T-walks subject to capacities cap.
First, we present a strongly polynomial time algorithm for constructing a maximum fractional packing of odd T-walks. For even integer capacities, our algorithm constructs a packing that is half-integer. Additionally, if cap(δ(v)) is divisible by 4 for any v ∈ V(G)-T, our algorithm constructs an integer packing.
Second, we establish and prove the corresponding min-max relation.
Third, if G is inner Eulerian (i.e. degrees of all nodes in V(G)-T are even) and cap(e) = 2 for all e ∈ E, we show that there exists an integer packing of odd T-trails (i.e. odd T-walks with no repeated edges) of the same value as in case of odd T-walks, and this packing can be found in polynomial time.
To achieve the above goals, we establish a connection between packings of odd T-walks and T-trails and certain multiflow problems in undirected and bidirected graphs
Faster Algorithms for Half-Integral T-Path Packing
No full textLet G = (V, E) be an undirected graph, a subset of vertices T be a set of terminals. Then a natural combinatorial problem consists in finding the maximum number of vertex-disjoint paths connecting distinct terminals. For this problem, a clever construction suggested by Gallai reduces it to computing a maximum non-bipartite matching and thus gives an O(mn^1/2 log(n^2/m)/log(n))-time algorithm (hereinafter n := |V|, m := |E|).
Now let us consider the fractional relaxation, i.e. allow T-path packings with arbitrary nonnegative real weights. It is known that there always exists a half-integral solution, that is, one only needs to assign weights 0, 1/2, 1 to maximize the total weight of T-paths. It is also known that an optimum half-integral packing can be found in strongly-polynomial time but the actual time bounds are far from being satisfactory.
In this paper we present a novel algorithm that solves the half-integral problem within O(mn^1/2 log(n^2/m)/log(n)) time, thus matching the complexities of integral and half-integral versions
Scutisotoma schisti Potapov & Babenko & Fjellberg 2006, sp.n.
No full textScutisotoma schisti sp.n. Figs. 25, 87–98 Type material. Holotype: ♀, Russia, Siberia, Putorana plateau, Dynkengda Mt., vicinity of Sobach’e lake (69 o 19’N, 91 o 46’E), 700–750 m alt., alpine site with scarce vegetation, pitfall traps, 28.vii.– 13.viii.1996, leg. A. Babenko. Paratypes: 15 exx., same locality (MSPU). Other material. 4 exx., Russia, Taimyr, Uboinaya River (73 o 37’N, 82 o 21’E), fresh flood debris in river bay, 09.viii.1990, leg. A. Fjellberg. Numerous specimens, Russia, Southern Siberia, SE Altai Mts., Kuray, Bol'shoy Kuraysky Range, 3100 m alt., on pools after the rain, 17.vi.1966, leg. S. Stebaeva. 5 exx., Russia, Southern Siberia, Tuva Republic, Mongun-Taiga Range, Mugur-Aksi, mountain tundra, 23.vii.1993, leg. S. Stebaeva. 6 exx., Russia, Southern Siberia, Tuva, Kup-Khol Lake, sedge bog, 20.vii.2001, leg. S. Stebaeva. 1 ex., Russia, Southern Siberia, West Sajan Mts., Usinsky Tract, Olen’ya River, mountain tundra, 31.v.1962, leg. S. Stebaeva (MSPU). Description. Size 0.8–1.2 mm. Usually dark-violet, extremities paler. Cuticle with fine but visible primary granulation. Ocelli 8+8, G and H smaller. PAO elliptical, not constricted, about twice as long as ocellus diameter or 0.8–1.3 of inner unguis length (Fig. 90). Maxillary outer lobe with 4 sublobal hairs, maxillary palp bifurcate. Labral formula 4/ 554. Labium with a complete set of papillae and guards. Proximal field with 3 chaetae, basomedian field with 4 chaetae. Ventral side of a head with 4–6+4–6 postlabial chaetae. Ant.1 with 2 basal microsensilla (bms, dorsal and ventral), and 2 ventral sensilla (s). Ant.2 with 3 bms and one laterodistal s, Ant.3 with one bms and 5 distal s (AO and one lateral s). Guards of AO clearly longer than inner pair of sensilla (Fig. 25). Males with some additional sensilla on Ant.2–3. Sensilla on Ant.4 hardly differentiated, the shape of the subapical organite either big and spherical (Taimyr), or small (southern Siberia) (Figs. 93, 94). All abdominal tergites clearly separated. Dorsal axial chaetom of Th.II–Abd.III as 9–10,6/5–6,5–6,5–6. Th.III with about 20 chaetae in p-row. Macrochaetae rather short, medial ones on Abd.V are 0.27–0.35 as long as tergite. Thorax without ventral axial chaetae. Sensillar formula 33/22224 (s) and 11/111 (ms). Medial sensillum on Abd.III set in posterior 1/3 of the tergite. On Abd.V the sensilla set in a line (Fig. 92). Unguis simple, without inner tooth (Figs. 95, 96). Ti.1–3 usually with 21-21-25 chaetae, B-row complete. Tibiotarsal tenent chaetae (1-2-2) truncate or slightly clavate, about as long as unguis (U 3: t.ch. = 0.8–1.2: 1). Chaetae x and B 5 on Ti. 3 in male short and chaeta-like (Fig. 95). Ventral tube with 4+4 latero-distal and 5–7 posterior chaetae. Tenaculum usually with 3+3 teeth and one chaeta, sometimes with an additional small tooth on one side (Fig. 91). Anterior furcal subcoxa with 12–18(22) chaetae, posterior one with 6–10. Anterior side of manubrium with a pair of distal chaetae, posterior side with 17–21+17–21 on the main part and 4+4 on the laterobasal lobes. Dens with 12–14(16) anterior chaetae, basal 1/4–1/3 without chaetae (Figs. 87). Posterior side of dens crenulated, with 10–12(13) chaetae (5–6 basal, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) outer, 3 inner and 1 subapical chaeta near mucro (Figs. 88, 89). Mucro with 3 subequal teeth, lamellae hardly seen. Ratio of manubrium: dens: mucro = 5,2–7,4: 4,0–5,4: 1. Chaetotaxy of anal lobes as Figs. 97, 98. Intraspecific variability. Specimens from Taimyr and southern Siberia differ in the size of the subapical organite (Figs. 93, 94), in the differentiation of preanal chaetae (Figs. 97, 98), and in some details of chaetotaxy of the posterior side of dens. We do not want to split the taxon at present, because of limited material. Affinity. Using the recent key of Palaearctic Isotomidae (Potapov 2001) the new species may key out as Proisotoma christianseni Stach, described from high mountain regions of western Asia (Lebanon). About ten probable type specimens of christianseni (Lebanon, leg. Kowalski), deposited in the ISEA, Poland have been studied. This species belongs to the genus Scutisotoma and differs from schisti by having simple maxillary palp, 5 basomedian chaetae on labium, very dense chaetal cover of Abd.V, and some other characters. The simple maxillary palp and modified chaetom of Abd.V indicate an affinity of S. christianseni not to S. schisti but to S. oirota and S. fjellbergi (for differences between these species see the key). There is also one Nearctic species, Proisotoma bayouensis Mills, which has a furca similar to that of S. schisti (dens with 9–13 chaetae on anterior and posterior sides). Although the known differences of these species are rather minute or doubtful (4+4 tenacular teeth and a single tenent hair on each tibiotarsus in Proisotoma bayouensis), their different distributions indicate that they are separate species (bayouensis is only known from subtropical Louisiana). Distribution. Scattered records from the high mountains in western Siberia. Name derivation. The name reflects peculiarities of the type-locality — stony, alpine sites with schisty substrate.Published as part of Potapov, Mikhail, Babenko, Anatoly & Fjellberg, Arne, 2006, Taxonomy of the Proisotoma complex. Redefinition of genera and description of new species of Scutisotoma and Weberacantha (Collembola, Isotomidae), pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 1382 (1) on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1382.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/507146
Hiding data in images using a pseudo-random sequence
No full textIn this article are discussed techniques of hiding information messages in cover image using direct spectrum spreading technology. This technology is based on the use of poorly correlated pseudorandom (noise) sequences. Modulating the information data with such signals, the message is presented as a noise-like form, which makes it very difficult to detect. Hiding means adding a modulated message to the cover image. If this image is interpreted as noise on the communication channel, then the task of hiding user's data is equivalent to transmitting a noise-like modulated message on the noise communication channel. At the same it is supposed that noise-like signals are poorly correlated both with each other and with the cover image (or its fragment). However, the latter assumption may not be fulfilled because a realistic image is not an implementation of a random process; its pixels have a strong correlation. Obviously, the selection of pseudo-random spreading signals must take this feature into account. We are investigating various ways of formation spreading sequences while assessing Bit Error Rate (BER) of information data as well as cover image distortion by mean squared error (MSE) and by Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The purpose of our work is to justify the choice of extending sequences to reduce BER and MSE (increase PSNR)
Psyllaphorura pseudopodis Shveenkova & Babenko 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPsyllaphorura pseudopodis sp. nov. Figs 11–19 Type material. Russia: holotype, female, European part, Middle Volga River Basin, Penza Region, “Privolzhskaya Lesostep” State Nature Reserve, middle reaches of Kadada River, near Shatkino settlement, Alnus glutinosa floodplain forest [N 52.9322°, E 46.3022°], soil, 15.09.2017, Yu. Shveenkova leg. Paratypes: 4 males and 5 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, ibid., but 10.10.19; 1 female, ibid., but 18.09.20, Yu. Shveenkova leg. The types are kept in the collection of MSPU. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Psyllaphorura, which can be distinguished from the congeners due to the presence of 30/000/00003 dorsal pso (3+3 cephalic pso are located as a common axial group on the median part of the head), only 2+2 dental setae and a pair of ventral swellings on Abd. IV. It is also characterized by coarse dorsal granulation, rather distinct dorsal sensilla, AO with 5 papillae and 4 guard setae, PAO with 12–15 simple vesicles, labium of AC - type, the presence of lateral ms on both Th. II–III, rather short unguiculus and the absence of retinaculum. Description. Size: 1.0– 1.2 mm in females, 0.87–0.97 mm in males, holotype: 1.06 mm. Colour white. Habitus typical of the genus (Fig. 11), body ovoid with a short Abd. VI armed by small anal spines. Cuticular granulation very coarse, especially in middle parts of terga, with 8–9 cuticular granules around each abdominal pso and only 5–6 granules between p1 setae on Abd. V. Dorsal pseudocelli as 30/000/00003, 3+3 cephalic pseudocelli located on head front in the form of a single “Vshaped” complex (Fig. 11). Psx invisible. Antennae club-like, distinctly shorter than head diagonal. Small area of antennal bases clearly marked with finer granulation. Ant. IV with small, peg-like subapical organite, 3 curved blunt sensilla laterally and up to 8 sensilla on its inner side, basolateral microsensillum present in line with proximal whorl of setae (Fig. 13). AIIIO typical, with 5 cuticular papillae, 4 guard setae, two sensory rods, two smooth sensory clubs and lateral microsensillum (Fig. 13). Ant. I–II with 10 and 13–14 setae, respectively. PAO with 12–15 simple vesicles. Labrum with 4/9 setae (Fig. 17), maxillary outer lobe simple with two sublobal setae. Labium of AC type (sensillum on papilla A clearly thicker) with 7 long and 4 spiniform guards and 6 proximal setae (Fig. 16). Basomedian and basolateral fields of labium with 4 and 6 setae, respectively. Usually 4+4 postlabial setae present along ventral midline (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy plurichaetotic and usually not symmetrical, dorsal setae weakly differentiated (Fig. 11). Most dorsal sensilla relatively distinct, but masked by coarse granulations, 2/021/221121(0) in number, sensilla on Abd. VI, if present, located ventro-laterally on pleura. The presence/absence of dorsal seta d0 on head often obscure due to chaetotic asymmetry. Th. I with up to 17 setae on each side set in two irregular rows. Both Th. II and Th. III with lateral microsensillum. Upper subcoxae prominent on all legs with up to 10 setae. Chaetotaxy of Abd. IV very plurichaetotic, axial m-setae present or absent. Abd. V with seta p0. Axial seta a0 on Abd. VI about as long as p1 and a2 setae, seta a1 shorter than a2 (~0.7: 1). Sterna of Th. I–III without setae along ventral line. Ventral chaetom on abdomen composed of pointed meso- and macrosetae (Fig. 14). Furcal remnant without mucro, dens knob-like with 2+2 long setae, retinaculum absent. Chaetotaxy of furcal field in adults highly variable and usually not symmetric: in largest specimens 2–3 irregular rows of manubrial setae present posterior to dental remnant. VT with 7(8) distal setae on each side and without proximal setae at base. Sternum of Abd. IV on each side of furcal remnant with two specific protuberances covered with modified (long and thin) cuticular granules (Figs. 14, 18, 19). Tibiotarsi with a complete distal whorl (7A+4T), 7–7–6 setae in B - whorl, M seta present, C-whorl variable. Unguis toothless, unguiculus about as long as half of inner edge of unguis (Fig. 15). Upper anal valve with setae a0, 2a1, 2a2, 2b1, c0, 2c1, 2c2, each of lateral valve with setae a0 and 2a1 (Fig. 14). AS short and conical, about as long as papillae. Etymology. The species name is derived from the unique ventral swellings located on the fourth abdominal segment, which is somewhat reminiscent of pseudopodia. Affinities. In having 3+3 cephalic pso arranged in a single group on the median part of the head, Psyllaphorura pseudopodis sp. nov. is the most similar to P. altaica, which has recently been described from southern Siberia. P. pseudopodis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the latter species by the absence of pso on Abd. IV (P. altaica has 00013 abdominal pso), only 2+2 dental setae (vs 3+3 setae in P. altaica) and a shorter unguiculus (~ 0.5–0.6 UIII vs 0.8 UIII in P. altaica). The only other congener with not 3+3, but 2+2 setae on the furcal knobs as in P. pseudopodis sp. nov., is P. bashkirica (Khanislamova, 1986), described from a more easterly region (at a distance of ~ 700 km). Although the description of the latter species does not fully correspond to modern standards and clearly requires verification, its conspecificity with the new species is unlikely. These species clearly differ by the number of dorsal pso (5/000/00023 in P. bashkirica vs 3/000/00003 pso in the new species), structure of PAO (15–17 divided vesicles in P. bashkirica vs 12–15 simple vesicles in P. pseudopodis sp. nov.), the number of dorsal sensilla (?/?11/11112?, sensilla on Th. III in medial position in P. bashkirica vs 2/021/221120(1), sensilla on Th. III in lateral position in the new species) and guard setae in AIIIO (5 setae in P. bashkirica vs 4 setae in P. pseudopodis sp. nov.). P. pseudopodis sp. nov. is also characterized by one unique feature, namely the development of a pair of ventral swellings on the fourth abdominal segment, which seem to have never been observed in any other species of Collembola. These swellings are covered with modified cuticular granules, representing a structure of unknown origin with a duct system or a hole inside visible under them. Distribution and ecology. The species has only been registered at the type locality.Published as part of Shveenkova, Yulia B. & Babenko, Anatoly B., 2021, Two new species of the genus Psyllaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from the east of European Russia, pp. 114-128 in Zootaxa 4965 (1) on pages 117-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/472320
Megalothorax processus Panina & Babenko & Potapov 2022, sp. nov.
No full textMegalothorax processus Panina & Potapov, sp. nov. Figs 18–35, Table 1‒2 Type Material. Holotype, Russia (European part), Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yugorsky Peninsula, surroundings of Amderma [69075′ N, 610 67′ E], meadow with dryad, 15– 16.07.2018, leg. M. Bizin and B. Efeikin. 10 paratypes, in same location. The holotype and 8 paratypes deposited in the collection of the Department of Zoology & Ecology, Moscow State Pedagogical University. 2 paratypes deposited in SMNG. Other material. Russia (Asian part), Republic of Altai, Chuysky tract, Kosh-Agachsky district, at the exit from the Chuysky basin [50 ° 10′ N, 88 ° 34′ E], floodplain forest (larch with willow undergrowth), 06.10.2020 (Fig. 37); Altai Republic, Chuisky tract, Ongudai district, Seminsky pass [50 ° 99′ N, 85 ° 65′ E], meadow with Betula nana in brook valley, mosses on a bump, 04.10.2020. All leg. M. Potapov and N. Kuznetsova. Novaya Zemlya, South Island, Bezymyannaya River Valley [72050′ N, 53045′ E], willow-herb thickets, 20– 26.07.2017, leg. V. Spitsin; Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Pakhanchenskaya Guba [68029′ N, 570 12′ E], forb meadow on slope, 26.07.– 05.08.2015, leg. O. Makarova and M. Bizin. All kept in MSPU. Description. General aspect. Habitus and segmentation typical of the genus. Body length up to 0.35 mm. Specimens whitish in alcohol. Body chaetotaxy sparse including chaetae, s-chaetae, trichobothria, neosminthuroid chaetae, wax-rods and inner sensilla within sensory fields 2–6. Chaetae ordinary on body, without any remarkable development. Integument. As in M. roseus sp. nov. Connection of channels with linea ventralis circular on the head. Sensory fields and wax rods (Figs 22, 27, 31). Sensory field sf 1 without inner sensilla (s) and with one wrcchaeta. Sf 2 with one inner s and one wrc-chaeta (wrc). Sf 3 with three s and one wrc. Sf 4 and sf 5 with two s and one wrc. Sf 6 with one s and two wrc. Each s of sf 2–6 broad flame-shaped (Figs 27, 31). A total of 14+14 wrc (2 + 2 on head, 12 + 12 on body), including free 7+7 wrc (not associated with sensory fields, notated as wrc 1–wrc 7). Mouthparts. Labrum typical of the genus (Fig. 20). Chaetae a1 and a2 not forked, with one or two teeth. Labium with 4+4 proximal chaetae (Fig. 21). Basomedian field with 3+3 chaetae. Basolateral field with 1 + 0 chaetae (one tubercle and no ventral chaeta). Labial palp as in Fig. 21, as common for the genus (A,B,C,D,E, b1, b2, d1,d 2, 2e, H, h1, h2). Oral fold and maxillary outer lobe typical of the genus, with one sublobal hair (sh). Maxillary head without strong modification. Head chaetotaxy. Forehead chaetotaxy as on Figs 18, 22, 23. Clypeo-labral formula: 2, 5, 5, 4/ 5, 5, 4 (Fig. 18). Chaetae a0 absent, replaced by a long cuticular process extended at the tip (Figs 18, 22, 23). Dorsal posterior area with 18 lanceolate chaetae (Fig. 22). Ventral side with three pairs of postlabial chaetae. Trend for posterior chaetae to be longer and stronger than anterior chaetae. Antennal chaetotaxy (Figs 24–25). Pattern diagram in Fig. 26. Ant. I and II with one and four chaetae, respectively. Dorsal chaeta on the Ant. II bigger than others. Ant. III with 8–9 chaetae, two long S-chaetae (S1 and S4). Striations of Ant III sensory organ short sensilla (S2 and S3) distinguishable in light microscopy. Ant. IV with seven chaetae (including X-chaeta) and ten S-chaetae. Sensory organ with Sx, Sy, Or, a, Sa. Organite (Or) of Ant IV short, seems apically flared. Summary on antennal chaetotaxy provided in Table 1. Body chaetotaxy. Th. II with 12+12 chaetae, 1 + 1 tubular and curved s1-sensilla (Figs 27, 31). Th. III with 11 + 11 chaetae, 6 + 6 free wax-rods (wrc1–6). Chaetae p4 not close to wrc2 (Figs 27, 31). Chaeta a5 slightly shorter than chaeta a6. Abd I–V terga with 17 + 17 ordinary chaetae, 1 + 1 free wax-rods, 1 + 1 globular sensillum s2. Globular sensillum s3 absent (Figs 27). Chaetae of body subequal, slightly thickened. Legs chaetotaxy. Leg chaetotaxy consist of ordinary chaetae of variable size, about as in Figs 13–15. Chaetotaxy leg typical of the genus. Number of chaetae for each segment is summed up in Table 2. Claws. Claw III bulkier than claw I and II (Figs 32–34). Claws subequal in unguis length (with a trend as unguis I>unguis II> unguis III). Unguis basal and posterior auxiliary lamellae (la, lp and Bp) well developed (Figs 32–34). Unguiculus about 0.6 as long as unguis. Abd. IV sternum and furca. Abd. IV sternum with 2 + 2 neosminthuroid chaetae and at least 2+2 chaetae (the observations are uncertain). Manubrium with 2 + 2 posterior chaetae and 1 + 1 pegs with convex tip articulated with a corresponding concavity of the dens (Fig. 28). Dens as in M. roseus sp. nov. (Figs 28–30). Mucro narrowing in the distal 2/5. Edges are entirely smooth with one notch. Chaetotaxy of Abd. V and VI not studied, looks generally as for the genus. Tenaculum and ventral tube. Tenaculum with 3 + 3 hook-like teeth (Fig. 35). Ventral tube bulky with two apical pairs of chaetae. Males not found. Name derivation. The name reflects the presence of a process on the forehead. Discussion. Megalothorax processus sp. nov. belongs to the minimus -group (Schneider & D’Haese 2013). Specific cuticular process is usually well visible and easy defines this species. Formally, M. potapovi and M. sanctistephani also have the front head process, albeit fold- and coffee bean-shaped, respectively (vs. long and extended at the tip in M. processus sp. nov.). M. potapovi also differs in number of chaetae on the forehead, including chaeta a0 (present in M. potapovi vs. absent in M. processus sp. nov.) and body (more chaetae in M. potapovi). M. sanctistephani lacks chaeta X on Ant.IV (present in M. processus sp. nov.) and has 2 sublobal hairs on maxilary outer lobe (vs. 1 in M. processus sp. nov.). M. processus sp. nov., M. roseus sp. nov. and M. laevis share the reduced chaetotaxy. Both new species differ from M. laevis by the presence of process, the absence (vs. presence) of sensilla s3 on body and 3 + 3 (vs. 4+4) teeth on tenaculum. The new species differs from widely distributed M. willemi and M. minimus by many characters, including the process and smaller flame-shaped inner sensilla. M. processus sp. nov. differs from M. roseus sp. nov. with shape of the process, chaetotaxy of forehead, number of sublobal hairs, and shape of inner sensilla in sensory field. The four species (M. sanctistephani, M. potapovi, M. roseus sp. nov., M. processus sp. nov.) belong to minimus - group (in spite of doubts on M. roseus sp. nov.) Their “nose”, however, is unlikely homologous if considering its shape and location. The independent appearance of this process probably indicates its importance to these species. The function of small unpaired “nose” is, presumably, delicate unlike, e.g., in stiff epistome in Acari (which protects mouth parts). In Collembola with similar position of head (Symphypleona), specific equipment on head front appear in sexually dimorphic taxa only (e.g., "nasal" organ in Nasosminthurus Stach) which cannot be associated to mentioned congeners of Megalothorax at all because of parthenogenesis. Distribution and ecology. Megalothorax processus sp. nov. is recorded from the arctic deserts to the mountains of Southern Siberia. It occurs in meadows, floodplain forests, and thickets along rivers. It is probably noted as Megalothorax sp. 2 in the East-European tundra (Babenko et al. 2017).Published as part of Panina, Kseniya, Babenko, Anatoly & Potapov, Mikhail, 2022, Two new « nosed » species of the genus Megalothorax (Collembola: Neelidae) from Russia, pp. 383-395 in Zootaxa 5188 (4) on pages 390-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5188.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/709565
- …
