117,875 research outputs found
Ceratophysella lobata Babenko & Skarżyński 2011, sp. n.
No full text<i>Ceratophysella lobata</i> sp. n. <p>Figs 10-20</p> <p> <i>Hypogastrura</i> (<i>Ceratophysella</i>) <i>brevisensillata</i>: Fjellberg (1985): 37</p> <p> <i>Hypogastrura</i> (<i>Ceratophysella</i>) cf. <i>brevisensillata</i>: Babenko <i>et al</i>. (1994): 127</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype, female, Russia, Jakutia (Sakha Republic), Suntar-Khayata Mt. Range, upper current of Kyumyume River (63° 13’N 139° 32’E), 1,800 m a.s.l, willow bushes with lichen cover, 9.VII.2002, leg. O. Makarova (MPGU). – Paratypes, 12 females, 11 males on slides and many specimens in alcohol, same data as holotype (MPGU, DBET and MNHG).</p> <p>OTHER MATERIAL: Russia: 3 females, Ural Mts., Perm’ Province, State nature reserve “Basegi”, Srednii Baseg Mt. (58° 50’N 58° 40’E), alpine tundra, 23.VII.1990, leg. S. Esyunin (MPGU). – 2 females, same region but mixed forest with fern cover, 4.IX.1990, leg. S. Esyunin (MPGU). – 13 females and 3 males, Siberia, Putorana plateau, vicinity of Yt-Kyuel’ lake (68° 08’N 91° 50’E), 700-900 m a.s.l., nival desert, 28.VII-13.VIII.1996, leg. A. Babenko (MPGU). – 7 females and 1 male, Siberia, Taimyr peninsula, upper current of Nizhnaya Agapa River (70° 06N 87° 25’E), tundra, 6.VII-5.VIII.1999, leg. A. Babenko (MPGU). – 2 females and 1 male, Chukotka, vicinity of El’gygytgyn Lake (67° 26’ 172° 10’E), tundra, 20.VIII.1974, leg. E. Bondarenko (MPGU). – 10 specimens, Chukotka, Aborigen, in fungi on dry ridge, 29.VII.1979, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF). – 9 specimens, USA, Alaska, Brook Range, W of Atigun Camp, dry alpine meadow, c. 1600 m a.s.l., 19.VIII.1976, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF). – 7 specimens, USA, Alaska,vicinity of Fairbanks, litter in aspen forest, 21.VII.1980, leg. A. Fjellberg (AF).</p> <p> DESCRIPTION: Body length 1-1.2 mm. Color in alcohol light to dark grey-brown. Eye patches black, anal spines light. Granulation fine and uniform, usually 12-15 granules between setae p 1 on abd. V. Dorsal chaetotaxy of B type, macrosetae p 2 on th. II-III set nearly in line with setae p 1, setae m 3 and m 4 on th. II usually present, setae a 2 slightly longer than a 3, setae m 6 absent, setae p 1 and p 2 on abd. IV macro- and micro-setae respectively, setae p 3 absent (Figs 10-11). Arrangement of setae on head typical for the genus. Differentiation of dorsal setae into micro- and macrosetae not strong and more pronounced on last abdominal terga. Setae short, fine, pointed, slightly curved and serrated. Body sensilla p 4 on th. II-III and p 5 on abd. I usually equal to microsetae, thick and sometimes curved. Body sensilla (s) on abd. II-V and lateral parts of th. II-III about as long as macrosetae (Fig 12). Microsensilla (ms) on th. II present. Subcoxae I-III with 1, 2, 3 setae respectively.</p> <p>Ant. IV with simple apical vesicle, subapical organite (or), microsensillum (ms), 5-7 (usually 7) cylindrical sensilla (2 lateral and 3-5 dorsal) (Fig. 15) and about 15 short curved flattened at tips sensilla in ventral file (Fig. 14). Ant. III-organ with two long (lateral) and two short (internal) curved sensilla (Fig. 15). Microsensillum on ant. III present. Eversible sac between ant. III-IV present. Ant. I with 7 setae.</p> <p>Ocelli 8 + 8. Postantennal organ about twice as large as single ocellus, with four lobes of which the anterior pair larger than the posterior. Accessory boss present (Fig. 13).</p> <p> Labrum with 5, 5, 4 setae and without apical papillae. 4 prelabrals present. Labium of the <i>C. armata</i> type. Maxillary head with prolonged denticulate lobe on lamella 5 which only slightly shorter than lamella 4 (Figs 16-17). Outer lobe with 2 sublobal hairs.</p> <p>Tibiotarsi I, II, III with 19, 19, 18 setae respectively, tibiotarsal tenent hairs nearly as long as inner edge of claws and usually pointed, sometimes truncate. Claws with inner tooth and pair of indistinct lateral teeth. Empodial appendage with broad basal lamella and apical filament reaching inner tooth or slightly beyond (Fig. 18).</p> <p>Ventral tube with 4 + 4 setae.</p> <p>Furca well developed. Dens/mucro ratio = ca. 2. Dens with 7 setae (2 inner modified). Mucro boat-like (Fig. 20). Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth.</p> <p>Anal spines equal to or slightly longer than inner edge of claws III, situated on basal papillae (Figs 11, 19).</p> <p> VARIABILITY: Siberian and available Alaskan material appears to be morphologically homogeneous throughout the distributional range. However Fjellberg (1985) mentioned that in Alaska “exact chaetotaxy and differentiation in macro/microchaetae is rather variable” and alpine specimens from Brook Range “frequently have long, hair-like p 5 sensilla on Abd.I”. It may indicate the presence of the third separate form there apart from <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. and <i>C. brevisensillata</i> s. l.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The name reflects the most characteristic feature of the new species - the presence of an additional lobe on one of the maxillary lamellae.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: The new species which seems to be a usual inhabitant of Subarctic Mountains was found in few remote Palaearctic regions from Ural to Chukotka and in Alaska (see map on Fig. 21 and material above).</p> <p> AFFINITIES: A combination of four features, viz. a full number of ocelli, a chaetotaxy of B type, shortened dorsal sensilla on three first terga and maxillae with prolonged lobe on lamella 5, distinguishes <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. from all other known species of the ceratophysellan lineage. Thus, only <i>C. brevisensillata</i> and <i>Bonetogastrura nivalis</i> (Martynova) are characterized by the same type of sensillar differentiation, but both have the usual armata-type of maxillae and longer dorsal setae which are more clearly differentiated into macro/microsetae. Apart from this, <i>B. nivalis</i> has only 4 + 4 ocelli and partly reduced chaetotaxy (m 3 always and m 4 usually absent on th. II-III, abd. I-III without m-setae as a rule and p 3 often absent on abd. I-IV).</p> <p> Shortened dorsal sensilla on thorax similar to those in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. are also characteristic of <i>C. bengtssoni</i> (Ågren), <i>C. microchaeta</i> (Babenko) and <i>B. variabilis</i> (Christiansen) but maxillae of all these species are modified differently with broadened lamella 1 and without prolonged lobe on lamella 5.</p> <p> The same type of maxillae as in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. is known only for <i>C. sigillata</i> (Uzel), <i>C. sibirica</i> Martynova and <i>C. pseudarmata</i> (Folsom) 1. They can be easily distinguished from <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n. due to long dorsal sensilla on all terga and clearly clavate tibiotarsal tenent hairs (pointed or truncate in <i>C. lobata</i> sp. n.).</p>Published as part of <i>Babenko, Anatoly & Skarżyński, Dariusz, 2011, Ceratophysella lobata sp. n. from Siberia with notes on C. brevisensillata Yosii, 1961 (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), pp. 257-264 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 118 (2)</i> on pages 260-263, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.117808, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5828507">http://zenodo.org/record/5828507</a>
Anurida octoculata Babenko 2023, sp. n.
No full text<i>Anurida octoculata</i> Babenko, sp. n. <p>https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 83F82906-531A-49F1-8710-D75D543FBB19</p> <p>Figs 1–14</p> <p> MATERIAL. Holotype: ♀, <b>Russia</b>: Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok Botanical Garden, 43.2222°N 131.9936°E, coniferous-broad-leaved forest, winter traps, 20 November 2016 – 11 March 2017, leg A.D. Komisarenko. Paratypes: 12♀ and 2♂, same data as holotype. The types are kept in the collection of Zoology and Ecology Department of the Moscow State Pedagogical University, Russia (MSPU).</p> <p> DIAGNOSIS. A large species of the <i>hammerae</i> -group characterized by the presence of 4+4 uncoloured ocelli, six blunt sensilla on <i>Ant</i>.4, two of which (<i>S</i> 1 and <i>S</i> 2) being much thinner than others, an oval <i>PAO</i> with about 30 finely granulated lobes, mandibles with five teeth, maxillae with all lamella serrated, one of which (<i>L</i> 2) passing much beyond the capitulum tip, and by the absence of <i>p</i> 1 setae on all terga from <i>Th</i>.2 to <i>Abd</i>.4, and <i>a</i> 3 setae on <i>Abd</i>.4–5.</p> <p> DESCRIPTION. Length of holotype without antennae: 2.4 mm. Colour of live specimens unknown, all available specimens kept in alcohol without any traces of a dark pigment even on ocular area. Body shape typical of the <i>hammerae</i> -group: <i>Abd</i>.6 wide and with a more or less straight posterior edge (Fig. 2). Integument granulation fine and uniform, cuticle without distinct inner reticulation.</p> <p> Ocelli present, 4+4 as a rule. <i>PAO</i> elongate, consisting of 28–31 finely granulated lobes, its long axis 3.4–5.7 times as long as diameter of nearest ocellus (Fig. 12). Antennae about as long as head diagonal, shape typical of the genus. <i>Ant</i>.4 with a large 3-lobed apical bulb and 6 curved sensilla, <i>S</i> 1 and <i>S</i> 2 clearly thinner, subapical <i>ms</i>, organite and seta <i>i</i> present (Fig. 13). <i>Ant</i>.3 usually with 19 (18–20) ordinary setae and <i>AO</i> of typical shape, <i>sgd</i> about as long as <i>sgv</i>, inner sensilla rather long, a small <i>ms</i> present ventrally. <i>Ant</i>.1–2 with 7 and 14(15) setae, longest setae on <i>Ant</i>.1 clearly shorter then segment width (0.6–0.7: 1). Labrum with a usual set of setae, arranged as 4/2-3-3-4 (Fig. 11). Apical part of labium with three setae and two small sensillar papillae; basal parts (mentum and submentum) with usual 4+4 setae (Fig. 10), 2+2 postlabial setae present on head along ventral line. Mandibles (Fig. 9) with three small apical teeth set slightly out of line and two larger basal ones. Maxillary capitulum with three apical teeth in main part followed by a smooth cutting edge and three serrate lamellae, <i>L</i>.2 long, reaching much beyond the tip of capitulum (Figs 7–8).</p> <p> Common dorsal setae clearly differentiated into macro- and microsetae, macrosetae long, erect, rather coarse, but usually smooth, sensilla thin, whip-like, more or less subequal on all terga, their number as usual 22/11111; lateral microsensilla (<i>ms</i>) present on <i>Th</i>.2. Dorsal chaetotaxy as in Figs 1–2. Main characteristics: tergum of <i>Th</i>.1 with 3+3 setae; setae <i>p</i> 1 absent on all terga from <i>Th</i>.2 to <i>Abd</i>.4; <i>Th</i>.2–3 with sensilla (<i>p</i> 3) in anterior position in front of macrosetae <i>p</i> 4, three setae (<i>a</i> 1, <i>a</i> 3 and <i>a</i> 5) of <i>a</i> -row and seta <i>m</i> 4 present (Fig. 1); <i>Abd</i>.1–3 with 3 <i>a</i> -setae (<i>a</i> 1, <i>a</i> 3 and <i>a</i> 5) and 2+2 macrosetae (<i>p</i> 2 and <i>p</i> 3) between sensilla <i>p</i> 4; <i>Abd</i>.4 with only two <i>a</i> -setae (<i>a</i> 1 and <i>a</i> 4) and a lateral macroseta <i>m</i> 5 between <i>a</i> - and <i>p</i> -rows; <i>Abd</i>.5 always without <i>a</i> 3 (Fig. 2). Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with four setae on each side. Chaetotaxy of abdominal sterna as in Fig. 5, sternum of <i>Abd</i>.2 without setae in medial position. Furca reduced to two poorly visible swellings near anterior border of <i>Abd</i>.4 sternum, each with (2)3 tiny setulae without visible alveoli. Each anal valve usually with three small <i>hr</i> -setae.</p> <p> Chaetotaxy of legs 1–3 as follows: upper subcoxae – 1, 2, 2; lower subcoxae – 0, 2, 2; coxae – 3, 8, 8; trochanters – 6, 6, 6; femora – 13, 12, 11; tibiotarsi – 19, 19, 18 setae, respectively, significant variations infrequent. Tibiotarsal setae rather long and thickened, longest inner setae of <i>B</i> -whorl slightly longer than inner unguis edge (1.1–1.4: 1). Unguis with a clear inner tooth (Fig. 14), lateral ones invisible.</p> <p> REMARKS. At present, the <i>hammerae</i> -group includes at least ten described species found on both sides of the northern Pacific (Babenko & Nakamori, 2021). Among them, there are only four congeners lacking axial setae <i>p</i> 1 on all terga from <i>Th</i>.2 to <i>Abd</i>.4 as observed in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>.: <i>A. luciae</i> Fjellberg, 1985, while in this species <i>p</i> 1 can occasionally be present on <i>Th</i>.2–3 (Fjellberg, 1985b), <i>A. elegans</i>, both recorded from the eastern Palaearctic, <i>A. reducta</i> Fjellberg, 1985, found so far only in the environs of Fairbanks, Alaska, and the amphi-Beringian <i>A. narli</i> Fjellberg, 1985. The former two are characterized by a feature rather unusual for the genus, namely, the presence of 7+7(8) ocelli, and both are fairly easy to distinguish from <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. <i>Anurida reducta</i> is blind and much smaller than <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. (1.0 <i>vs</i> almost 2.5 mm), and although its dorsal chaetotaxy is practically identical to that in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>., the level of its differentiation into macro- and microsetae is hardly comparable with that in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. <i>Anurida narli</i> is perhaps the most similar to the new species, since the whole range of variation in the number of ocelli (2–4) also includes that typical of <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. Nevertheless, these two species differ quite reliably in the details of dorsal chaetotaxy. In particular, <i>A. narli always has a3 present</i> [on <i>Abd</i>.4–5, as well as] <i>additional short seta p4’ obliquely behind the macrochaeta p4</i> (Fjellberg, 1985a: 106). Apart from this, these two species clearly differ in the differentiation of the dorsal chaetom (cf. Figs 1–2 and 3–4): in <i>A. narli</i> setae are <i>usually short and thin on anterior part of body, notably coarser towards tip of abdomen</i> [becoming] <i>more distinctly ciliate/serrate</i> there (Fjellberg, 1985a: 105). A differentiation of dorsal setae in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. is almost the same throughout the body (see Figs 1 and 2), while macrosetae are much longer and usually smooth.</p> <p> The most reliable feature for distinguishing species within the genus <i>Anurida</i> is undoubtedly the fine structure of the mandibles and maxillae. Unfortunately, maxilla and mandible were not examined in detail during the original description of <i>A. narli</i>; it was only said that they are apparently not different from those of <i>A. reducta</i> (Fjellberg, 1985a: 105). This latter statement appears to be fully correct (see Figs 15–18), at least as regards the available material from the eastern Chukotka (not types). The study of this material undoubtedly indicates differences in the fine structure of the maxillae in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. and <i>A. narli</i> (cf. Figs 7–8 and 17–18), while the mandibles are quite similar (cf. Figs 9 and 15–16). Specimens of <i>A. narli</i> from Chukotka and <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>. also differ in the absence (in <i>A. octoculata</i> <b>sp. n</b>.) or the presence (in <i>A. narli</i>) of setae in the medial region of <i>Abd</i>.2 sternum (see figs. 5 and 6). This can also be a good diagnostic feature, but it needs to be tested on more specimens from different locations.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. The species is only known from the type locality.</p> <p> ETYMOLOGY. The name of the new species reflects the number of ocelli, a highly variable character (0–8) within the <i>hammerae-</i> group.</p>Published as part of <i>Babenko, A. B., 2023, A NEW SPECIES OF THE HAMMERAE-GROUP OF THE GENUS ANURIDA LABOULBÈNE, 1865 (COLLEMBOLA: NEANURIDAE) FROM PRIMORSKY KRAI, pp. 9-16 in Far Eastern Entomologist 484</i> on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.25221/fee.484.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10134844">http://zenodo.org/record/10134844</a>
Folsomia atropolaris Potapov & Babenko 2000
No full textFolsomia atropolaris Potapov & Babenko, 2000 Discussion. A characteristic species of F. regularis complex (' quadrioculata ' group) due to 3 + 3 laterodistal chaetae on VT and basal ms on Ant.III missing. In the Arctic this species is usually mottled grey or even almost black while the specimens from Buryatia are less pigmented. They also never have ocelli which are often present (rudimentary) in the northern populations. The place of the missing ocellus is always well marked by dark pigmentation. In the Northern Barguzin Range another, probably new species, closely related to F. atropolaris, was collected. It has no basal ms on Ant.III (shared with F. a t ro p o l a r i s), 4 + 4 laterodistal chaetae on VT (vs. 3 + 3 in F. atropolaris), and shows very characteristic chaetotaxy of anterior side of manubrium with 3 + 3 chaetae arranged as 1 + 1 subapical and 2 + 2 in more proximal part. More material is needed to describe this new species. Distribution and ecology. A rather common species in larch taiga forests at the upper flow of the Barguzin River (Northern Buryatia) (Fig. 1: loc. 8), especially on damp and cold slopes. The species is widely distributed in Siberia but so far does not occur in southern areas (Babenko & Fjellberg 2006).Published as part of Potapov, Mikhail & Gulgenova, Ayuna, 2013, Isotomidae (Collembola) of Buryat Republic. II. A revision of the genus Folsomia, pp. 305-330 in Zootaxa 3682 (2) on page 312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3682.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/25449
Pseudachorutes aleksandrae Babenko & Kuznetsova & Nakamori & Shveenkova 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPseudachorutes aleksandrae Babenko sp. nov. Figs 1–14, Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, female (preadult), Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Suntar-Khayata Mt. Range, upper reaches of Kyubyume River, vicinity of «Vostochnaya» weather station, 63°14.45’N 139°37.88’E, herbaceous meadow on terrace, 2100 m alt., 15 July 2002. O. Makarova leg. [MSPU collection]. Paratypes, 4 males, 5 females and 3 juveniles from the same sample [MSPU collection]. Other material. 9 specimens, Russia, Magadan Province, Bolshoi Annachag Mt. Range, upper reaches of Kolyma River, vicinity of former «Aborigen» field station [~ 61°56’N 149°40’E], 25 July 1979. V. Behan-Pelletier leg.; 9 males, 16 females and 9 juveniles, same region, but upper reaches of Ola River, ~ 120 km northward from Magadan [~ 60°39’N 151°16’E], alt. 980–1150 m, August 2011. O. Makarova & A. Babenko leg. Diagnosis. Medium sized species. PAO rather large, elliptic. Buccal cone blunt, labrum with 4/2334 setae, labium with 12 ordinary setae and without seta L or labial organites. Dorsal chaetotaxy rich with variable number of setae on Th. I, 3–4 setae in front of setae p3–p4 on Th. II–III and not especially long sensilla. Mucro with lateral lamella almost reaching tip. Each anal valve with three hr-setae. Description. Length (without antennae) 1.0– 1.8 mm, holotype ̅̅ 1.2 mm. Colour grey-blue, rather dark. Tegument granulation coarse and uniform. Antennae slightly shorter than head, Ant. III–IV fused dorsally, ventral separation well marked. Ant. IV with trilobed apical vesicle, external ms, subapical or and seta i present; sensilla (S1–S4, S7–S8) on dorsal side of Ant. IV clearly differentiated (Fig. 2), ventral side with few sensilliform setae of various shape (Fig. 3). Antennal organ of Ant. III typical, inner sensilla small, sgv about as long as sgd, ventral ms and usually 18 common setae present. Ant. I–II with 7 and 12 setae, respectively. Head with 8+8 subequal ocelli. PAO rather large, usually elliptic, consisting of 10–14 vesicles, its long axis to ocellus B ratio as 2.2–3.0: 1 (Figs 11–12). Buccal cone short and blunt (Fig. 8). Maxilla styliform with tiny apical teeth (Fig. 9), lamellae not clearly seen. Mandible delicate, with two thin teeth and one additional small denticle subapically (Fig. 10). Distal edge of labrum rounded, number of labral setae as follows: 4/2334. Main part of labium with four proximal ordinary setae, seta L and labial organites absent; basomedian (submentum) and basolateral (mentum) parts of labium with usual set of four setae each, i.e. 4+4 (Fig. 7). Perilabial area with 5+5 setae. Chaetotaxy rather variable, most typical pattern of dorsal chaetotaxy presented on Fig. 1, but asymmetrical abnormalities frequent especially on interocular part (area frontalis) of head (Figs 1, 4) and in lateral parts of terga, sensilla only 1.2–1.5 times longer than ordinary setae (Figs 5–6), their number as usual: 22/11111. Main characteristics: Th. I with 3+3, 3+4 or 4+4 setae, only Th. II with a2-setae and ms, dorso-external group on both Th. II–III with 3–4 setae (a3–a4, m3–m4) in front of p3–p4, m3 on Th. II often absent, on Th. III absent only occasionally. Abd. I–III with 2–3 setae (a3, m3–m4) in front of p3–p4. Abd. V without p2 as usual. Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae, no seta on sternum of Abd. I, Abd. II with 3–4+3–4 ventral setae, Abd. III with 6–9 such setae. Tenaculum with 3+3 teeth as usual. Furca not especially long. Manubrium with 8–10+8–10 setae on main part, 4–5 setae on each basolateral lobe and 2 basal setae in line (Fig. 13). Dorsal side of dens with six setae and uniform coarse granulation, hyaline field on its ventral side about as large as mucro length. Mucro with upturned tip and broad lateral lamella almost reaching tip (Fig. 13). Each anal valve both in mature specimens and juveniles with three hr-setae (Fig. 14). Legs I–III with most usual number of setae: 1, 2, 2(3) setae on upper subcoxae, 0, 2, 2 setae on lower subcoxae, 3, 6(7), 7–8 setae on coxae, 6, 6, 6 on trochanters, 13, 12, 11 setae on femora and 19, 19, 18 setae on tibiotarsi. Unguis with clear tooth in mid part of inner edge, lateral teeth absent. Variation. Typically, the number of setae on Th. I is a stable feature in the genus, often used to separate closely related species. Surprisingly, this is not typical of P. aleksandrae sp. nov.: all type specimens from Yakutia always have only 3+3 setae on Th. I, while individuals with 4+4 setae clearly prevail in the Magadan Province. In addition, the dorsal sensilla in the latter are somewhat longer compared to ordinary setae. Etymology. The new species is named after the youngest granddaughter of the author as a gift for her five-year anniversary. Affinities. Among the two dozen species of the genus Pseudachorutes described on material from Japan, China, South and North Korea or found in these regions, only six, namely P. shiragamiensis and P. hitakamiensis (Japan), P. andrei Weiner & Najt, 1985 and P. dalensi Weiner & Najt, 1985 (N Korea), P. cheni Shi, Jiang & Pan, 2008 and P. wandae Gao, Yin & Palacios-Vargas, 2008 (China), have four proximal setae on labium like P. aleksandrae sp. nov. All of them can be more or less easily distinguished from the latter species. Both Japanese species mentioned above, P. shiragamiensis and P. hitakamiensis, have a different type of dorsal chaetotaxy with only two setae in front of p3–p4 on Th. II–III and only one seta in front of p3–p4 on Abd. I–III (so called parvulus - type). Apart from this, the former has a contrasting colour with white Th. II–III and Abd. VI, four teeth on mandibles and elongated buccal cone. The latter is characterized by small PAO with only 6–7 lobes, by the presence of two labral setae (vs 4 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov.) and only two hr-setae on each anal valve. Pseudachorutes dalensi from North Korea is unique in the above set due to several clavate setae on each tibiotarsi. Pseudachorutes andrei, described from the same region and apparently widespread in the eastern Palaearctic (see remarks to this species redescription below), may be easily distinguished because of much longer dorsal sensilla compared to ordinary setae (3.5–4.0: 1 vs 1.0–1.5: 1 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov.), rounded PAO with more (17–24) vesicles and only two tiny hr-setae on each anal valve. The Chinese species mentioned above, i.e. P. cheni and P. wandae, in addition to the similar shape of the labium, are also quite comparable with P. aleksandrae sp. nov. in their dorsal chaetotaxy (disregarding the presence of 2+2 sensilla on Abd. I–III in P. cheni, postulated in the original description, which, in our opinion, needs confirmation) although with much longer sensilla compared to ordinary setae (3–4: 1 in P. cheni and 5.5–7.5: 1 in P. wandae vs 1.0–1.5: 1 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov.). Apart from this, P. cheni has less number of labral setae (4/352 vs 4/ 2334 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov.), and mucro « without outer and inner lamellae », whereas P. wandae is characterized by the presence of spiniform seta L on labium. There are also two poorly described Japanese species, P. japonicus Kinoshita, 1916 and P. infuscata Yosii, 1954, whose buccal cone shape is unknown. The former can be distinguished due to a small rounded PAO with few vesicles, mandibles with five teeth and low lateral lamellae on mucro. The latter was described as a form of P. parvulus and considered now on www. collembola.org as its junior synonym. This opinion, as well as the presence of true P. parvulus in the eastern Palaearctic, probably needs modern confirmation, since several similar species have been described in the region since then (see, also description of P. cf. hitakamiensis below). Four species with the same type of labium are described in the present paper. Among them only P. concinnus sp. nov. is characterized by a blunt buccal cone without setae L similar to that in P. aleksandrae sp. nov. Additionally, these two species also have similar chaetotaxy but can be easily distinguished because of different number of prelabral setae (4 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov. vs 2 in P. concinnus sp. nov.) and hr-setae on anal valves (3 in P. aleksandrae sp. nov. vs 2 in P. concinnus sp. nov.) as well as due to distinctly differentiated setae on the head and clavate seta A1 on each tibiotarsus in P. concinnus sp. nov. In the western parts of the Palaearctic, the presence of all four proximal setae on the labium, i.e. A, B, C, D according to Massoud (1967), is clearly a predominant feature for the genus. For example, only one out of ten known congeners from Ukraine has not four, but three such setae (Kaprus’ & Weiner 2009). Four species of this fauna are also deprived of both seta L and labial organites, and only one of them, P. scythicus Kaprus’ & Weiner, 2009, has the same number of labral and prelabral setae as P. aleksandrae sp. nov. but differ in the shape and size of PAO and the number of hr-setae on anal valves. Distribution. The new species is known from three remote areas of northeastern Siberia.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Kuznetsova, Natalia, Nakamori, Taizo & Shveenkova, Yulia, 2021, A review of Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the East Asia, with description of six new species, pp. 351-391 in Zootaxa 4938 (4) on pages 352-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/457480
Pseudachorutes minimus Babenko & Kuznetsova & Nakamori & Shveenkova 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPseudachorutes minimus Babenko & Shveenkova sp. nov. Figs 25–30, Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, female, Far East, Khabarovsk Territory, Lazo District, Sikhote-Alin, upper reaches of Katen River, Mount Ko, mixed forest, wood, ~ 500 m alt., 01 July 2018. A. Brinev leg. Paratypes, 2 females, Southern Primor’e, Partisan District, Mount Olkhovaya, 43°20.83’N 133°39.38’E, ~ 1600 m alt., Pinus pumila belt, soil, 20 August 2018; 1 male pread., same area, 43°18.35’N 133°40.07’E, ~ 500 m alt., mixed forest in valley, wood, 20 August 2018; 1 female, same biotope, litter; 1 female, slope of same mount, 43°20.25’N 133°39.7’E, ~ 1300 m alt., fir forest, litter, 20 August 2018. All M. Potapov, Yu. Shveenkova & A. Kuprin leg.; 1 male pread., Chuguev District, National Park «Zov Tigra», Mount Oblachnaya, 43°41.70’N 134°11.98’E, ~ 1800 m alt., litter under Pinus pumila, 19–20 September 2018. A. Kuprin leg. Diagnosis. Small sized species. Ant. IV with usual 6 sensilla on dorsal side. PAO small and rounded with only 4–5 vesicles. Labrum with 4/2334 prelabral and labral setae, labium with full number of ordinary setae, seta L and two labial organites present. Dorsal chaetotaxy of the parvulus type with only 2+2 setae on Th. I and without seta a2 on Th. II. Each anal valve with 2 hr-setae. Mature males lack spine-like setae between furcal base and genital orifice. Description. Length (without antennae) 0.43–0.60 mm (median— 0.53 mm). Colour blue, not especially dark. Tegument granulation rather coarse and uniform. Antennae slightly shorter than head, Ant. III–IV fused dorsally, ventral separation well marked. Ant. IV with simple apical vesicle, external ms, subapical or and seta i present; dorsal side of Ant. IV with usual six curved sensilla (Fig. 26). Antennal organ of Ant. III typical (Fig. 26), inner sensilla small, sgv curved and clearly longer than sgd, ventral ms and 18–19 common setae present on Ant. III. Ant. I–II with 7 and (11)12 setae, respectively. Head with 8+8 subequal ocelli. PAO small, rounded, consisting of (3)4–5 vesicles, about as large as nearest ocellus B, ratio 0.9–1.1 (Fig. 27). Buccal cone moderately elongate. Maxilla styliform with two tiny apical teeth, lamellae not clearly seen. Mandible thin, only two teeth visible. Labrum usually with full number of labral and prelabral setae, 4/2334 totally, but sometimes proximal pair of setae absent. Main part of labium with four proximal ordinary setae, distal seta L on tiny papilla and two labial organites; submentum and mentum with usual set of four setae each, i.e. 4+4 (Fig. 28). Perilabial area in all studied specimens with 4+4 setae. Typical pattern of dorsal chaetotaxy presented on Fig. 25, asymmetrical abnormalities not frequent, number of sensilla as usual: 22/11111, their length 1.5–1.8 times longer than ordinary microsetae. Main characteristics: head with unpaired d0, but without a0, Th. I with 2+2 setae, Th. II without a2 setae and only two setae (a3–a4) in front of p3–p4, lateral ms present. Th. III identical, but without ms. Abd. I–III with only one seta (a3) in front of p3–p4, setae of m-row absent. Chaetotaxy of Abd. IV–V slightly reduced: Abd. IV often with only 2+2 p-setae between sensilla p4 and Abd. V usually without both a2 and p2. Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae, no seta on sternum of Abd. I, Abd. II with 2+2 ventral setae, Abd. III usually with 5+5 such setae (Fig. 29). Tenaculum with 3+3 teeth as usual. Furca not especially long. Manubrium with (7)8+8 setae on main part, 3 setae on each basolateral lobe and 2 basal setae in line. Dorsal side of dens with six setae and uniform granulation. Mucro with upturned tip and broad lateral lamella (Fig. 30). Each anal valve with two tiny hr-setae. Legs I–III with 1, 2, 2 setae on upper subcoxae, 0, 2, 2 setae on lower subcoxae, 3, 6–7, 8 setae on coxae, 6, 6, 6 on trochanters, 13, 12, (10)11 setae on femora and 19, 19, 18 setae on tibiotarsi. Inner tooth on unguis usually invisible, lateral teeth absent. Etymology. The name of the new species reflects its small size. Affinities. Pseudachorutes minimus sp. nov. is the next Far Eastern species, which can be mistakenly identified as P. parvulus due to its small size, few lobes in PAO, simple apical vesicle on Ant. IV, similar dorsal chaetotaxy and labium with the presence of seta L and two labial organites. Nevertheless the presence of four prelabral setae (vs two setae in P. parvulus), 4+4 setae on the perilabial area (vs 5+ 5 in P. parvulus), 2+2 setae on Th. I (vs usual 3+3 setae in P. parvulus) and the absence of setae a2 on Th. II (present in P. parvulus) make them easy to separate. Two similar congeners characterized by their small size and few lobes in PAO are known to exist in the eastern part of Asia, namely P. cf. hitakamiensis (see below) and P. armatus sp. nov. described above. Moreover, the former appears to have a sympatric distribution and can be found together with P. minimus sp. nov. in the same soil sample. Nevertheless P. minimus sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from P. cf. hitakamiensis by the presence of four prelabral setae (vs two such setae in P. cf. hitakamiensis), seta L on labium (absent in P. cf. hitakamiensis), four setae on basomedian part of labium (usually only three setae present in the same position in P. cf. hitakamiensis), and 2+2 setae on Th. I (3+3 setae in P. cf. hitakamiensis, at least in adults). Pseudachorutes armatus sp. nov. also has only two prelabral setae (vs four setae in P. minimus sp. nov.), 5 sensilla on Ant. IV (always 6 sensilla in adults of P. minimus sp. nov.), a2 setae on Th. II (absent in P. minimus sp. nov.) and spine-like setae on the ventral side of Abd. IV–V in adult males. Distribution. The species appears to be widespread, but not particularly abundant in the region under consideration.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Kuznetsova, Natalia, Nakamori, Taizo & Shveenkova, Yulia, 2021, A review of Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the East Asia, with description of six new species, pp. 351-391 in Zootaxa 4938 (4) on pages 359-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/457480
Desoria multisetis
No full textD. multisetis (Carpenter & Phillips, 1922) – Isotoma multisetis Carpenter & Phillips, 1922: 16 AK Potapov 2001; Babenko & Fjellberg 2006 NU Fjellberg 1986, 1994; Babenko 1993; Potapov 2001; Babenko & Fjellberg 2006 BC Battigelli & Marshall 1993; Rusek & Marshall 1995; Skidmore 1995; Cannings 2010 L Christiansen & Bellinger 1980, 1998 Remarks: This species was originally described from Bjørnøya Island in the western part of the Barents Sea and never recorded there subsequently. The recent morphological data are based on specimens collected in Greenland (Fjellberg 2007) or northern regions of America (Potapov 2001), and may not be consistent with the original materials. In any case, D. multisetis auct. is a complex of mostly Asian-American species united by the presence of densely serrated macrosetae and a tridentate mucro. General distribution: Greenland, Nearctic and Eastern Palaearctic.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Stebaeva, Sophya & Turnbull, Matthew S., 2019, An updated checklist of Canadian and Alaskan Collembola, pp. 1-125 in Zootaxa 4592 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4592.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265692
Hiding data in images using a pseudo-random sequence
No full textIn this article are discussed techniques of hiding information messages in cover image using direct spectrum spreading technology. This technology is based on the use of poorly correlated pseudorandom (noise) sequences. Modulating the information data with such signals, the message is presented as a noise-like form, which makes it very difficult to detect. Hiding means adding a modulated message to the cover image. If this image is interpreted as noise on the communication channel, then the task of hiding user's data is equivalent to transmitting a noise-like modulated message on the noise communication channel. At the same it is supposed that noise-like signals are poorly correlated both with each other and with the cover image (or its fragment). However, the latter assumption may not be fulfilled because a realistic image is not an implementation of a random process; its pixels have a strong correlation. Obviously, the selection of pseudo-random spreading signals must take this feature into account. We are investigating various ways of formation spreading sequences while assessing Bit Error Rate (BER) of information data as well as cover image distortion by mean squared error (MSE) and by Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The purpose of our work is to justify the choice of extending sequences to reduce BER and MSE (increase PSNR)
Pseudachorutes concinnus Babenko & Kuznetsova & Nakamori & Shveenkova 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPseudachorutes concinnus Babenko & Nakamori sp. nov. Figs 40–46, Table 1 Type material. Japan: holotype, female, Honshu Island, Nagano Prefecture, E Chino city, Kitayama, surroundings of Mugikusa Hutte, 36°4.13’N 138°20.3’E, 2280 m alt., mixed forest with old trees (Betula, Abies) on steep slope, litter, 11 August 2016. M. Potapov & N. Kuznetsova leg. [MSPU collection]. Paratypes, 4 males and 2 females, same area, but Abies forest along road, under Abies bark, 12 August 2016. M. Potapov & N. Kuznetsova leg. [3 ind.–– MSPU collection and 3 ind.–– TRPM collection]. Diagnosis. Medium sized species. PAO rounded, clearly larger than ocellus. Buccal cone blunt, only two prelabral setae, i.e. 2/2334, totally, labium with 12 ordinary setae and without seta L or labial organites, 5 setae in perilabial area. Dorsal chaetotaxy rich with 3–4 setae in front of setae p3–p4 on Th. II–III, ordinary setae clearly differentiated in length. Mucro with lateral lamella almost reaching the tip. All legs with distinctly clavate tibiotarsal seta A1. Each anal valve with two hr-setae. Description. Length (without antennae) 0.8–1.1 mm, holotype— 0.9 mm. Alive colour unknown (only cleared specimens available), but probably dark and uniform. Tegument granulation rather coarse. Antennae slightly shorter than head, Ant. III–IV fused dorsally, ventral separation well marked. Ant. IV with trilobed apical vesicle, external ms, subapical or and seta i present; sensilla (S1–S4, S7–S8) on dorsal side of Ant. IV clearly differentiated, ventral side with only few sensilliform setae. Antennal organ of Ant. III typical, inner sensilla small, sgv almost subequal to sgd (1.0–1.1: 1), ventral ms present. Ant. I–II with 7 and 12 setae, respectively. Head with 8+8 subequal ocelli. PAO rounded, consisting of 7–8 vesicles, ratio of its diameter to ocellus B as 1.5–1.7: 1 (Fig. 41). Buccal cone short and blunt. Maxilla styliform, lamellae unseen. Mandible with two teeth (Fig. 43). Distal edge of labrum not prolong, number of labral setae as follows: 2/2334. Main part of labium with four proximal ordinary setae, seta L and labial organites absent; submentum and mentum with usual set of four setae each, i.e. 4+4 (Fig. 42). Perilabial area with 5+5 setae. Dorsal chaetotaxy rather stable (Fig. 40), asymmetrical abnormalities not frequent, setae detectably differentiated in length (d2 and d4 on head especially long), longest setae on abdominal tip sometimes truncate or even slightly widened at apex. Sensilla short: on Th. II p1<p3(S)<p4 and on Abd. V p1: p3(S) = 1: 0.9, their number as usual: 22/11111. Head with d0 and without a0. Th. I usually with 3+3 setae (few specimens with 3+4 setae also observed). Th. II with a2-seta and lateral ms present, dorso-external group with three setae (a3–a4, m4) in front of p3–p4. Th. III without a2 and ms as usual but with four a–m setae in dorso-external group (a3–a4, m3–m4). Abd. I–III with 3 setae (a3, m3–m4) in front of p3–p4, occasionally one of them absent. Abd. IV usually with one lateral seta in m-row. Abd. V without p2 as usual. Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae, no seta on sternum of Abd. I, Abd. II with 5+5 sternal setae, Abd. III with 8–9 such setae (Fig. 46). Tenaculum with 3+3 teeth as usual. Furca not especially long, reaching posterior border of Abd. II. Manubrium with (8)9+(8)9 setae on main part, 4–5 setae on each basolateral lobe and 2 basal setae in line (Fig. 46). Dorsal side of dens with six setae and rather coarse granulation (Fig. 45), hyaline field on its ventral side about as large as mucro length. Mucro with upturned tip and long lateral lamella. Each anal valve with two tiny hr-setae. Legs I–III with usual number of setae: 1, 2, 2 setae on upper subcoxae, 0, 2, 2 setae on lower subcoxae, 3, 7, 7–8 setae on coxae, 6, 6, 6 on trochanters, 13, 12, 11 setae on femora and 19, 19, 18 setae on tibiotarsi, of which A1 elongate and clearly clavate at apex (Fig. 44). Unguis with small tooth in mid part of inner edge, lateral teeth absent. Etymology. The name of the new species reflects its general graceful appearance, concinnus in Latin—harmonious, slim, graceful. Affinities. The most characteristic feature of P. concinnus sp. nov. is the elongated and clearly clavate tibiotarsal seta А1. Among the species recorded in the eastern parts of the Asian continent, only P. dalensi have such setae on tibiotarsi, although their number is much higher (4–4–3 on legs I–III, respectively). The latter species also has some blunt setae on the abdominal tip, two teeth on mandibles, a labium with four proximal setae and without L or organites, PAO with a small number of vesicles, etc. However, dorsal chaetotaxy in P. dalensi is apparently much less complete. In particular, judging by fig. 14C in Weiner & Najt (1985), only 2+2 setae are present on Th. I (3+3 or 3+ 4 in P. concinnus sp. nov.), Th. II without a2 (present in P. concinnus sp. nov.), Abd. I–III with utmost one seta in front of p3–p4 (3 setae in P. concinnus sp. nov.) and Abd. V without a2 (present in P. concinnus sp. nov.). Perhaps, P. concinnus sp. nov. is even more similar to P. boerneri Schӧtt, 1902, which was also found in the region (see below). Both species have almost identical dorsal chaetotaxy, but are easily distinguishable by the number of clavate tenent setae on tibiotarsi (1,1,1 in P. concinnus sp. nov. vs 6–7,7,7 in P. boerneri) and differentiation of dorsal setae, which may be truncate or slightly widened on the abdominal tip of P. concinnus sp. nov., but never are knobbed as in P. boerneri. At least two similar species, P. corticicolus (Schäffer, 1896) and P. janstachi Kaprus’ & Weiner, 2009, are known from Europe. Both of them also have one clavate seta on each tibiotarsi, PAO with few vesicles and slightly modified dorsal setae on abdominal tip, but can be distinguished from P. concinnus sp. nov. by less complete dorsal chaetotaxy and different labral formulas (4/ 234 in P. corticicolus and 2/ 234 in P. janstachi vs 2/ 2334 in P. concinnus sp. nov.). Apart from these, mandibles appear to differ (with four strong teeth in corticicolus, two in P. concinnus sp. nov. and three in P. janstachi, although a medial tooth in the latter species is tiny and can easily be overlooked), only P. janstachi has a seta L and organites on labium and P. concinnus sp. nov. appears to be unique due to the different lengths of setae on the head. A fairly similar species, P. columbicus Rusek, 1991, is known from the other side of the Pacific Ocean. It can be easily distinguished from P. concinnus sp. nov. by the labral formula (4/ 334 in P. columbicus vs 2/ 2334 in P. concinnus sp. nov.), mandibles (three large teeth in P. columbicus vs two teeth in P. concinnus sp. nov.) and peculiarities of the chaetotaxy. In particular, P. columbicus is characterized by the presence of a0 on head (absent in P. concinnus sp. nov.), Th. I with 4+4 setae (3+3 setae in P. concinnus sp. nov.), Th. II–III without setae m3 (always present in P. concinnus sp. nov., at least on Th. III) and by the presence of only two setae in front of p3–p4 on Abd. I–III (three such setae in P. concinnus sp. nov., as a rule). In North America, a number of other species having clavate tibiotarsal setae are noted. Unfortunately, their morphology is not always fully described, which makes them difficult to compare with P. concinnus sp. nov. Some of them are easily distinguishable, others are obscure, and, for example, « the forms gathered under this name [corticicolus of American authors] probably represent a cluster of species » (Christiansen & Bellinger 1980). Distribution. Known only from the type locality.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Kuznetsova, Natalia, Nakamori, Taizo & Shveenkova, Yulia, 2021, A review of Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the East Asia, with description of six new species, pp. 351-391 in Zootaxa 4938 (4) on pages 363-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/457480
Pseudachorutes armatus Babenko & Kuznetsova & Nakamori & Shveenkova 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPseudachorutes armatus Babenko & Sveenkova sp. nov. Figs 15–24, Table 1 Type material. Russia: holotype, male, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Suntar-Khayata Mt. Range, upper reaches of Kyubyume River, vicinity of «Vostochnaya» weather station, 63°14.45’N 139°37.88’E, Dryas plant association, 1480 m alt., 28 July 2002. O. Makarova leg. [MSPU collection]. Paratypes, 7 females (including two immature ones) and 2 males from the same sample [MSPU collection]. Other material. 4 females and 4 males, Magadan Province, Bolshoi Annachag Mt. Range, upper reaches of Kolyma River, vicinity of former «Aborigen» field station [~ 61°56’N 149°40’E], Dryas plant association, August 2006. A. Alfimov leg. Diagnosis. Small sized species. Ant. IV with only 5 dorsal sensilla. PAO small, rounded with 5–7 vesicles. Buccal cone elongate, 2/334 labral setae, labium with full number of ordinary setae (12), seta L and two labial organites. Dorsal chaetotaxy of the parvulus type (i.e. three ordinary setae in dorso-external group on Th. II–III and two such setae in the same position on Abd. I–III). Mucro with lateral lamella almost reaching the tip. Adult and preadult males with 6 modified (strong and spine-like) setae between furcal base and genital orifice. Each anal valve with 2 hr-setae. Description. Length (without antennae) 0.54–0.64 mm. Colour grey-blue, not especially dark. Tegument granulation rather coarse and uniform. Antennae slightly shorter than head, Ant. III–IV fused dorsally, ventral separation well marked. Ant. IV with simple apical vesicle, external ms, subapical or and seta i present; dorsal side of Ant. IV with clearly differentiated, curved sensilla (Fig. 17), among them three inner sensilla (S1, S3–S4) and two outer ones (S7 and S8), ventral side with few sensilliform setae of various shape, including several ones with larger sockets (Fig. 16). Antennal organ of Ant. III typical (Fig. 18), inner sensilla small, sgv slightly curved and clearly longer than sgd, ventral ms and 18–19 common setae present on Ant. III. Ant. I–II with 7 and (11)12 setae, respectively. Head with 8+8 subequal ocelli. PAO small, rounded, consisting of 5–7(8) vesicles, slightly larger than nearest ocellus B, ratio 1.1–1.3: 1 (Fig. 21). Buccal cone elongate. Maxilla styliform with two tiny apical teeth, lamellae not clearly seen. Mandible delicate, with two thin teeth (Fig. 20). Distal edge of labrum rounded, number of labral setae as follows: 2/334. Main part of labium with four proximal ordinary setae, distal seta L on tiny papilla and two labial organites; submentum and mentum with usual set of four setae each, i.e. 4+4 (Fig. 19). Perilabial area usually with 5+5, more rarely 5+4 or 4+4 setae. Typical pattern of dorsal chaetotaxy presented on Fig. 15, but asymmetrical abnormalities rather frequent especially in lateral parts of terga, number of sensilla as usual: 22/11111, their length 1.5–1.8 times longer than ordinary microsetae. Main characteristics: head with unpaired d0, but without a0, Th. I with 2+2 setae, Th. II with both a- and p-rows including five setae each (a1–a5, a2 usually shifted laterally, p1–p5), only lateral m6 (S) in m-row, lateral ms present. Th. III identical, but without a2 and ms. Abd. I–IV with only one seta (a3) in front of p3–p4, setae of m-row absent. Abd. V without p2 as usual. Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae, no seta on sternum of Abd. I, Abd. II with 3+3 ventral setae, Abd. III with 6–7 such setae on each side (Fig.22). Tenaculum with 3+3 teeth as usual. Furca not especially long. Manubrium with 7–8+7–8 setae on main part, 3 setae on each basolateral lobe and 2 basal setae in line (Fig. 22). Dorsal side of dens with six setae and uniform granulation, hyaline field on its ventral side rather large. Mucro with upturned tip and broad lateral lamella (Fig. 24). Adult and preadult males with 6 strong, spine-like setae between base of furca and genital orifice (Figs 22–23), in immature males these setae unmodified. Each anal valve with two tiny hr-setae. Legs I–III with 1, 2, 2 setae on upper subcoxae, 0, 2, 2 setae on lower subcoxae, 3, 6, 7 setae on coxae, 6, 6, 6 on trochanters, 13, 12, (10)11 setae on femora and 19, 19, 18 setae on tibiotarsi. Unguis with tiny, often hardly visible inner tooth in mid part of inner edge, lateral teeth absent. Etymology. The name of the new species reflects its most specific morphological feature—the presence of sexual dimorphism (armatus in Latin–armed). Affinities. Main diagnostic characters of P. armatus sp. nov. are identical with those of P. parvulus Bӧrner, 1901. Both these species are characterized by small size of body and PAO, usually simple apical vesicle on Ant. IV, incomplete dorsal chaetotaxy, similar labium with the presence of seta L and two labial organites and only two prelabral setae. However, sexual dimorphism, which is characteristic of the new species, is not common for the genus (although not unique, see below), at least for its Holarctic representatives, and this phenomenon was never mentioned for P. parvulus. There are also several finer differences between these two species which are apparently constant, i.e. a number of dorsal sensilla on Ant. IV (5 in P. armatus sp. nov. vs 6 in P. parvulus) and labral setae (2/ 334 in P. armatus sp. nov. vs 2/ 2334 in P. parvulus), and Th. I with an unusual set of 2+2 setae (vs 3+ 3 in P. parvulus). In addition, the mandibles seem to be slightly different—only two teeth were seen in the new species, while P. parvulus usually has 1–2 extra small denticles between apical and basal teeth. This character is not easy to detect and, therefore, is unlikely to be particularly reliable. There is also another species of the same group in the region under study, i.e. P. cf. hitakamiensis Tamura, 2001, which description is given below. It is also characterized by small size of body and PAO, usually simple apical vesicle on Ant. IV, incomplete dorsal chaetotaxy and only two prelabral setae. It differs from both P. armatus sp. nov. and P. parvulus having no seta L and labial organites on labium (see also Remarks to P. cf. hitakamiensis below). A comparison of P. armatus sp. nov. with P. minimus sp. nov., the third similar species in the region under consideration, is given below when describing the latter. The presence of true P. parvulus in the study region remains questionable. We have seen only one male (South Korea, Gangwon-do, Pongnaesan Mt., mixed forest, litter, 06.09.2017, leg. A. Kuprin), which is very close to P. parvulus in most diagnostic features, including dorsal and labial chaetotaxy. However, it has only five sensilla on Ant. IV (S2 is absent as in P. armatus sp. nov.) and slightly different number of labral setae (2/2324 vs 2/ 334 in P. armatus sp. nov. and 2/ 2334 in P. parvulus). The status of this form is not clear. Of the 120 species known in the genus Pseudachorutes according to www. collembola.org we were able to find only two congeners, namely P. bobeitio Najt & Weiner, 1997 (New Caledonia) and P. polychaetosus Gao & Palacios-Vargas, 2008 (China), which have some kind of modified setae in adult males. The latter species, having two groups of such setae at the furca base in males and characterized by numerous clearly differentiated setae on the dorsal side of the body, is obviously not closely related to P. armatus sp. nov. Main diagnostic traits of P. bobeitio, which males armed by two spine-like setae located anterior to genital orifice, and P. armatus sp. nov. are more similar. Both species are characterized by small size, low number of vesicles in PAO, almost identical dorsal chaetotaxy consisting of short, undifferentiated setae, mandibles with two teeth and some others. However, additionally to the different number of modified setae in males, they differ by the number of dorsal sensilla on Ant. IV (5 in P. armatus sp. nov. vs 6 in P. bobeitio), labium (L-seta is present in P. armatus sp. nov. vs absent in P. bobeitio), and chaetotaxy of Th. I–II (Th. I with 2+2 setae and a2 is present on Th. II in P. armatus sp. nov. vs Th. I with 3+3 setae and a2 is absent on Th. II in P. bobeitio). Distribution. The new species is known from two areas of northeastern Siberia, remote from each other by almost 1500 km.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Kuznetsova, Natalia, Nakamori, Taizo & Shveenkova, Yulia, 2021, A review of Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the East Asia, with description of six new species, pp. 351-391 in Zootaxa 4938 (4) on pages 356-357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/457480
Pseudachorutes morulifer Babenko & Kuznetsova & Nakamori & Shveenkova 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPseudachorutes morulifer Babenko & Nakamori sp. nov. Figs 47–52, Table 1 Type material. Japan: holotype, female, Honshu Island, near Nara, Nara Park (forest-park), debris on river bed, 34°41.17’ N 135°51.42’ E, 25 August 2016, N. Kuznetsova leg. [MSPU collection]. Paratypes, 2 females and 1 male, Kyushu Island, Miyazaki Prefecture, Ohkawauchi, Shiiba Village, «Mt. Tsunodake», Yatate, 32°22.25’N 131°5.13’E, ~ 1200 m alt., shadow beech forest, rotten wood, 05 August 2016; 1 female, same area, but Cryptomeria plantation; 1 male, same area, but « Maruju », mixed forest on slope, litter, 04 August 2016. All T. Nakamori, S. Saitoh, M. Potapov & N. Kuznetsova leg. [3 ind.–– MSPU collection, 2 ind.–– TRPM collection] Diagnosis. Medium sized species. Ant. IV with clear «ventral file». PAO with complex lobes divided into several branches. Main part of labium with 3 proximal setae, seta L and two organites, both its basomedial and basolateral parts with 4 setae. Mandibles with four strong apical teeth. Dorsal chaetotaxy with short ordinary setae and usual number of long differentiated sensilla, head with both a0 and d0, Th. I with 4+4 setae, Th.II–III with 4 ordinary setae (a3, a4, m4 and p4) in dorso-external group additionally to S, Abd. I–III with 4+4 p-setae between sensilla. Mucro with basal «swelling». Each anal valve with 3 hr-setae. Description. Habitus typical of genus, rather wide and somewhat flattened (Fig. 47). Length of adults (without antennae) from 0.85 to 1.38 mm. Colour unknown (only cleared specimens available). Tegument granulation rather coarse, especially on Abd. VI. Antennae slightly shorter than head, Ant. III–IV fused dorsally, ventral separation well marked. Ant. IV with trilobed apical vesicle, external ms, subapical or and seta i present; sensilla (S1–S4, S7–S8) on dorsal side of Ant. IV clearly differentiated, S1 and S2 somewhat slender, ventral side with about 30 truncate or slightly clavate sensilliform setae around longer one. Antennal organ of Ant. III typical, inner sensilla small, inclined to one side and located in cuticular fold, sgv only slightly longer than sgd, ventral ms present. Ant. I–II with 7 and 12–13 setae, respectively. Head with 8+8 subequal ocelli. PAO elliptic, consisting of 10–14 compound vesicles, divided into 2–6 branches, ratio of its longer diameter to ocellus B as 1.4–1.6: 1 (Figs 51–52). Buccal cone elongated (Fig. 48). Maxilla styliform, with several tiny apical teeth (Fig. 50), number of lamellae uncertain. Mandible triangular at apex with four strong teeth (Fig. 49). Distal edge of labrum truncate, number of labral setae as: 4/2334. Main part of labium with three proximal ordinary setae, seta L and two small labial organites (Fig. 48); submentum and mentum with usual set of four setae each, i.e. 4+4. Perilabial area with 5+5 setae. Dorsal setae short and smooth, sensilla clearly longer, about as 2.5–3.5 times longer than ordinary setae, their number as usual: 22/1111. Chaetotaxy stable, asymmetrical abnormalities not frequent (Fig. 47). Main characteristics: head with both a0 and d0 present, Th. I with 4+4 setae, Th. II with a2-seta and lateral ms present, dorso-external group with three setae (a3–a4, m4) in front of p3–p4. Th. III identical but without a2 and ms. Abd. I–III with 1+1 extra setae in p-row between sensilla p4, i.e. 4+4 p-setae, totally, and 3 setae (a3, m3–m4) in front of p3–p3’–p 4 in dorso-external group. Abd. IV with more setae in a-row, some m-setae laterally, extra p-seta between sensilla present or absent. Abd. V without p2 as usual. Thoracic sterna without setae. Ventral tube with 4+4 setae, no seta on sternum of Abd. I, Abd. II with 5(6)+5 sternal setae, Abd. III with 10–13 such setae on each side. Tenaculum with 3+3 teeth as usual. Furca complete, manubrium with 10+10 setae on main part, 4 setae on each basolateral lobe and 2 basal setae in line. Dorsal side of dens with six setae, hyaline field on its ventral side about as large as mucro length. Mucro curved, lateral lamella high but short forming basal «swelling». Each anal valve with three tiny hr-setae. Legs I–III with typical number of setae: 1, 2, 2 setae on upper subcoxae, 0, 3, 2–3 setae on lower subcoxae, 3, 7–8, 7–8 setae on coxae, 6, 6, 6 on trochanters, 13, 12, 11 setae on femora and 19, 19, 18 setae on tibiotarsi. Unguis with strong basal tooth on inner edge, lateral teeth invisible. Etymology. The name of the new species reflects its most characteristic feature—the morula-like shape of its PAO. Affinities. The new species possess two unique characters, which are very rare for the genus, namely, compound vesicles in the PAO and 4+4 setae of the p-row between sensilla on Abd. I–III. The only other known congener shared both these characters is P. prosimplex Weiner & Najt, 1985 described from North Korea. The difference of these two forms is limited by the shape of the mandibles: P. morulifer sp. nov. has 4, but not 2 mandibular teeth as described for Korean type of P. prosimplex. Initially we believed that our Japanese specimens are conspecific to the true P. prosimplex and two additional teeth on mandibles have been missed during the original description. Fortunately, the holotype of P. prosimplex is still kept in the ISEA collection (Poland) and was studied again by W.M. Weiner and G. Paśnik at our request. This study unambiguously confirmed the correctness of the initial description of the mandibular shape in P. prosimplex (W.M. Weiner, person. comm.). Thus, despite the obvious close relationship between P. prosimplex and P. morulifer sp. nov., they may well be considered independent species, at least until the variability of this usually very stable structure is established. It should also be noted that this study revealed additional similarities between these two species. In particular, chaetotaxy of Abd. IV in P. prosimplex appeared to be more usual and devoid of setae m1 (as in P. morulifer sp. nov. and contrary to fig 15A in Weiner & Najt 1985), sensilla S1 and S2 on Ant. IV in both species are slender than S3 and S4 and both species have three hr-setae on each anal valve. There is another species in the fauna of Japan, namely P. insularis Yosii, 1965, whose PAO is comparable to those of P. prosimplex and P. morulifer sp. nov. It has been described as being composed of ca. 16 peripheral and 20 central elements, and, judging from the fig.5 G & H in Yosii (1965), is similar in general appearance to that of P. morulifer sp. nov. According to existed descriptions, there are many formal differences between P. insularis and P. morulifer sp. nov. (and P. prosimplex as well). Pseudachorutes insularis is smaller (0.6 mm vs 0.9–1.4 mm in P. morulifer sp. nov.), appears to have no ventral file on Ant. IV, its mandibles have only two teeth as in P. prosimplex, VT with 2+2 setae, only 3+3 setae on Th. I present, some other peculiarities in chaetotaxy also exist. However, most of these differences can be related to the size/age of the types or be a result of misinterpretation. In fact, P. morulifer sp. nov. may probably be a junior synonym for P. insularis, but this assumption is difficult to prove or disprove without studying the types of the latter species. Unfortunately, we could not find them. Distribution. The species is known only from two Japanese Islands: Honshu and Kyushu.Published as part of Babenko, Anatoly, Kuznetsova, Natalia, Nakamori, Taizo & Shveenkova, Yulia, 2021, A review of Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871 (Collembola, Neanuridae) from the East Asia, with description of six new species, pp. 351-391 in Zootaxa 4938 (4) on pages 366-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4938.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/457480
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