11 research outputs found
Erken dönem Hıristiyanlığında düalist bir fırka: Markionizm
No full textSoyadı: Zaur Alasgarov lahiyat nler Tarihi Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Harman Tez Türü ve Tarihi: Yüksek Lisans - Aralık 2002 Dualizm, Markion, Eski Ahit, Yeni AhitERKEN DÖNEM HIRİSTİYANLIĞINDA DÜALİST BİR FIRKA: MARKİONİZM İkinci yüzyılda yaşayan Markion, kendi çağında evrenselleşmekte olan Hıristiyanlığın yanlış temellere dayandığını varsayarak, buna karşı çıkmıştır. Petrus, Yuhanna ve Yakup gibi seçkin Havariler'in İsa'nın gerçek talimini çarpıttıklarını, onun misyon-devrimine karşı devrim yaptıklarını iddia etmiştir. O, Pavlus'un faaliyetlerini bu durumun düzeltilmesi olarak görmekteydi. İsrailizmle mücadelesinde, Markion, kendisini Pavlus'un halefi saymıştır. Havariler'in yaydıkları içi Yahudilik unsurlarıyla dolu Hıristiyanlık öğretisini ıslah etmeye çalışmıştır. Eski Ahit'le İncil'i karşılaştırarak bunların müelliflerinin ayrı ayrı tanrılar olduğunu ispat etmeyi kendine gaye edinmiştir ve anayol Hıristiyanlığı'na seslenerek şu görüşünü ileri sürmüştür: 1) Eski Ahid'in müellifi Yahova adil, hakkaniyetli ve öfkeli Tanrı'dır; Yeni Ahid'in Tanrısı ise Mutlak İyi Tanrı'dır. 2) Gelmiş olan İsa, sanıldığı gibi Eski Ahit'te vaadedilmiş Mesih değildir, o, henüz gelmemiştir. Onu Eski Ahid'in Tanrısı muhakkak gönderecektir. Halbuki gelmiş olan Mesih mutlak iyi olan Üstün Tanrı'nın İsa-Oğul görünümündeki tecellisidir. 3) Mevcut Anayol Hıristiyanlığı, Eski Ahid'i Hıristiyan öğretisinin dayanağı olarak görmesiyle yanlış yolda yürümektedir. Gerçek Hıristiyanların bundan vazgeçmeleri gerekmektedir, zira Eski Ahid'in müellifi bu kötü dünyayı yaratan Demiurg'dur ve beşeriyetin kurtuluşu için hiçbir vaatte bulunmamıştır. Dolayısıyla da, mutlak iyi Tanrı'nın itikadına uyması gereken Hıristiyanlar için Eski Ahit, bağlayıcılığı olmayan bir külliyattır. Name and Surname: Zaur Alasgarov Field: Theology Programme: The Comparative History of Religions Supervisor: Professor Ömer Faruk Harman Degree Awarded and Date: Master - December 2002 Dualism, Marcion, The Old Testament, The New Testament DUALISTIC SECT IN THE EARLY CHRISTIANITY: MARCIONISM ABSTRACT Marcion, who lived in the second century A.D., opposed Christianity which was being universalized in his time on the grounds that it was based on incorrect foundations. He thought the Apostles Peter, John and James had distorted the genuine teachings of Jesus and had made a counter-revolution against his mission-revolution. Marcion considered Paul's activities an attempt to correct this situation. In his struggle against Judaism, Marcion assumed himself a successor of Paul. He also tried to reform the Christian teaching full of Judaistic elements as promulgated by the Apostles. He compared Old Testament with Bible and proved that the authors of them were different Gods. Addressing the mainstream Christianity, he proposed the following opinions: 1) Jehovah, the author of Old Testament, is a just and furious God, but the God of New Testament is the Absolutely Good God. 2) As contrary to the belief, Jesus was not the Christ promised in Old Testament, Christ has not come yet. Christ will be certainly sent out by God of Old Testament. Jesus who had been sent out was the manifestation of the Absolutely Good Superior God in the form of Jesus-Son. 3) Since the present mainstream Christianity considers Old Testament the base of the Christian teaching, it takes a wrong way. The real Christians must forgo the said way, because the author of Old Testament is Demiurge who had created this evil world, and he promises nothing about the salvation of mankind. Therefore, Old Testament is a non-binding collected work for the Christians who must submit to the faith of the Absolutely Good God
The USSR industry in the CIA estimates in 1947-1953
No full textIn this article the author analyses the archival documents of the CIA on the industry of the USSR. The chronological scope of the work originates from the founding of the Central Intelligence Agency and until the death of Joseph Stalin. The sources of this period make it possible to see which industries were the most interesting for the American intelligence. The conclusions to which the author came allow better understanding of the CIA's view of the US main enemy in the Cold War in its first period
Prospects of revolutions in the post-war world in the CIA's assessments of 1947-1953
No full textThis article analyses the archival documents of the Central Intelligence Agency. The author outlines the main directions by which US intelligence forecasted the prospects for revolutions in the post-war world. The sources of this period make it possible to see which states were considered vulnerable, according to CIA analysts. And in the context of these documents American intelligence was ambiguous to revolutions
“Hizmet” movement assessed by Russian media
No full textThe article analyses the articles from periodicals – the governmental newspaper “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, the moderate and liberal newspaper “Izvestiya”, and the popular analytical magazine “Expert” – on the topic of the Turkish movement of “Hizmet” activity. During the research the author studies the “Hizmet's” image in the Russian newspaper and the development of forming the public opinion about it
Cognitive and pragmatic potential of the fiction text: intentionality and implication of irony
No full textThe article examines the intentionality and implication of irony from the perspective of its producer and recipient, which allows to identify and describe the functions of irony. The author postulates the existence of verbal and situational types of irony, the understanding of which is based on the knowledge of “compatibility” within the same context of the events, phenomena, objects of linguistic units. Decoding of irony is a cognitive mechanism, the implementation of which depends on the ability of the recipient to interpret the statements in the coordinates of the intentionality of the producer. The ironic meaning is the result of functioning of situational implicature. Receptive-interpretative activity aimed at decoding the ironic act that objectifies the specifics of irony as a pragmatic phenomenon which is always characterized by implicit evaluation. The multilevel nature of the phenomenon of irony makes polivarietiveness of its interpretation. Axiology statements, the underlying irony give grounds to consider it as the cognitive foundation of intentionality and implicational literary text, variously realized in different register fields: author, character, receptive and reflexiveinterpretative
Turkey’s accession to NATO membership through the US press
No full textThe article analyses the US periodicals on a topic of the Turkish Republic accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It considers the evolution of the image of this event in the American press of the first half of the 1950s. Turkey's accession to NATO was for certain reasons which the author cites in conclusions. The key issue of the article is the analysis of how Turkey's membership in NATO was presented to the American people in newspapers
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION IN THE FORMATION OF A FAVORABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
No full textIn the realm of economic theory and practice, competition stands as a cornerstone in shaping a conducive environment for businesses. This article delves into the paramount importance of competition in fostering innovation, efficiency, and ultimately, economic growth. By analyzing the multifaceted impact of competition on market dynamics, consumer welfare, and industry evolution, it becomes evident that competitive forces play a pivotal role in driving businesses towards excellence and sustainability. Furthermore, the article explores the regulatory frameworks and policies essential for maintaining fair competition, thereby ensuring a level playing field for all market participants. Each independent state, which is a part of the global economy, tries to form a favorable business environment within its borders. It is impossible to form a favorable business environment without forming a favorable competitive environment. Research shows that there is a reciprocal relationship between competition and business. Because a favorable competitive environment forms a favorable business environment, the absence of a favorable business environment results in a favorable competitive environment not being fully formed in that region. In this regard, the article talks about the interaction of both concepts, as well as the exceptional importance of competition in the formation of a favorable business environment. The author considers a favorable competitive environment as a trigger factor for a favorable business environment. In the article, a statistical table was formed with reference to the statistical indicators of the international economic form for the comparison of competitiveness at the global level by evaluating competition, interindustry and intra-industry from different aspects and competitiveness between countries was evaluated from different aspects
The philosophy of Azerbaijan Enlightenment in the studies of Enver Akhmedov: a critical analysis
No full textThe article analyzes the views on the philosophy of Azerbaijan Enlightenment, the famous Azerbaijani historian of philosophy of the XX century, Enver Mirzekulievich Akhmedov (1920-1984). E.Akhmedov was one of the first scientists who studied the Azerbaijan philosophy of enlightenment in stages and systematically. He briefly referred to the legacy of almost every author, thoroughly studied by him during the period of Azerbaijan Enlightenment. E.Akhmedov managed to create a general philosophical picture of the era of enlightenment in Azerbaijan, which was formed from the beginning of the XIX century and went through a difficult path of development until the 20s of the XX century. Despite the fact that in his works on the history of philosophy he tried to preserve scientific objectivity as much as possible, there is an ideological line of that time in his legacy, which is observed among most of our scientists who conducted research in the field of social sciences during the Soviet period. This moment makes it impossible, without a critical approach, to comprehend within the framework of the modern scientific paradigm, the rich legacy of E.Akhmedov and other historians of philosophy of the Soviet era. The obligatory Marxist-Leninist line of the Soviet era, the search for materialism and atheism in every period and thinker of the history of philosophy, unfortunately, undermines the scientific objectivity of research at this stage. The interpretation of such factors in the legacy of E.Akhmedov and our other scientists, based on scientific and philosophical critical analysis, allows the works of our historians of philosophy of the Soviet period to remain relevant in our time
The language of Caucasian cosmopolitanism : twentieth-century Baku at the crossroads
No full textThis chapter presents literary fiction as a space where nostalgic responses to the revolutions and civil wars tearing up the Caucasus proliferated. At the centre of attention is a novel by Kurban Said, the pen name of the Jewish author Leo Nussimbaum, whose novel Ali und Nino (1937), written in exile in Austria, depicted a multinational Baku torn along ethnic and religious lines during the civil war of 1917–1920. A love story between a Shia Muslim male, an Azeri Ali and the Georgian Orthodox female Nino began in the classroom of that Russian gymnasium captures the last years of Azerbaijani culture in the late Russian empire before the Bolshevik occupation. The geography of Ali and Nino encompasses the whole region of the Caucasus, involving Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Dagestanis, Turks and Persians. Gasimov places the confession of the lead protagonist, who claims that he is ‘not an Asian anymore’, in the broader context of the cultural history of Baku, a site of conflict as well as of cosmopolitan belonging between empires. In so doing, he unravels the cultural history of other Bakuvian humanists, who included translators of Goethe’s works into Azeri. The chapter problematizes the category of the ‘white Russian’ émigré as a reactionary nostalgic for imperial Russia, recovering instead the imperial multiculturalism of late imperial Caucasian humanism
