658 research outputs found
Climate change mitigation with renewable energy: Geothermal
No full textOn a global scale, there is increasing evidence that climate is changing and of a discernible human influence. Many of scientists are confident that if current emissions of greenhouse gases continue, the world will be warmer, sea levels will rise and regional climate patterns will change. According to some scientist, global temperatures are expected to rise faster over the next century than over any time during the last 10,000 years. From this token, geothermal energy is now considered to be one of the most important alternative energy sources to minimize climate change. Geothermal technologies for power generation or direct use operate with little or no greenhouse gas emissions. Geothermal energy is generally accepted as being an environmentally-friendly energy source, particularly when compared to fossil fuel energy sources. Geothermal resources have long been used for direct heat extraction for district urban heating, industrial processing, domestic water and space heating, leisure and balneotherapy applications. Geothermal energy is used in more than 80 countries for direct heat application and 24 countries for power generation. Re-injection of fluids maintains a constant pressure in the reservoir, thus increasing the field's life and reducing concerns about environmental impacts. Geothermal energy has several significant characteristics that make it suitable for climate change mitigation
Adapting Cities to Pluvial Flooding: The Case of Izmir (Türkiye)
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Adapting Cities to Pluvial Flooding: The Case of Izmir (Türkiye)
by Stefano Salata 1,*ORCID,Koray Velibeyoğlu 2,Alper Baba 3ORCID,Nicel Saygın 2,Virginia Thompson Couch 4 andTaygun Uzelli 5ORCID
1
Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Lab PPTE, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
2
Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Campus Urla, Izmir 35430, Türkiye
3
Department of International Water Resources, Civil Engineering Faculty, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Campus Urla, Izmir 35430, Türkiye
4
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Campus Urla, Izmir 35430, Türkiye
5
Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Türkiye
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16418; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416418
Received: 20 November 2022 / Revised: 28 November 2022 / Accepted: 6 December 2022 / Published: 8 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Resilient Cities by Ecosystem Service Mapping)
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Abstract
In the coming decades, climate change will be one of the most significant challenges for urban areas. The quantity, duration and intensity of events, such as flash rains and heat waves, will increase the vulnerability of urban regions while exposing citizens to potentially dangerous conditions. According to the current literature, mainstreaming resilience in urban planning means designing rules that strengthen urban systems’ adaptive and self-regulating functions by reducing their vulnerability. In this work, we aimed to build knowledge for the application of the sponge district concept to Izmir (Türkiye), one of Europe’s most vulnerable areas to pluvial flooding. To do this, we first analyzed the runoff in each urban sub-watershed, then employed a composite index to determine potential areas of intervention for nature-based solutions. Results show that 10% of Izmir’s urban areas are extremely vulnerable to cloudbursts, which means that 40% of the urban population is exposed to this phenomenon. Moreover, the runoff calculation in the sub-watershed demonstrated that the potential flood volume is underestimated, especially in the upslope areas. The results can be used as a template to suggest a stepwise approach to mainstream the resilience of densely-inhabited coastal urban catchments
Naturally occurring arsenic in geothermal systems in Turkey
No full text7th International Congress and Exhibition on Arsenic in the Environment (As) - Environmental Arsenic in a Changing World -- JUL 01-06, 2018 -- Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Urban Environm, BeijingHuman beings have been benefiting from geothermal energy for different uses since the dawn of the civilization in many parts of the world. One of the earliest uses of geothermal energy was for heating and was used extensively by Romans in Turkey, where is an area of complex geology with active tectonics and high geothermal potential. The highest concentrations of naturally occurring aqueous arsenic (As) are found in certain types of geothermal waters, which are generally related to faults and alteration zone. The especially volcanic activity led to the delineation of wide-ranging areas of alteration within mineral assemblages, from advanced argillic type to silica type to prophylitic type at deep levels. The advanced argillic alteration zones are typified by enrichment of sulfur in volcanic rocks that have been dominant in the geological formation of Turkey and the primary mechanism for the presence of numerous trace elements in earth's crust, including but not limited to arsenic. Also, secondary epithermal gypsum has a high concentration of As in the form of realgar and orpiment along the fracture zones of metamorphic and carbonate aquifers. The temperature of geothermal fluid ranges from 40 to 295 degrees C in Turkey. The high arsenic concentrations in geothermal resources have been detected in different part of Turkey from 1 to 6000 mu g L-1 in geothermal fluids
Effect of geogenic factors on water quality and its relation to human health around Mount Ida, Turkey
No full textWater-rock interactions strongly influence water quality. Waters originating from highly altered zones affect human health. Mount Ida region in western Anatolia is an example for such geogenic interactions and additional anthropogenic impacts. A water quality monitoring study was held and a total of 189 samples were collected from 63 monitoring stations to characterize the quality of water resources and its relation with human health. The results indicated that waters originating from altered volcanic rocks that are mainly used for drinking purposes have low pH, high conductivity and elevated trace element levels. In addition, a number of acidic mining lakes were formed in the open pits of abandoned mine sites in the study area and pyrite oxidation in altered volcanic rocks resulted in extremely acidic, high mineral content and toxic waters that demonstrate an eminent threat for the environmental health in the area. Overall, the water quality constituents in Mount Ida region had a spatially variable pattern and were locally found to exceed the national and international standards, mainly due to geogenic alteration zones and anthropogenic intervention.urkish Academy Sciences (TUBA); Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-106Y041
Effect of Alteration Zones on Water Quality: A Case Study from Biga Peninsula, Turkey
No full textWidespread and intense zones of silicified, propylitic, and argillic alteration can be found in the Çan volcanics of Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey. Most of the springs in the study area surface out from the boundary between fractured aquifer (silicified zone) and impervious boundary (argillic zone). This study focuses on two such springs in KirazlI area (KirazlI and Balaban springs) with a distinct quality pattern. Accordingly, field parameters (temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity), major anion and cation (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate), heavy metals (aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, cobalt, cupper, iron, lithium, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc), and isotopes (oxygen-18, deuterium, and tritium) were determined in water samples taken from these springs during 2005 through 2007. The chemical analyses showed that aluminum concentrations were found to be two orders of magnitude greater in KirazlI waters (mean value 13813.25 μg/L). The levels of this element exceeded the maximum allowable limits given in national and international standards for drinking-water quality. In addition, Balaban and KirazlI springs are >55 years old according to their tritium levels; KirazlI spring is older than Balaban spring. KirazlI spring is also more enriched than Balaban spring based in oxygen-18 and deuterium values. Furthermore, KirazlI spring water has been in contact with altered rocks longer than Balaban spring water, according to its relatively high chloride and electrical conductivity values.TÜBİTA
Thermal fluid circulation around the Karliova triple junction: Geochemical features and volcano-tectonic implications (Eastern Turkey)
No full textThe Karlıova triple junction (KTJ) in eastern Turkey has been subjected to incremental deformation resulting in complex kinematic and mechanical interactions throughout the upper crust. These interactions have generated tectonic inversions and uplift, extensive seismicity and volcanism. The regional tectonics generate local stresses, some of which are favorable to magma transport and thermal water circulation throughout the lithosphere. Here we evalauate hydrogeochemical, geological and numerical results relating to the mechanism of thermal fluid circulation around the KTJ. Hydrogeochemistry of the samples indicates that the thermal water springs are probably heated by steam. Volcanic rocks at the site appear to be the host rock owing to the enrichment of Na+ and Cl− ions in water and the abundance of these elements in minerals of the volcanic rocks. In addition, it is clear that the thermal fluids are sourced from depth and migrate through permeable networks of faults. The effects of crustal heterogeneities, in particular the geometry and mechanical properties of many faults and layers, on thermal fluid circulation in relation to active magma chambers were investigated under a variety of different mechanical conditions. The numerical results indicate very close relationships between the stress field causing faulting and thermal fluid movement in the KTJ. The effect of thermal transfer was modeled with depth throughout the crust and along the the crustal surface. The models show that some faults encourage thermal fluid circulation below the Varto and Özenç volcanoes. Hydrogeochemical, geological and numerical results suggest that magmas residing beneath both the Varto caldera and the Özenç volcano are the main heat source for thermal fluid in the Varto region. Fluid-solid interactions and fluid circulation models show that the permeable faults are important factors affecting heat transport and fluid circulation. In a series of thermal fluid flow models we probe the mechanism for fluid and gas transport from the 900 °C ‘hot’ zone around the deep magma chambers and investigate how heat is lost throughout the crust on the way to the surface and so eventually creates water channels of temperatures between 50 to 60 °C
Water quality and its effect on human health
No full text71.Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 23-27 Nisan 2018Su yeryüzünde yaşayan tüm canlılar için yaşamsal değeri olan bir maddedir. Yüzyıllar boyunca
medeniyetin beşiği olarak adlandırılan bölgeler su havzalarının yakınında kurulmuş, yani
suyun hayat verdiği topraklarda gelişmişlerdir. Su, tüm canlılar için fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarının
talep ettiği miktarda, güvenli su kaynaklarına ulaşmaları yaşamlarını sürdürebilmeleri için olmazsa
olmaz bir ön koşuldur. Suyun önemi, yeryüzünde yaşayan insan popülasyonunun son
yüzyıl içerisinde engellenemeyen artışı ve canlıların ihtiyaçları için gerekli olan su kaynaklarının
yetersiz olması ile ilişkili olduğu kadar, var olan su kaynaklarının hem doğal hem de antropojenik
faaliyetlerle tehdit altında olmasında yatmaktadır. Antropojenik kaynaklı tehditler ile
ilgili araştırmalar çok olmasına rağmen, doğal kaynaklı kirleticilerin etkisi ile ilgili çalışmalar
azdır ve ancak son zamanlarda artış göstermiştir. Gerek doğal olsun gerekse antropojenik
kullanımlarına bağlı olsun su kaynaklarında bulunan bazı elementlerin (alüminyum, arsenik,
kurşun ve cıva gibi) belirli sınır değerler üzerinde bulunması canlılar üzerinde olumsuz etkiler
oluşturabilmektedir. Bu kirlilik parametreleri özellikle insan sağlığını tehdit etmektedir.Water is a precious material for all living beings on earth. Regions that have been called the
cradle of civilizations, which were developed near the water basins where the lands were vitalized
by water, for centuries. They need to access water that is quantitatively and qualitatively
sufficient for their physiological needs. The importance of water not only lies in the fact that
humans had an enormous population growth within the last decade which in turn created very
high demands for water resources but also it is related to the reality that these resources are
under the thread of pollution as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. Although there
have been many studies on anthropogenic threats, only recently there is anincrease in studies
on the impact of naturally occurring pollutants. It has been reported that some of the trace
elements such as aluminum, arsenic, lead and mercury can reach elevated concentrations and
easily mobilized both by the natural and man-made factors. This, of course, will create adverse
effects on living creatures. This contamination especially effects human health
Factors affecting the quality of groundwater resources and its effects in Turkey
No full text1st International Underground Resources and Energy Conference, 6-8 October 2016, Yozgat, TurkeyMany civilizations have been located along the water basins throughout history.
Civilizations have enabled the survival and growth by these water resources in world. For natural
wealth, the need of water is increase. Therefore, investigation of the water potential, available of
protection, efficient and planned use has begun to supply vital
Factors affecting the quality of groundwater resources and its effects in Turkey
No full text1st International Underground Resources and Energy Conference, 6-8 October 2016, Yozgat, TurkeyMany civilizations have been located along the water basins throughout history.
Civilizations have enabled the survival and growth by these water resources in world. For natural
wealth, the need of water is increase. Therefore, investigation of the water potential, available of
protection, efficient and planned use has begun to supply vital
Water quality and its effect on human health
No full text71.Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 23-27 Nisan 2018Su yeryüzünde yaşayan tüm canlılar için yaşamsal değeri olan bir maddedir. Yüzyıllar boyunca
medeniyetin beşiği olarak adlandırılan bölgeler su havzalarının yakınında kurulmuş, yani
suyun hayat verdiği topraklarda gelişmişlerdir. Su, tüm canlılar için fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarının
talep ettiği miktarda, güvenli su kaynaklarına ulaşmaları yaşamlarını sürdürebilmeleri için olmazsa
olmaz bir ön koşuldur. Suyun önemi, yeryüzünde yaşayan insan popülasyonunun son
yüzyıl içerisinde engellenemeyen artışı ve canlıların ihtiyaçları için gerekli olan su kaynaklarının
yetersiz olması ile ilişkili olduğu kadar, var olan su kaynaklarının hem doğal hem de antropojenik
faaliyetlerle tehdit altında olmasında yatmaktadır. Antropojenik kaynaklı tehditler ile
ilgili araştırmalar çok olmasına rağmen, doğal kaynaklı kirleticilerin etkisi ile ilgili çalışmalar
azdır ve ancak son zamanlarda artış göstermiştir. Gerek doğal olsun gerekse antropojenik
kullanımlarına bağlı olsun su kaynaklarında bulunan bazı elementlerin (alüminyum, arsenik,
kurşun ve cıva gibi) belirli sınır değerler üzerinde bulunması canlılar üzerinde olumsuz etkiler
oluşturabilmektedir. Bu kirlilik parametreleri özellikle insan sağlığını tehdit etmektedir.Water is a precious material for all living beings on earth. Regions that have been called the
cradle of civilizations, which were developed near the water basins where the lands were vitalized
by water, for centuries. They need to access water that is quantitatively and qualitatively
sufficient for their physiological needs. The importance of water not only lies in the fact that
humans had an enormous population growth within the last decade which in turn created very
high demands for water resources but also it is related to the reality that these resources are
under the thread of pollution as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. Although there
have been many studies on anthropogenic threats, only recently there is anincrease in studies
on the impact of naturally occurring pollutants. It has been reported that some of the trace
elements such as aluminum, arsenic, lead and mercury can reach elevated concentrations and
easily mobilized both by the natural and man-made factors. This, of course, will create adverse
effects on living creatures. This contamination especially effects human health
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