12 research outputs found
HBs Antibody Seroprevalence of in HBs Antigen negative/total HBc Antibody positive blood donors at the Chad National Blood Transfusion Center in N’Djamena
No full textDjimadoum Mbanga, Nadlaou Bessimbaye, Olivier Ngaringuem, Choua ouchemi,Abdelsalam Tidjan
Profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow\u27s milk in N\u27Djamena: associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance
No full textRaw milk and its derivatives are foodstuffs vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria and failure to comply with hygiene rules.
The objective of this study was to determine the profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow\u27s milk and to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine against these bacteria in Chad.
This was a prospective and analytical study based on bacteriological examination including 180 milk samples collected in 10 districts of N\u27Djamena. The isolation, identification and testing of sensitivity of isolated bacteria to antibiotics were carried out under standard food bacteriology conditions.
Among 180 milk samples which were screened by bacteriological examination, 71 (34.44%) cases were positive. The bacterial strains isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (38.03%), Streptococcus agalactiae (18.31%), Staphylococcus hyicus (11.27%), Streptococcus uberis (7.04%), Escherichia coliO157H7 (7.04%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.63%), Aeromonas hydrophila (5.63%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.22%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2.81%). The risk factors most frequently associated with milk contamination were hand milking (100%) followed by unsanitary environment (65%), 35% of milks were sold in reused bottles and 58% of vendors and producers were uneducated.
The antibiogram of the 69 isolated bacterial agents showed reduced sensitivities to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, and varied resistance to cyclins and fluoroquinolones. Streptomycin remains an aminoglycoside most sensitive to all strains of pathogenic bacteria with an average level of 95.7%. Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus hyicus) developed an average resistance of 80.15% to methycillin, 80.1% to vancomycin and all bacteria showed an average resistance of 85% to metronidazole. Streptococci strains (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus pyogenes) were very sensitive (76.3%) to vancomycin. The isolated Listeria monocytogenes strains were 100%sensitive to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams.
The two-strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected by GeneXpert had a profile of 50%sensitivity and 50%resistance to rifampicin.
This study not only made it possible to know the high rate and frequency of pathogenic bacteria in cow\u27s milk as well as the associated risk factors, but also showed a reduction in sensitivity of bacteria to aminopenicillins and aminoglycosides, a strong resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and vancomycin and a high sensitivity of streptococci to vancomycin
Antimicrobial resistance in extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from human urinary tract infections in Ndjamena, Chad
No full textGenotypic characterization of Mycobacterium leprae strains resistant to rifampicin and ofloxacin in three health districts in Chad
No full textAntimicrobial surveillance and identification of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance provides important information to optimize patient care. The present study was an analytical cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of rifampicin and ofloxacin resistance genes among Mycobacterium leprae strains in three health districts in Chad.
The determination of the folP1, rpoB and gyrA resistance genes was carried out by PCR-RLEP and confirmed by sequencing from 80 biopsy samples taken from patients with multibacillary leprosy, including 12 relapsed patients and 68 new cases. In the whole cohort, 1/80 (1.2%) showed resistance to rifampicin and 1/80 (1.2%) to ofloxacin. No mutations were detected for dapsone. The presence of M. leprae mutation associated with rifampicin resistance was observed in a relapsed patient and the mutation associated with ofloxacin resistance was observed in a patient with multibacillary leprosy who had not been sensitized by ofloxacin but should have used other quinolones. Both mutant strains revealed the emergence of secondary resistance.
This study, the first to highlight the emergence of resistance to rifampicin and ofloxacin in Chad. It raises the need to implement a robust surveillance system to detect resistance of Mycobacterium leprae in Chad and even in Central Africa.
Keywords: Mycobacterium leprae, resistance, Cha
Évaluation de la pertinence de la prescription des produits sanguins labiles à l'Hôpital Général de Référence National et à l'Hôpital Mère-Enfant de N’Djamena au Tchad
No full textLa transfusion sanguine est un acte Médical qui sauve des vies, à condition d’être effectuée dans les règles de l’art. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les pratiques en la matière dans notre contexte d’exercice. Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale descriptive multicentrique menée dans deux Hôpitaux Nationaux de référence et au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS). De juillet à septembre 2016, 3002 formulaires de demande de sang parvenus au Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS) ont été retenus et analysés. Une interview des malades et/ou parents des malades et la revue des dossiers médicaux ont permis de collecter des données complémentaires. Il ressort de cette analyse que la majorité des demandes des PSL (61,9%) provenaient de l’Hôpital de la Mère et de l’Enfant. Les prescripteurs étaient majoritairement des étudiants en médecine (59,1%) suivis des infirmiers (12,7%) et des sages-femmes (6,4%) contre (6,3%) uniquement des médecins. Cette étude a montré que les prescripteurs de PLS sont majoritairement des étudiants en médecine. Il faut accroître la sensibilisation et la formation pour une meilleure prescription des PSL
Epidemiological and clinical profile of rifampicin-sensitive and -resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in sites of displaced persons due to the 2022-2024 floods in N\u27Djamena, Chad
No full textPatients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) may remain a source of infection longer than rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis (RS-TB). The objective of this study was to detect active cases of rifampicin-susceptible and -resistant tuberculosis in displaced persons sites in the 9th District of N’Djamena.
This observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted among 418 contacts of the displaced persons, including 285 in the Walia site and 133 in the Toukra site. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire administered by an interviewer. The identification of active cases of tuberculosis among the displaced persons was carried out by an interview to verify the presence or absence of TB symptoms. The TB-LAMP molecular technique was used to detect active tuberculosis among symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts. Instead, a GeneXpert analysis was carried out to detect cases of tuberculosis sensitive and resistant to rifampicin.
TB-LAMP detected 76 (5.5%) cases of active TB among 418 displaced persons, including 11 lost to follow-up and 65 new cases. Female patients were more dominant (59.21%) than males (40.78%), and the age of patients ranged from 12 to 65 years, with a mean age of 38.5 years with a sex ratio of 1.45 in favor of females. Loss of appetite (31%), asthenia (20.0%) and cough (16%) were the most common symptoms.
GeneXpert confirmed the 76 positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of which 8 (10.52%) were resistant and 69 (90.78%) were sensitive to rifampicin.
HIV1/2 immunochromatographic tests detected 12 (15.78%) cases of HIV/tuberculosis coinfection among the positive cases.
This study highlighted the emergence of strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex resistant and sensitive to rifampicin.
Regular and effective screening of RR-TB contacts is necessary to stop transmission in displaced persons sites in Chad, Africa and even worldwide.
Keywords: Flood, displaced person, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resistance, rifampicin, molecular technique, Chad
Effect of Rhizobium-entomophilous insect interaction on groundnut production in Doba, southern Chad
No full textThis study investigated the combined effect of Rhizobium inoculation and flower-visiting insects on the productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Doba, southern Chad. Groundnut is a nutritionally and economically important crop, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where protein-rich food is often scarce. Improving yields through eco-friendly practices like biofertilization and biological pollination can significantly enhance food security. A field experiment was conducted using three treatments : plots with Rhizobium, plots with chemical fertilizer, and control plots. Additionally, flowers were either left open to insect visits or protected to determine the effects of pollinators. Insects such as Amegilla calens, Apis mellifera, and Braunsapis sp. were identified as key pollinators, with Amegilla sp. being the most frequent visitor. Key parameters analyzed included number and weight of pods and seeds. Results showed that both Rhizobium inoculation and pollinator activity significantly increased yields. In plots exposed to pollinators, Rhizobium inoculation led to a marked improvement in pod and seed production compared to controls. The combined presence of Rhizobium and floral insects significantly enhanced groundnut yield components such as pod number, seed number, and seed weight. The findings underscore the potential of integrated agroecological practices specifically the synergistic use of biofertilizers and insect pollinators to sustainably boost crop productivity in regions like southern Chad.
Keywords: Rhizobium, entomophilous, insect, Arachis hypogaea, Doba
Biochemical profile and resistance phenotype of isolates responsible for bacteremia in 111 HIV-infected patients hospitalized at the National Reference University Hospital of N'Djamena from 2020 to 2023
No full textIntroduction: Surveillance of antibiotic resistant bacteria provides important information to optimize care for people living with HIV (PLHIV). The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in PLHIV and to describe the biochemical profile and resistance of bacteria to antibiotics commonly prescribed for the care of patients and followed in the cohort in the infectious disease departments (SMI) of the National Reference University Hospital (CHU-RN) of N'Djamena.
Material and methods: This was a descriptive, analytical and etiological diagnostic study carried out on isolates responsible for bacteremia in PLHIV, from 01/01/2020 to 03/31/2023. The isolation, the identification of the bacteria and the antibiogram were carried out by standard methods of clinical microbiology.
Results: The study included 111 PLHIV, 51 of who were positive on blood culture (54%). The average age of PLHIV was 45.5 years with the extremes ranging from 15 and 76 years. The age group most affected by bacteremia was that of 55 years and over. A significant difference was observed in terms of the predominance of women over men (P = 0.02). The most identified bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (56.86%) and Escherichia coli (16.68%). The most determined resistance phenotypes were multi-resistant bacteria (BMR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) with the proportions of 29.41% and 23.52% respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study raise the need for continuous monitoring of antibacterial resistance and to apply the recommendations for the proper use of antibiotics among PLHIV in Chad
Biochemical and resistance profile of Helicobacter pylori isolated in N’Djamena in Chad
No full textHelicobacter pylori infection and resistance to antibiotics is a public health problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and rates of resistance to antibiotics used in the protocol for the management of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.
Spanning a period from February 2020 to February 2021, it was an observational diagnostic study on gastric biopsies and stool including 97 patients admitted for endoscopy. It was carried out according to standard methods of medical microbiology.
Of 97 patients whose mean age was 46.10 years with extremes of 16 and 85 years, an infection prevalence of 60.82% was observed. 44.07% of infected patients were between 16 and 39 years old, 33.90% between 40 and 63 years old, and 22.03% between 63 and 85 years old.
Significant differences were observed between the proportions of positive (81.44%) and negative (18.56%) cultures, between infection with H. pylori (75%) and other microbial agents (25.35%) with probabilities of 0.01 and 0.02 respectively.
The most resistant antibiotics were: Metronidazole, Clarithromycin, Levofloxacin, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin with resistance rates of 74.58%, 16.95%, 13.56%, 8.47%, and 5.08% respectively. The frequencies of antibiotic resistance revealed 74.58% for Metronidazole, 16.95% for Clarithromycin, 13.56% for Levofloxacin, 8.47% for Tetracycline, and 5.08% for Amoxicillin.
This study made it possible to determine a significant proportion of H. pylori infection and to shed light on the resistance to the antibiotics used in the eradicating treatment of the bacteria. From this study, we retain that the prescription of Metronidazole is prohibited in Chad.
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Resistance, Antibiotic, Chad
Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of chronic lymphoid hemopathies observed at the National Reference University Hospital Center (CHU- RN) of N'Djamena
No full textAim. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic profile of
chronic lymphoid hemopathies (CLH) and the viral factors linked to the genesis of HLCs at
the CHU-RN of Ndjamena in Chad. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study over two
and a half years, from October 2017 to March 2020 at the Hematology Unit of the National
Reference University Hospital Center (CHU-RN) of Ndjamena. Were included patients in
whom the diagnosis of chronic lymphoid hemopathy had been made. Results. Ninety-eight
(98) cases of hematological malignancies were recorded out of 531 hematological
consultations including 66 (12.43%) CLH and 67.35% of hematological malignancies with an
annual incidence of 26.4 cases. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was 56.06% (n=37)
followed by 25.76% (n=17) Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 15.15% (n=10) Hodgkin's
lymphoma and 3.03 % (n=2) cutaneous lymphoma. A male predominance was observed for
all types of CLH. The most represented age groups were those of 51 to 60 years for CLL and
11 to 20 years for lymphomas. Conclusion: This study made it possible to have a better
epidemiological knowledge and the viral factors related to the genesis of CLH at the CHU-
RN of Ndjamena. It revealed difficulties in biological diagnosis and management, in
particular the initiation of chemotherapy
