1,721,086 research outputs found
Cost-benefit analysis of tetanus prophylaxis by a mathematical model
No full textA mathematical model has been developed which allows estimation of the epidemiological and economic effects of different tetanus vaccination strategies. The model was used to simulate the epidemiology of tetanus in Italy from 1955 to 1982, and then applied to a district of Tuscany by utilizing data obtained from a seroepidemiological survey carried out in the same area. For this district we simulated vaccination programmes designed to reach, within 1 or 10 years, coverages of 60 or 90 % of the population aged over 10 years who had not been exposed to the neonatal vaccination programme. The most effective strategy, from both the epidemiological and economic point of view, seems to be 90 % coverage reached in 1 year's time. Benefits would be increased by improving the reliability of vaccinal anamnesis
EFFECT OF ADULT PERITONEAL CELLS ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF NEWBORN MICE TO SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS
No full textThe findings that grafts of adult peritoneal cells enhance the antibody response of newborn mice (1, 2), rats (3) and rabbits (4) have suggested that the immunologic immaturity of newborns might partly be due to a functional deficiency of macrophages.
The results reported here show that unstimulated peritoneal cells (PC), but not peritoneal cells induced by thioglycolate (IPC), are endowed with the property of potentiating the antibody response of newborn mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC).
Inbred BALB/c mice were used throughout the experiments. PC and IPC were collected from mice of both sexes aged 8 to 12 weeks, the latter cells 3 days after i.p. inoculation of 3 ml thioglycolate medium (Difco Laboratories. Detroit, Mich.), by washing the peritoneal cavity with 5 ml of Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 5 i.u./ml of heparin. Litters of 6 to 8 mice were divided into four groups
IMMUNODEPRESSION BY ROWSON-PARR VIRUS IN MICE - EFFECT OF ROWSON-PARR VIRUS AND FRIEND LEUKEMIA COMPLEX INFECTIONS ON BACKGROUND ANTIBODY-FORMING-CELLS TO VARIOUS ERYTHROCYTES
No full textThe numbers of background antibody-forming cells (BPFC) toward erythrocytes of various species present in the lymphoid organs of unimmunized susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice were investigated at various times after infection with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) or Rowson-Parr virus (RPV). Both virus preparations induced an increase of BPFC numbers in both animal strains, but the rate and magnitude of the enhancements produced by RPV were much lower. The degree of potentiation varied with the specificity of the BPFC populations and was more pronounced in the spleen than in the lymph nodes and in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice. In the late stage of FLC infection, the numbers of splenic BPFC to some erythrocytes underwent a dramatic fall, which was not observed in RPV-infected mice. BPFC present in BALB/c splenocytes cultured in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of isogeneic normal mice were not affected by viral infection of the chambers
IMMUNODEPRESSION BY ROWSON-PARR VIRUS IN MICE - EFFECT OF ROWSON-PARR VIRUS AND FRIEND LEUKEMIA COMPLEX INFECTIONS ON CONTACT SENSITIVITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT MICE
No full textContact sensitivity to 2-phenyl-4-ethoxymethilene oxazolone, as a probe for cell-mediated immunity, was investigated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice after infection with Friend leukemia complex (FLC) or with Rowson-Parr virus (RPV). In BALB/c mice, FLC depressed contact sensitivity when given before primary sensitization but had no effect on established contact sensitivity nor on the response elicited by a booster application of the sensitizer. These findings, together with the failure to alter reactivity to an aspecific inflammatory stimulus, indicate that FLC impairs the afferent limb of the response. In the same strain of mice RPV infection did not significantly depress contact sensitivity, as judged by the extent of the reaction 24 h after challenge, but slightly inhibited the early antibody-mediated phase of this reaction. In C57BL/6 mice neither viral preparation affected contact sensitivity
DETECTION OF B-EPITOPES ON THE P24 GAG PROTEIN OF FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS BY MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES
No full textSeven monoclonal antibodies were obtained after immunization of mice with purified sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-disrupted feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Six antibodies specifically bound antigens in the cytoplasm of FIV-infected cells as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and reacted with FIV p24 gag gene product in immunoblots. One reacted positively with virus-infected cells, but failed to recognize FIV structural proteins by immunoblotting. Using competition binding studies, the anti-p24 monoclonals were shown to detect four distinct B-cell epitopes. Competition with sera of FIV-infected cats showed that such epitopes are immunogenic also in the natural host species
Human anelloviruses and the central nervous system
No full textTorque teno virus and related anelloviruses are a recent addition to the list of agents that cause chronic productive infections and high levels of plasma viraemia in humans. Many aspects of the natural history and pathogenesis of these under many respects surprising viruses are still poorly understood. In this review, we briefly outline the general properties of anelloviruses, examine what is currently known about the interactions they establish with the central nervous system (CNS), and discuss the possible pathological consequences. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ANALYSIS OF ROLE OF LYMPHATIC-LEUKEMIA VIRUS IN IMMUNODEPRESSION EXERTED BY FRIEND COMPLEX IN LEUKEMIA-RESISTANT C57BL-6 MICE
No full textNATURAL ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS IN NORMAL MICE AND MICE INFECTED WITH FRIENDS LEUKEMIA-VIRUS COMPLEX
No full textFeline immunodeficiency virus-infected cat sera associated with the development of broad neutralization resistance in vivo drive similar reversions in vitro
No full textWe previously reported that, upon reinoculation into cats, a neutralization-sensitive, tissue culture-adapted strain of feline immunodeficiency virus constantly reverted to the broad neutralization resistance typical of primary virus isolates and identified residue 481 in the V4 region of the surface glycoprotein as a key determinant of the reversion. Here, we found that well-characterized immune sera, obtained from cats in which such reversion had occurred, selected in tissue culture in favor of virus variants that also had a neutralization-resistant phenotype and had amino acid 481 changed, thus indicating that the host's humoral immune response is capable of driving the reversion in the absence of other intervening factors. In contrast, a second group of immune sera, elicited by a virus variant that had already reverted to neutralization resistance in independent cats, induced the emergence of escape mutants lacking broad neutralization resistance and neutralized fewer virus variants. It is proposed that the viral variants used to produce the two sets of sera may have generated different antibody repertoires
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