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Family processes and adolescents’ adjustment: the dyadic contribution of mothers and fathers
Full text linkAbstract Study 1: Mothers and Fathers’ Psychological Control Over Time: A Multilevel Dyadic Analysis
Psychological Control (PC) refers to the control parents exert over their offspring through strategies that include love withdrawal, shaming and guilt induction that limit and invalidate the psychological and emotional experience of children and adolescents (Barber, 1996). According to developmental systems theories (McHale et al. 2004; Sameroff, 2010), both parents contribute to and affect parent-child interactions and child’s development. However, the literature reports contrasting results on how PC is used differently by mothers and fathers and many studies only evaluate maternal PC (Soenens et al., 2010). The present study aims to extend the literature on PC considering the contribution of both parents and analyzing the direct and reciprocal influences on the use of PC over time, by disentangling the role of mothers and fathers at both between and within dyads’ level. Participants were 147 Mothers-Fathers dyads were drawn from the cities of Rome and Naples (Italy) who provided data over 3 years. Participants were parents of middle adolescents averaging 13.51 years (Time 1), 14.60 years (Time 2), 15.54 years (Time 3). Parental PC was assessed via the Psychological Control and Autonomy Granting Scale; Barber et al. 1996; Silk et al., 2003). Two subscales are considered: Guilt Induction and Verbal Constrain. Random Intercept Cross Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM; Hamaker et al., 2015) were implemented in Mplus in order to disentangle within and between levels. Results showed that at a between level, parents with higher levels of Guilt Induction (and Verbal Constrain) across the three measurement periods tended to have their partners with higher levels of PC over the measurement periods, meaning that the association between maternal and paternal PC strategies is relatively stable over the course of three years. At a within-person level significant cross-lagged effects in the RI-CLPM were found in both models of Guilt Induction and Verbal Constrain, but in the latter case, reciprocal (cross-lagged) effects were found only for fathers. Implications for differences at the between and within level were discussed.Abstract Study 2: Mothers and Fathers’ Psychological Control and Adolescents’ Adjustment in Three Countries: A Longitudinal Actor–Partner Interdependence Model
Psychological Control (PC) is related to the developmental task of individuation and developing a separate identity that makes this parental strategy problematic especially in adolescence (Silk, et al., 2003; Soenes et al., 2012). Numerous studies have demonstrated that PC has a negative impact on adolescent’s development related to anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems, such as delinquency (Pettit et al., 2001) and antisocial behavior (Li, Zhang, & Wang, 2015). PC can be used differently by mothers and fathers. However, findings concerning PC comparing the gender of parents are still inconsistent and the dynamics underlying these potential differences understudied (Scharf & Goldner, 2018). Researchers have also attempted to examine whether the associations between PC, adolescents’ adjustment and family functioning are generalizable to different cultural settings. The present study aims to extend previous research on the PC in two directions. First, testing the dyadic and cumulative effects of maternal and paternal PC on adolescents’ antisocial and internalizing behaviors. Second, testing the cross-cultural generalizability of these associations in three countries: Italy, Colombia and USA. Participants included 372 families from Italy, Unites States of America and Colombia with data from three consecutive years (T1, adolescents’ age=13.70), (T2, adolescents’ age=14.95), (T3, adolescents’ age=15.99). Parental Psychological Control was assessed via the Psychological Control and Autonomy Granting Scale; Barber et al. 1996; Silk et al., 2003) and Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991) was used to assess youth’s antisocial and internalizing behaviors. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM, Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006) was implemented in SEM framework (Ledermann & Kenny, 2011). Parental PC was found to be predictive of both antisocial behaviors and anxious-depressing symptoms when adolescents were 15 years old, with some differences between mothers and fathers. Specifically, maternal Guilt Induction was positively associated only with adolescents reported antisocial behaviors, while paternal PC was associated with anxious-depressing symptoms, but, contrary to our expectations, this association was negative. Furthermore, a finding in the same direction was evidenced in the case of Verbal Constrain: only paternal PC was negatively associated with adolescents’ anxious-depressive symptoms, while no significant association were found between maternal Verbal Constrain and adolescents’ mal-adjustment. Comparisons across countries evidenced the cross-cultural invariance of dyadic associations across time between maternal and paternal PC in Italy, Colombia and USA.Abstract Study 3: The Role of Dyadic Coping in the Relationship between Family Stressors and Parent-Child Relationship Quality: Longitudinal Associations in Eight Countries
The present study aimed to extend research on Dyadic Coping (DC) – intended as the ability of partners to cope with stressors as a couple - and its role in broader family functioning by investigating its associations with parenting dimensions (i.e. Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality, P-ARQ). Little is known about the specific link between marital DC and parenting and further studies are needed to investigate this association (Zemp et al., 2016). Our contribution focused on the mechanism through which supportive or unsupportive partners’ coping interactions spills over on the way they engage, as parents, in the relationship with their children. According to parenting process models (e.g Belsky, 1984), marital characteristics are fundamental determinants of parenting by affecting, in turn, child development. The present project aimed to examine whether and how elements of internal (Family Chaos) and external (Life Events) family stress are associated with both DC and P-ARQ. It further tested the cross-cultural generalizability of the aforementioned associations, by comparing the proposed model across 8 countries: Italy, Kenya, Philippines, Thailand, Sweden, USA, Colombia, Jordan. Participants included 975 families from the eight countries with data collected annually for three years (see Study 1&2). Parents completed the Life Events measure (Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1994) and the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (Matheny et al., 1995) to measure Family Events and Family Chaos, respectively. Dyadic coping was assessed via an adapted version of the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI; Bodenmann, 2008). Both parents were asked to report on the way they handle stressful situations within their couple. The Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire-Short Form (PARQ/Control-SF; Rohner, 2005) was used to measure youth-report of P-ARQ. Overall, findings confirmed our hypotheses and showed that parental positive DC had a significant positive longitudinal effect on P-ARQ. Notably, findings showed that this association was significant especially for fathers. Specifically, after controlling for stability in P-ARQ from T1 to T3, as well as relations among all variables within each wave, only changes in paternal DC predicted a higher P-ARQ with their fathers as perceived by the adolescents. Our findings suggested also that positive DC had a significant longitudinal effect on youth reported P-ARQ that was generalizable across the eight countries. However, a few of the effects were site-specific
Indagine sulla qualità dei servizi ospedalieri offerti all’utenza nel percorso di cura del paziente sottoposto a chirurgia bariatrica
No full textLa qualità dell’assistenza sanitaria fornita ai pazienti può influenzare la qualità di vita dell’individuo in termini di benessere fisico, psicologico e sociale legato ai bisogni ed alle aspettative durante tutte le fasi del percorso di cura. L’assistenza sanitaria è da intendersi
nell’accezione di: accessibilità alle strutture, disponibilità di informazioni e risorse, qualità ed efficienza delle prestazioni erogate. L’assistenza offerta ai pazienti obesi presso centri specializzati ed organizzati su rete territoriale, è attualmente regolamentata dalle direttive specifiche sottoscritte dalla Società Italiana di Chirurgia dell’Obesità (SICOb)Il presente studio socio-demografico mira a raccogliere dati informativi circa la qualità dei servizi ricevuta dall’utenza allo stato attuale, durante le varie fasi del percorso di Chirurgia Bariatrica a partire dal reclutamento nella struttura d’afferenza, e successivamente nel percorso post-operatorio a lungo termine.The quality of health care provided to patients can affect the individual's quality of life in terms of physical, psychological and social well-being. Health care services include: accessibility to facilities, availability of information and resources, quality and efficiency of the benefits provided. The assistance offered to obese patients in specialized centers is currently regulated by specific directives signed by the Italian Society of Obesity Surgery (SICOb). This socio-demographic study aims to gather information about the quality of services received during the bariatric surgery care, from the recruitment to the postoperative period
Longitudinal relations between adolescents’ prosocial behavior and self-efficacy in self-regulated learning.
No full textMeasuring couple intersubjectivity: an exploratory analysis for the validation of a new scale
No full textIntersubjectivity is intended as the mental space that occurs between two minds, both characterized by positive and negative correspondence (Benjamin, 2004). Couple Intersubjectivity can be defined as a mutual adjustment process between two individuals who share a relationship; it can be considered in a positive dimension as the relational competence to share positive mental and emotional states inside the couple (Chiarolanza, 2015). We aim to create a new measure for couple intersubjectivity asking about partners’ relational competencies. We try to examine through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) which factors might better define this construct. A 24-item questionnaire was administered to 424 partners of 212 Italian couples. The three factor solution resembled a triadic structure of couple intersubjectivity: self intersubjectivity that includes questions about each partner’s relational feelings and skills (item sample: "I am able to show affection to my partner"); partner intersubjectivity that includes partner perceived relational competencies and feelings (item sample: "My partner can confide in me"); weness referred to the relational skills as a dyad (item sample: "My partner and me share our experiences"). We aim to confirm these three dimensions in order to validate a Couple Intersubjectivity Scale as a way to assess how much the dyad members are able to mentally and emotionally tune about their intersubjective experiences inside the couple relationship. This could provide a deeper comprehension to romantic relationship’s aspects than the one provided, for example, by the empathic processes
Il ruolo dell’autoefficacia emotiva di genitori e figli e della punizione fisica nell’adattamento in adolescenza in 3 Paesi
No full textIl ruolo dell’autoefficacia emotiva di genitori e figli e della punizione fisica nell’adattamento in adolescenza in 3 Paesi
Laura Di Giunta, Carolina Lunetti, Emanuele Basili, Eriona Thartori, Maria Gerbino, Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado, Jennifer E. Lansford
Diversi studi sostengono che la regolazione delle emozioni si associa a minori sintomi di internalizzazione e di esternalizzazione in adolescenza (Valiente e Eisenberg, 2006). Essere competenti nella regolazione delle emozioni e sentirsi capaci di gestire efficacemente le emozioni sono due aspetti distinti ma correlati. In particolare, maggiori convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia si associa a minore uso di strategie disfunzionali nella gestione della rabbia in adolescenza (Di Giunta et al., 2015). Inoltre, la regolazione emotiva dei genitori e le pratiche educative sono associate alla regolazione emotiva e all’adattamento psicosociale dei figli in adolescenza (Morris et al., 2007).
Il presente studio esamina come la punizione fisica media la relazione tra convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia nei genitori e le medesime convinzioni nei figli adolescenti, e come le convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia dei figli mediano la relazione tra punizione fisica e sintomi internalizzanti ed esternalizzanti.
Hanno partecipato allo studio longitudinale 534 ragazzi (al Tempo 1, età media = 10.89, DS = .70; 50% ragazze), le loro madri (n = 534) e i loro padri (n = 431), provenienti dall’Italia (Roma e Napoli), dalla Colombia e dagli Stati Uniti. Sono stati effettuati due follow up a distanza di uno e tre anni dal Tempo 1. Le convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia sono state misurate con le autovalutazioni di genitori e figli (es., “quanto ti senti capace a superare l’irritazione per i torti subiti?”; Caprara et al., 2008; Di Giunta et al., 2015); la punizione fisica è stata misurata con le autovalutazioni dei genitori (es., “quanto spesso le è capitato di sculacciare suo/a figlio/a negli ultimi 6 mesi?”; Lansford et al., 2010). I sintomi di internalizzazione e di esternalizzazione sono stati misurati con il sistema multi-informatore di Achenbach (1991) tramite CBCL e YSR. Le convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia dei genitori, la punizione fisica e i sintomi di internalizzazione e di esternalizzazione sono stati misurati al Tempo 1 e al Tempo 3; le convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia dei ragazzi sono state misurate al Tempo 2.
La media delle alpha di Cronbach tra tutte le misure considerate nel presente studio è > .70.
Tramite path analysis via MPlus 7 (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2012), prendendo in esame il campione totale, è emerso che maggiori convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia da parte delle madri si associano ad un minore uso della punizione fisica; un minore uso della punizione fisica da parte di entrambi i genitori si associa a maggiori convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia da parte dei figli, che a loro volta si associano a minori sintomi di internalizzazione e di esternalizzazione (CFI=1.00, RMSEA=.05, 90%CI=.01-.09, SRMR=.02).
Considerando l’importanza della regolazione delle emozioni rispetto all’adattamento psicosociale in adolescenza (es., Moffitt et al., 2013; Valiente&Eisenberg, 2006), i risultati del presente lavoro assumono rilevanza ai fini di un intervento sulle convinzioni di autoefficacia nella gestione della rabbia di genitori e figli al fine di promuovere l’adattamento psicosociale in adolescenza
Il ruolo delle differenze individuali dei genitori rispetto alla socializzazione parentale delle emozioni e ai sintomi internalizzanti ed esternalizzanti dei figli.
No full textControllo Psicologico in Adolescenti Italiani e Colombiani: uno Studio Longitudinale Diadico
No full textIl Controllo Psicologico (CP) si riferisce al controllo che i genitori esercitano sui figli attraverso strategie che includono la svalutazione e l’induzione di colpa limitandone ed invalidandone l’esperienza psicologica ed emotiva (Barber, 1996). Numerosi studi hanno dimostrato l’importanza che il CP ha sull’adattamento dei figli e sul funzionamento familiare (Symeou & Gerogiou, 2017), sottolineandone la forte valenza culturale (Chen et al., 2016). Tuttavia, la letteratura riporta risultati contrastanti su come il CP sia utilizzato in modo differente da parte di madri e padri e molti studi, che collegano il CP con l'adattamento dei figli, valutano solo il CP della madre o lo valutano senza differenziare le influenze materne da quelle paterne (Soenens et al., 2010). Questi aspetti sono inoltre stati scarsamente testati cross-culturalmente. Il presente studio si pone l’obiettivo di estendere la letteratura sul CP considerando il contributo di entrambi i genitori analizzando le influenze dirette e reciproche sull’uso del CP nel tempo e l’effetto di queste dinamiche sul disadattamento dei figli adolescenti. In secondo luogo, in linea con gli studi che ipotizzano un’universalità del CP tra le culture (Gargurevich & Soenens, 2016), il presente contributo si propone di esplorare la presenza di similarità o differenze nelle associazioni diadiche e longitudinali tra famiglie Italiane e Colombiane. Metodo: Lo studio include famiglie Italiane (N=147) e Colombiane (N=74) che partecipano allo studio longitudinale cross-culturale “Parenting Behavior and Child Adjustment Across Cultures” (Lansford, 2011). L’età media dei ragazzi nei tre tempi considerati nello studio era 13,26 (T1), 14.24 (T2) e 15,33 (T3) anni. Il CP è stato valutato dai genitori attraverso la Psychological Control Scale (Barber et al., 1996), mentre i figli hanno valutato il proprio comportamento attraverso la Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach,1991). Sono stati implementati l’Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM, Kenny et al., 2006) e l’Analisi Multigruppo per il confronto tra i due paesi. Risultati: I risultati mostrano come l’utilizzo di CP da parte di padri e madri sia stabile nel tempo (actor effects) e come entrambi si influenzino reciprocamente (partner effects). Il CP materno (T2) è associato positivamente ai comportamenti antisociali dei figli (T3; β=.20, p<.01), mentre un’associazione negativa è stata riscontrata tra il CP paterno (T2) ed i sintomi internalizzanti (T3; β=-.14, p<.01). Le stesse associazioni sono state riscontrate confrontando le famiglie Italiane e Colombiane. Conclusioni: Il presente studio offre una prospettiva del CP, inclusiva delle componenti intra-familiari e diadiche, longitudinali e cross-culturali. I risultati emersi dallo studio offrono a ricercatori e professionisti elementi importanti per la pianificazione di interventi sul CP che tengano conto della natura della famiglia come sistema interdipendente e culturalmente caratterizzato
Intersoggettività di coppia: un predittore della soddisfazione coniugale
No full textIntersubjectivity perspective is mainly focused on the relational matrix that occurs in the dyadic open system caregiver-child (Stern, 1995; Beebe, Lachmann, 2015). Intersubjectivity perspective suggests that the origin of mind is dialogic and dyadic with an ongoing emotional coordination of Self with a significant Other. This simultaneous and complementary mechanism promotes mutual adjustment. The continuous co-construction is feature of caregiver-child dyad but it could also be explored in the field of romantic relations (Carli et al., 2009). Our goal is to explore the influence of couple intersubjectivity on marital satisfaction, in terms of a predictor. This study is based on a sample of 152 heterosexual couples (MH=31,60 years; MW=28,89 years; relationship length M=45,67 months). We used a questionnaire composed by two different scales: Couple Intersubjectivity Scale (CIS; Chiarolanza, 2015) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976). We verified bivariate correlation between the two scales and calculated the regression model in order to understand the possible role of couple intersubjectivity as a predictor. Analysis showed that husbands were more satisfied (r=,511**; β=.485) when they perceived more intersubjectivity in the couple. Wives scores’ intersubjectivity did not influence marital satisfaction for husbands (r=,280**; β=.055). Again, results showed that wife marital satisfaction is significantly influenced by own couple intersubjectivity (r=,603**; β=.546); interestingly, we observed that there is a tendency of husband couple intersubjectivity to predict marital satisfaction in wives (r=,376**; β=.123).
According to these results, it is possible to confirm our main hypothesis that couple intersubjectivity could be consider as a predictor of marital satisfaction. Besides, it is possible to argue that a satisfying relation is characterized by partners’ ability to share positive mental and emotional states inside the couple
Emotion regulation pattern of mothers and fathers during Covid-19 Pandemic: clustering and associations with Adolescent’s Depressive Symptoms
No full textValidation of the Italian Version of the Chronic and Acute Stress Index (CASI): A Self-Report Measure Designed to Assess Stress for Individuals in a Romantic Relationship
Full text linkAccording to the Italian Health Ministry in 2017, more than 850,000 individuals in Italy have requested mental health services for various symptoms associated with psychological distress. Moreover, stress can affect not only individuals, but also their romantic relationships. To date, there is a lack of empirically validated measures that assess individuals’ perceptions of chronic and acute stressors. As such, the goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chronic and Acute Stress Index (CASI), a multi-item self-report measure designed to assess perceptions of chronic and acute stressors that originate from individuals and affect their romantic relationships. Utilizing self-report data from 849 individuals from Italy collected before June 2019, the CASI was found to have good reliability and showed appropriate convergent validity with stress and negative affect, and discriminant validity with relationship satisfaction and positive affect. Limitations and future directions as they pertain to research, practice, and consultation are discussed
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