1,721,017 research outputs found
The second birth interval in Egypt: the role of contraception
No full textThe paper discusses problems of model specification in birth interval analysis. Using Bongaarts’s conceptual framework on the proximate determinants on fertility, the paper tests the hypothesis that all important variation in fertility is captured by differences in marriage, breastfeeding, contraception and induced abortion. The paper applies a discrete time hazard model to study the second birth interval using data from the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey 2000 (EDHS), and the month by month information on contraceptive use, breastfeeding, and postpartum amenorrhea available in the EDHS calendar. The paper shows the importance of including both information on contraceptive use by types, breastfeeding, and postpartum amenorrhea period in birth intervals analysis
Effects of modernization on desired fertility in Egypt
No full textUsing a conceptual framework that borrows notions both from the economic theory of fertility and social interaction theory, this paper assesses the relative importance of social and economic modernisation at the individual and community level in explaining geographical differentials in desired fertility in Egypt. Using the 2000 Egyptian Demographic Health Survey and an up-to-date map of land cover in Egypt, this paper provides an application of an advanced methodology which uses a combination of multilevel modelling and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. The paper shows how GIS techniques facilitate the construction of several variables representing the level of economic modernisation, such as land use, road density and urbanisation. It illustrates how GIS techniques and multilevel modelling can help us to move forward a step in substantiating theories of community influences on fertility. This study also analyses the effect of current family composition on desired fertility in Egypt and reveals the desire of Egyptian society to have at least two children and at least one boy
Health inequities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: selected country case studies
Get PDFThis report focuses on the available evidence on inequities in health and inequities in socioeconomic determinants that exist both within and across countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. It uses data from the Pan-Arab Project for Child Development (PAPCHILD) and Pan-Arab Project Family Health Survey (PAPFAM). The report aims to assess the extent of health inequality in the Region and identify what contributed to the changing levels of inequalities in the 1990s. The study analyses the role of changing socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the population and the changes in health system in contributing to widening or narrowing health inequalities. The analysis is limited to six countries in the Region for which we have data on health outcomes in two points in time (early 1990s and early 2000). Three main research questions were asked as follows. 1. What is the extent of health inequities within and across the countries in the Region? 2. What are the major factors contributing to health inequities within countries? 3. What are the major policy implications or actions that countries should consider given the results of the analysis
Three essays on fertility and contraceptive use in Egypt
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Gender and poverty. How misleading is the unitary model of household resources? An illustration from Tajikistan
No full textSince December 1999 all countries wishing to access concessional lending from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are required to prepare a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The vast majority of PRSP incorporate an analysis of the current level and profile of poverty that relies on the unitary model of the household. This article argues that by doing so, policy analysts may receive a distorted view of the relationship between gender and poverty. Using the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standard Survey the article shows how, by modifying the assumption of equal sharing of household resources, gender differentials in the experience of poverty may vary. The article also illustrates how those gender analyses that simply use a dichotomy based on the gender of the head of household may also be misleading. The findings have implications for mainstreaming gender into the PRSP process, and for the priority of policy and programme interventions supported under national Poverty Reduction Strategie
Gender differentials in Tajikistan: a gendered analysis of the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standards Measurement Survey
No full textIn 2000, the Asian Development Bank sponsored an in-depth study of gender relations in Tajikistan (Falkingham, 2000). Whilst much of that analysis remains valid, there have been significant developments in the labour market, particularly in the agricultural sector. Land reform has led to the break-up of the large collective farms and the creation of smaller, individually run, dekhan farms. The concept note for the Tajikistan Gender Review prepared by the World Bank Social Development Team July 2004 highlighted three areas where a gendered analysis of the recent Tajikistan Living Standards Survey (TLSS) would be useful: ‘the relative poverty incidence of men and women at different ages; the composition of the employed labour force of both men and women by sector, occupation, employee status, type of enterprise, and urban-rural locations; and the differential access of men and women to services and resources such as health, education, and credit’(p.5). This report aims to provide preliminary analysis in each of these three areas. In addition background work for the recent World Bank Poverty Assessment Update highlighted the fact that almost 20 percent of households in Tajikistan were female headed and concluded that further analysis of the TLSS was warranted to produce a profile of female headed households (FHH). Thus the report also includes such an analysis
Climate and child health in rural areas of low and middle income countries: a review of the epidemiological evidence
No full textChildren are amongst the most vulnerable to climate change because they currently experience a high health burden from climate-sensitive diseases. Rural populations in low and middle income countries are also vulnerable to climate change impacts because of a high dependency on local environmental resources. We investigated the evidence base for the direct impacts of current climate factors on child health using a systematic review of studies quantifying an association between temperature and/or rainfall and child health outcomes. We found 35 papers that met our criteria, which were classified as spatial or temporal analyses. There is good evidence that climate factors (temperature and rainfall) affect the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria. There is also good evidence that temperature and rainfall are an important determinant of diarrhoeal disease morbidity, reflecting both acute mechanisms (e.g. short term water contamination) and long term effects (chronic water scarcity). The review highlighted that little is known about the specific mechanisms that link climate patterns with disease or mortality. Few analyses were of high quality, which would include adjustment for spatial or temporal confounders. Many studies did not distinguish between seasonal and other climate effects making interpretation difficult. There is a need for more research to describe the mechanisms by which climate variability affects child health. To identify those communities most at risk from future climate change we need both to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of disease and identify interventions to lower the impact of the changing climate
Gender and poverty: how we can be misled by the unitary model of household resources – the case of Tajikistan
No full textUsing the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standard Survey this paper looks at the relationship between gender and poverty and show how, by modifying the equal sharing assumption of the household resources, we can easily be misled by the poverty and gender relationship. This paper also shows how those gender analyses which use the female headed household and male headed household dichotomy in Tajikistan obscure the gender analysis of poverty due to the heterogeneity of female headed household types
Creating a poverty map for Azerbaijan
No full text'Poverty maps' - graphic representations of spatially disaggregated estimates of welfare - are increasingly used to geographically target scare resources. But their development in many low resource settings is hampered due to data constraints. Data on income or consumption are often unavailable or direct survey estimates for small areas yield unacceptably large standard errors. Census data offer the required level of coverage but do not generally contain appropriate information. Alternative methods aim either at combining survey data with unit record data from the Census to produce estimates of income or expenditure for small areas or at developing alternative welfare rankings, such as asset indices, using existing census data. This paper develops a set of poverty maps for Azerbaijan. Two alternative approaches are adopted. First, a map is constructed using an asset index based on data from the 1999 Census to produce reliable estimates of welfare at the raion level. Second, an alternative map is derived using imputed household consumption, combining information from the 2002 Household Budget Survey (HBS) with 1999 Census data. This provides a unique opportunity to compare the welfare rankings obtained at the regional level under the two approaches
Staying in school: assessing the role of access, availability and cost
No full textThis paper investigates the role of contextual factors outside the household in determining whether or not a child attends basic education in Tajikistan. By combining data from the Tajikistan Living Standard Survey with data from a parallel community survey, aggregated census data at the jamoat (village) level, and spatial data, a series of variables are constructed which characterize the environment where the child lives. These variables serve as proxies for the accessibility and availability of school services, quality of education, opportunity cost of education in terms of the opportunities for income generating activities forgone, and level of economic development in the communities. Applying multilevel modelling techniques, the results show that contextual factors have a strong effect on school attendance. Accessibility of service and higher quality of school have a positive effect, however a high opportunity cost to education in a community exerts a negative effect on school attendance
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