1,845 research outputs found
Draft genome sequence of the apple pathogen Colletotrichum chrysophilum strain M932
No full textColletotrichum chrysophilum (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Glomerellaceae) is a species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex. Described in 2017 as responsible for anthracnose on Musa acuminata (banana plants; Vieira et al. 2017), C. chrysophilum has been associated with Persea americana (avocado) and Prunus persica (peach) (Talhinhas and Baroncelli 2021). Moreover, together with Colletotrichum fructicola and C. noveboracense, it is considered one of the major causal agents of Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and Apple bitter rot (ABR) diseases on Malus domestica (apple) (Astolfi et al. 2022; Khodadadi et al. 2020). Originally, C. chrysophilum was presumed to be limited to the American and Asian continents (Astolfi et al. 2022; Talhinhas and Baroncelli 2021), however, reports of GLS and ABR caused by this pathogen in European apple orchards, such as in Italy and Spain, start emerging in 2022 (Cabrefiga et al. 2022; Deltedesco and Oettl 2022)
Chapter Profilo minimo dell’opera di Riccardo Del Punta (1957-2022)
No full textThe author reconstructs and comments on the scientific production of Riccardo del Punta, examining his style, influences, lines of research, and legacy for labour law
Hosts of Colletotrichum
No full textThe taxonomy of Colletotrichum has undergone profound changes over the past decade, with
ca. 340 species now recognised, and grouped into 20 species complexes (16 previously described
and four proposed in this work). Over that period, the volatility of the taxonomic framework posed difficulties to the aetiology of anthracnose diseases along with uncertainty on cross-infection potential, quarantine rules, pesticide management and plant breeding strategies. Now that the Colletotrichum taxonomy is stabilising (still several new species being named, but no longer representing major pathogens), there is a point on reviewing the knowledge on the aetiology of anthracnose diseases in a global way, pointing out the relative importance of each Colletotrichum species for each host/crop and identifying areas/crops where information is missing (and there are several crops for which nothing is known regarding Colletotrichum species in modern terms). Based on 3400 host species-Colletotrichum species occurrence records (considering only records of Colletotrichum spp. identified in modern terms), we have listed over 760 host (plants) species and analysed the information available on the Colletotrichum species reported from them, the symptoms caused and the geographic distribution and pathological relevance. Whereas some of these hosts are wild plants, this work is mostly focused on cultivated plants and therefore on the aetiology of anthracnose diseases globally. In the context of Colletotrichum fungi, this compilation provides downstream users of Mycology, namely those in areas such as Plant Pathology, Plant Protection and Plant Breeding, with updated information on the main causal agents of anthracnose in each crop/plant species in each location, or alternatively with an alert on the lack of information on the identity of the species of Colletotrichum relevant for a given crop in a given location
Gene family expansions and contractions are associated with host range in plant pathogens of the genus Colletotrichum
No full textNexus files from the phylogenetic analyses of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex reported by Baroncelli et al 201
First report of Colletotrichum grossum causing apple bitter rot worldwide (Italy)
No full textApple bitter rot is a globally widespread disease that is observed on bothpreharvest and postharvest fruits, contributing to considerable economiclosses. While the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex is predominantin Europe (Baroncelli et al. 2014; Amaral Carneiro and Baric 2021),in recent years, the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex isemerging, raising many concerns (Amaral Carneiro et al. 2023). Circular,slightly sunken, brown lesions with acervuli produced in concentric spotswere observed on the cultivar Story Inored harvested in September2022 from an organic orchard in Masi (Padova Province, Italy), with adisease incidence close to 30%. Tissue samples were excised under asepticconditions from 10 surface-cleaned diseased fruits at the margin betweenhealthy and diseased pulp tissues, transferred to potato dextrose agar me-dium, and incubated in the dark at 25°C for 7 days, whereafter five single-spore cultures were obtained. Pure colonies grown at 25°C for 7 daysappeared light gray-white on the upper side with floccose aerial mycelium,whereas the reverse side was dark gray with a distinct margin. Conidia werehyaline, cylindrical in shape with both ends rounded or one end acute, andmeasured 16.6 ± 1.4 × 6.1 ± 0.5 μm (mean ± SD) (n = 50) as described byDiao et al. (2017). To identify the species, genomic DNA of a represen-tative isolate (C38) was extracted, and beta-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin(CAL), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutaminesynthetase (GS), and Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer (ApnMat) genes andthe internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were amplified by PCR andSanger sequenced (Rojas et al. 2010; Weir et al. 2012). The obtainedDNA sequences of TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, ApnMat, and ITS weresubmitted to GenBank under the accession numbers OR025589, OR025586,OR025587, OR025588, OR025585, and OR004800, respectively.A MegaBLAST analysis resulted in 100% identity to the epitype CAUG7 ofColletotrichum grossum (Diao et al. 2017) for GAPDH (KP890159) andTUB2 (KP890171), 99.85% for CAL (KP890147), and 99.5% for ITS(KP890165). The phylogenetic tree constructed by concatenation withthe obtained sequences, as well as references, revealed that the isolateC38 clustered within C. grossum, confirming the BLAST approach.Pathogenicity tests were performed on 40 ‘Story Inored’ apples. The appleswere cleaned, wounded with a sterilized needle, and exposed to two differentconditions: 20 apples (10 inoculated with 20 μl of a spore suspension [104spores/ml] and 10 inoculated with sterile water as controls) were incubated at20°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 14 days, whereas the remaining 20 apples,prepared with the same approach, were placed at 1°C for 3 months and thenat room temperature for 14 days. Symptoms appeared after 6 days on applesincubated at 20°C, whereas those stored at 1°C displayed symptoms at11 days after being placed at room temperature. In both conditions, lesionswere similar to those observed on the original fruits, whereas the controlsremained asymptomatic. Identity of reisolated fungal colonies was confirmed byCAL, GAPDH, and GS region sequence analysis. C. grossum has been reportedrarely: in 2017 on Capsicum annuum var. grossum in China, in 2018 onMangifera indica leaves in Cuba, and in 2021 on Rhyncospermum jasminoidesin Italy (Diao et al. 2017; Guarnaccia et al. 2021; Manzano Le ́on et al. 2018). Tothe best of our knowledge, this is the first report of apple bitter rot caused byC. grossum worldwide
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree generated from a in Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales), a new rhizospheric soil fungus associated with Populus deltoides Marsh
No full textFIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree generated from a maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined ITS, LSU, TUB, and RPB2 sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (left, BI PP ≥ 0.50) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (right, ML BP ≥ 50) values are given at the nodes. The strains of the new fungus are highlighted in orange. Bold lines indicate BI PP = 1 and ML BP = 100. The tree is rooted with Allophoma labilis CBS 124.93, All. minor CBS 325.82, and Heterophoma adonidis CBS 114309 in gray.Published as part of Wei, Huanshen, He, Xinghua, Riccardo, Baroncelli, Yang, Yuzhan & Yuan, Zhilin, 2021, Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales), a new rhizospheric soil fungus associated with Populus deltoides Marsh, pp. 23-34 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/575764
Chapter Capability e diritto del lavoro: non solo teoria. Dialogando con Riccardo del Punta
No full textThe paper is a tribute to Riccardo Del Punta, intellectual and jurist. The common thread is the use of Capability Approach in labour law which links the Author to his friend who passed away prematurely. The essay is also an opportunity to revisit the basic foundations of the Capability theory and the recent debate among international labour law scholars with regard to its possible use in the great transformation induced by the double (green and digital) transition
FIGURE 2 in Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales), a new rhizospheric soil fungus associated with Populus deltoides Marsh
No full textFIGURE 2. Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (CGMCC3.19852). A–D. Colonies on PDA, MEA, CA, and OA, respectively (front and reverse); E. Pycnidia forming on OA. F. Section of pycnidium. G. Section of pycnidial wall. H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Conidia. Scale bars: 800 μm (E), 20 μm (F), 10 μm (G–I). PDA: potato dextrose agar, MEA: malt extract agar, CA: cherry-decoction agar, and OA: oatmeal agar.Published as part of Wei, Huanshen, He, Xinghua, Riccardo, Baroncelli, Yang, Yuzhan & Yuan, Zhilin, 2021, Stagonosporopsis rhizophilae sp. nov. (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales), a new rhizospheric soil fungus associated with Populus deltoides Marsh, pp. 23-34 in Phytotaxa 491 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/575764
Interazioni pianta – parassita- ambiente, dalla conoscenza alla razionalizzazione della difesa.
No full textAbstract non disponibil
First report of Colletotrichum godetiae causing grape (Vitis vinifera) berry rot in Italy
No full textIn October 2016, rotting grape berries were detected on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Livorno (Nugola, Tuscany, Italy). Symptoms on grape berries skins varied from circular brown spots to rotting fruits. Both berries and petioles were covered with creamy salmon-colored masses of conidia. Rotten grape berries loss turgor and turn into ‘mummies’ (e-Xtra 1) over time. Symptoms suggested that a member of the genus Colletotrichum could be involved. Single spore cultures were obtained from conidial masses and grown in the laboratory at 25°C with a 12 hour light period on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Monoconidial isolates had light grey cottony aerial mycelium with colony color ranging from whitish to dark grey, while the reverse ranged from whitish to salmon-pink. Conidia were hyaline and unicellular, cylindrical or clavate and often with a light median constriction. However, Colletotrichum spp. are often difficult to distinguish morphologically. Total genomic DNA was extracted from monoconidial isolate SS354. The ITS region of rDNA and partial GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT and TUB2 genes were amplified and sequenced according to Damm et al. (2012). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KY293406 for ITS, KY293407 for TUB, KY293403 for CHS, KY293405 for HIS3, KY293402 for ACT and KY293404 for GAPDH). The multilocus phylogenetic analysis carried out with the obtained and reference sequences (Damm et al. 2012) revealed that the SS354 isolate clustered within C. godetiae (e-Xtra 2). Pathogenicity tests were performed in laboratory by inoculating detached grape berries with or without petioles at the petiole insertion point with 20 μL of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/mL) of the isolate SS354. Grape berries without petiole developed symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Fungal colonies re-isolated from the lesions on berries were morphologically identical to isolate SS354. Control grape berries inoculated with sterile water remained healthy as well as grape berries with petioles inoculated with the pathogen. This suggests that C. godetiae is able to infect wounded grape berries. However, information regarding other infection routes were not searched, as this was not the aim of this work. This is the first report of C. godetiae causing grape berry rot in Italy. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that C. godetiae SS354 is closely related to C. godetiae RB118, the causal agent of anthracnose on grapevine in UK (Baroncelli et al. 2014). Since C. godetiae is polyphagous, cross-infections between grape and other crops are possible. Remarkably, Cacciola et al. (2012) reported C. clavatum (syn. C. godetiae) as the prevalent Colletotrichum species associated with epidemic outbreaks of olive anthracnose in Italy. However, at present no information regarding cross-infection of C. godetiae between grapevine and olive are available. Due to the high economic and social value of wine production in Italy (in 2013 only in Tuscany the production of grapes accounted for 8 million tons), a monitoring plan based on simple molecular identification tools should be advisable.Total genomic DNA was extracted from one monoconidial isolate (SS354) and the ITS region of rDNA was amplified, using the universal primers ITS4 and ITS5, then sequenced. The resulting sequence was 100% identical to those of C. acutatum species complex obtained by a BLAST search in GenBank. Based on Damm et al. (2012) five other loci were used to further characterise the isolate: partial GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT and TUB2 gene sequences were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KY293406 for ITS, KY293407 for TUB, KY293403 for CHS, KY293405 for HIS3, KY293402 for ACT and KY293404 for GAPDH). The multilocus phylogenetic analysis carried out with the obtained sequences and reference sequences (Damm et al. 2012) revealed that the SS354 clustered within C. godetiae (e-Xtra 2). Pathogenicity tests were performed in laboratory. 20 μL of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/mL) of C. godetiae SS354 was inoculated at the petiole insertion point on detached grape berries with or without petioles. Grape berries without petiole developed primary symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Fungal colonies re-isolated from lesions were morphologically identical to C. godetiae SS354. Control grape berries inoculated with sterile water remained healthy as well as grape berries with petioles inoculated with the pathogen. This latter evidence suggests that C. godetiae is able to infect grape berries from wounded tissues. However, information regarding other infection routes were not searched, as this was not the aim of this work. This is the first report of C. godetiae causing anthracnose on grapevine in Italy. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that C. godetiae SS354 is very close to C. godetiae RB118, the causal agent of anthracnose on grapevine in UK (Baroncelli et al., 2014). Since C. godetiae is a polyphagous pathogen, cross-infections between grape and other crops are possible. Remarkably, Cacciola and colleagues (2012) reported C. clavatum (synonymous to C. godetiae) as the prevalent Colletotrichum species associated with epidemic outbreaks of olive anthracnose in Italy. However, at present no information regarding cross-infection of C. godetiae between grapevine and olive are available. Due to the high economic and social value of wine production in Italy, in 2013 grapes production accounted for 8 million tonnes with 2.6 million hectoliters of wine production only in Tuscany, a monitoring plan based on simple molecular identification tools should be advisable
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