48 research outputs found
Population Movements in Afghanistan: A Historical Overview, Migration Trends under the Taliban Regime, and Future Outlooks
Full text linkAfghanistan has experienced a major refugee crisis in the last four decades. The Afghan migration patterns are shaped by a mix of political, social, environmental, and economic factors, making it difficult to pinpoint Afghan migration decisions to a single determinant. This study reviews Afghanistan’s population movements, taking into account a historical overview of migration flows, the refugee trends under the Taliban regime, and future prospects. According to available studies and projections, Afghanistan’s migrant flow will continue, citing insecurity, economic crisis, natural disaster, a high population growth rate, and the Taliban’s imposition of restrictions on social, cultural and economic events as key reasons. The Afghan government could face numerous obstacles, including brain drain, high skilled labor force shortages, IDPs management, and facilitating reintegration of returnees in the future. Particularly, in dealing with migration issues, the Taliban could be confronted with three major constraints: a lack of national and inter-national legitimacy, a shortage of human capital and a scarcity of funds
The Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Afghanistan
No full textThis study evaluates the impact of expenditure compositions on economic growth in Afghanistan. The data was collected from the World Bank and Ministry of Finance using a period of 2004 to 2019. The gross domestic product was stated as dependent variable and public expenditure compositions were included as independent variables. The adjusted Keynesian function was applied to estimate the impact of government expenditure on economic growth. Unit root test, Johansen co-integration test and bound test were checked. All variables were stationary at level and first difference. Hence, Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) model was applied. Our findings expose that there is a long-run relationship between dependent and independent variables. Furthermore, the previews and current expenditures on education and infrastructure are positively correlated with economic growth in Afghanistan. But, security expenditure is negatively linked with growth rate. The adjusted R-squared revealed that 99% variation of dependent variable explained by independent variables. To increase the economic growth rate, the government should adopt precise and accurate control on its spending on defense, as to reduce corruption and mismanagement
Do Afghan Youth Think of Migrating to other Countries under the Taliban Regime?
Full text linkMigration of Afghans, particularly the young generation made headlines, when the Taliban took power in Afghanistan. Many countries including the USA, Germany, UK, Canada and Australia brought major changes in assessing documents of Afghan asylum seekers at risk. This paper studies the opinion of Afghan youth migrating under the Taliban regime. We surveyed 280 youth in Balkh and Samangan provinces of Afghanistan. The respondents were selected using convenience and snow balling sampling strategies. The administrated questionnaire consisted of three main segments such as demographic characteristics, financial condition and migration. The findings expose that 91% of the respondents think of migrating to other countries. Furthermore, they confirmed insecurity, unemployment, dissatisfaction with the Taliban and exposing restrictions on women activities by the Taliban as the key drivers of their desire to emigrate. The majority of the youth surveyed (83%) consider regular migration channels in particular family reunion, study visa, humanitarian and labor visas. Even so, 17% of young people think of migrating through irregular channels. A significant proportion of the respondents (40%) selected Germany as a de-sired country of their destination among other options. This paper makes recommendations for improving the job market and providing better security services to discourage young people from leaving the country
Adapting authoritarianism: institutions and co-optation in Egypt and Syria
No full textThis PhD thesis compares Egypt and Syria’s authoritarian political systems. While the tendency in social science political research treats Egypt and Syria as similarly authoritarian, this research emphasizes differences between the two systems with special reference to institutions and co-optation. Rather than reducibly understanding Egypt and Syria as sharing similar histories, institutional arrangements, or ascribing to the oft-repeated convention that “Syria is Egypt but 10 years behind,” this thesis focuses on how events and individual histories shaped each states current institutional strengthens and weaknesses. Specifically, it explains the how varying institutional politicization or de-politicization affects each state’s capabilities for co-opting elite and non-elite individuals.
Beginning with a theoretical framework that considers the limited utility of democratization and transition theoretical approaches, the work underscores the persistence and durability of authoritarianism. Chapter two details the politicized institutional divergence between Egypt and Syria that began in the 1970s. Chapter three and four examines how institutional politicization or de-politicization affects elite and non-elite individual co-optation in Egypt and Syria. Chapter five discusses the study’s general conclusions and theoretical implications.
This thesis’s argument is that Egypt and Syria co-opt elites and non-elites differently because of the varying degrees of institutional politicization in each governance system. Rather than view one country as more politically developed than the other, this work argues that Syria’s political institutions are more politicized than their Egyptian counterparts. Syria’s political arena is, thus, described as politicized-patrimonialism. Syria’s politicized-patrimonial arena produces uneven co-optation of elites and non-elites as they are diffused through competing institutions. Conversely, the Egyptian political arena remains highly personalized as weak institutions and individuals are manipulated and molded according to the president’s ruling clique. This is referred to as personalized-patrimonialism. As a consequence, Egypt’s political establishment demonstrates more flexibility in ad hoc altering and adapting its arena depending on the emergence of crises.
This study’s theoretical implications suggest that, contrary to modernization and democratization theory’s adage that institutions lead to a political development, politicized institutions within a patrimonial order actually hinder regime adaptation because consensus is harder to achieve and maintain. It is within this context that Egypt’s de-politicized institutional framework advantages its top political elite. In this reading of Egyptian and Syrian politics, Egypt’s personalized political arena is more adaptable than Syria’s. These conclusions do not indicate that political reform is a process underway in either state
Centrifugal/Centripetal Movements: Placelessness and the Subversive Tactics of Mobility in Ernest Hemingway and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
No full textCompares perspectives on exile in Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast, The Sun Also Rises, and A Farewell to Arms to Palestinian author J. I. Jabra’s The Ship (1970), In Search of Walid Masound (1978), and Hunters in a Narrow Street (1960), focusing on issues of place and motion. Qabaha explains that while Hemingway celebrates the mobility and freedom of the modern American exile, Jabra associates exile with displacement and rejection. Explores how Hemingway’s characters revel in their expatriation as opposed to Jabra’s who, forced into exile, long to be reunited with their Palestinian historical-cultural roots
Impact of remittances from the Afghan diaspora:a case study on the effects in the Samangan province
No full textPurpose: The study examines the relationship between international remittances and income inequality in Afghanistan by analysing how remittances affect income inequality in the Samangan province. Design/methodology/approach: Primary data were collected by administering a questionnaire to 325 households in the Samangan province using a multi-stage sampling approach. Income distribution was measured using the Gini coefficient. Findings: There were an average of 8 members and 1.5 migrants in each household, with the mean age of respondents being 35. Remittances formed about 25% of the household income and had a slight negative effect on income inequality, with a 1% increase in remittances leading to a 0.04% decrease in inequality. Research limitations/implications: The data were collected in one province. The findings underline the need to develop policies that foster peace and stability through reducing inequality. Practical implications: International remittances can form a significant portion of household income in conflict-affected and post-conflict societies. The effect of remittances on income distribution can help us understand where development efforts need to be channelled and how businesses can best operate in challenging circumstances. Originality/value: This is the only study to our knowledge that looks at the effects of migration and remittances on income inequality in Afghanistan.</p
Determinants of Poverty among Urban Households in Afghanistan: Case study of Mazar-e-Sharif
Full text linkThis paper appraised urban poverty determinants in Afghanistan considering Mazar-e-Sharif as a case study. The data was collected from 326 households using a multi stage sampling approach. The logit model was applied to estimate the influencing factors on poverty status among targeted households. The findings reveal that age of household head, remittances, number of male employed and number of female employed are negatively correlated with poverty status. While, household size and number of illiterate households member have positive impact on poverty in the study area. Thus, current research suggests government to invest more on education sector in order to increase the literacy among different social segments to finally reduce poverty through supply of literate manpower to the market “Policy implication”
Bahadur exact slope, Pitman efficiency, and local power for combining independent tests
No full textMany authors, for example, Fisher (1950), Pearson (1938), Birnbaum (1954), Good (1955), Littell and Folks (1971, 1973), Berk and Cohen (1979), and Koziol, Perlman, and Rasmussen (1988), have studied the problem of combining several independent tests. Many combination procedures have been proposed, and the relative performances of such procedures have been investigated using a variety of criteria, for example, power against specific alternatives, and Bahadur Exact Slope as the sample size of the individual tests increases, but the number of tests combined is constant.In this thesis, we will look at the problem of combining p independent tests as p approaches infinity. We will look at a number of popular omnibus combination procedures, and we will compare their performances via Bahadur Exact Slope, Pitman efficiency, and local power in a number of situations. In these cases, it will be shown that no combination procedure is uniformly more powerful than the others, but the logistic method is generally more efficient than the others in terms of Bahadur Exact Slope, and the Inverse Normal method is better than the others when considering Pitman efficiency and local Power.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Astrology in literature: how the prohibited became permissible in the Arabic poetry of the mediaeval period
Full text linkThis thesis is concerned to position the art of astrology within the context of classical Arabic poetry, primarily by investigating and elucidating attitudes to the notion of
qadar (fate) and the ideology in which it was embedded. These attitudes were revelatory of the broader world view of the Arabs of those periods, and their shifts from those held in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras tell us a good deal about the importance given to the nature and role of fate and about the various understandings of its influence. The pre-Islamic Arab's notion of qadar was in some ways similar to that of the early Muslims: both emphasised predetermination and the irresistible power of fate. But while the jahilf (Pre-Islamic) Arabs identified fate with the malign power of dahr (Time), the Muslims believed the power of fate lies in the hands of God the
Omnipotent, who alone is responsible for the fate of the whole universe. Thus the astrology of the pre-Islamic era was one aspect of divination (kihana) and claimed to be
able to reveal in advance an individual's destiny, which could be avoided by taking certain precautions. These precautions, however, were considered effective only in
relatively trivial cases; they were useless in the areas of major impact: a person's happiness or misery (shaqiiwa aw sa ada), sustenance (rizq) and one's term (ajal), the
three inevitable and irresistible manifestations of fate. In the Islamic period not only these major aspects of life are governed and controlled by the Omnipotent; the destiny
of the universe, in even its most minute details, is determined and controlled by God alone. Astrology was considered to be of no value whatsoever, and its practitioners were subject to the death penalty. These two irreconcilable views are evident in early Islamic poetry, which reflected clearly the response of poets, and society, to astrology from the perspective of qadar.
When the orthodox caliphate was replaced by dynastic rule the status of astrology was changed dramatically. The idea that the stars, as indicators, play a role in the life of
human beings found popowerful supporters in some governors of the Islamic world, who allowed astrology to fulfil a public function regardless of the hostility of the official
religion of that society. This social phenomenon generated rich material of a controversial character in the realm of literature. Investigating the factors, motivations
and impact of mediaeval political, theological and philosophical attitudes to astrology, in relation to the notions of free will and predestination, is the concern of this study
A reappraisal of attitudes to the 'People of the Book' in the Qur'an and hadith, with particular reference to Muslim fiscal policy and the covenant of 'Umar
Full text linkEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
