26 research outputs found
Reseña de: Matthew Restall. 2019. Cuando Moctezuma conoció a Cortés. La verdad del encuentro que cambió la historia. México: Taurus. [When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. 2018. Nueva York: HarperCollins Publishers].
No full textThis review analyzes Matthew Restall’s When Montezuma Met Cortés, a provocative work that challenges traditional narratives of the Conquest of Mexico. Restall rejects the portrayal of a submissive Moctezuma and an exceptional strategist Cortés, arguing that much of the story was shaped by the conquerors themselves and later historians. However, the author is criticized for his use of non-historical sources, documentary inaccuracies, lack of context regarding sixteenth-century Spain, and the projection of modern perspectives onto past events. Despite its contentious aspects, the book serves as a historiographical exploration of how the Conquest has been reimagined over the centuriesEsta reseña examina el libro Cuando Moctezuma conoció a Cortés de Matthew Restall, una obra polémica que cuestiona las narrativas tradicionales de la Conquista de México. Restall rechaza la figura de un Moctezuma débil y de un Cortés brillante estratega, proponiendo que gran parte del relato fue construido por los propios conquistadores y reproducido por la historiografía posterior. Sin embargo, el autor es criticado por su uso metodológico de fuentes no históricas, errores documentales, omisiones contextuales sobre la España del siglo XVI y por proyectar juicios contemporáneos sobre los hechos. A pesar de sus controversias, el libro ofrece una revisión historiográfica que ilustra cómo la Conquista ha sido reinterpretada a lo largo del tiempoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Investigaciones Histórica
A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management
No full textUnderstanding how people's relationships with nature form, how they influence personal values and
attitudes, and what behavioural implications they may have could provide more insight into how
connectedness to nature (CNT) can effectively contribute to environmental management goals. This
paper undertakes a review of literature published over the past decade (2002e2011) on SCOPUS; and
describes the current state of knowledge regarding CNT, assesses any efforts towards the spatial mapping
of CNT for environmental management, and identifies measures of CNT defined in the broader literature.
This review suggests that there is quite some overlap in the literature on CNT concepts, and that more
effort needs to be made towards multi-disciplinary research which explores how CNT can be useful to
environmental planning and conservation research on the field. It also further corroborates the need and
relevance of applying more social and affective strategies to promote conservation behaviour. The main
progress in CNT theory seems to have been made in the development of measurement tools, and it is
clear that there is a strong convergent validity amongst the different measures due to their similarity, and
functional associations. Further efforts towards the exploration of multi-dimensional measures is recommended
since they consistently stand out as showing better results. The geographic visualisation of
CNT constructs is another area of research that deserves attention since it can provide a unique point of
view towards guiding participatory protected area planning and management.peer-reviewe
Análisis historiográfico de la obra de Matthew Restall, Siete Mitos de la Conquista española
No full textLa conquista de América trajo consigo la necesidad por parte de los españoles de encontrar justificaciones para las medidas tomadas en esta empresa americana. Por otro lado, los grupos protestantes, especialmente los ingleses, holandeses y algunos españoles, viéndose influenciados por sus necesidades político-económicas encontraron en América y sus escritos una manera de desprestigiar y deslegitimar al imperio español en sus decisiones concernientes al trato indígena, temas legales y administrativos, entre otros. El cuerpo documental generado por estos “enemigos de España” constituye la “Leyenda negra” mientras que el de los “defensores de España” es denominado como la “Leyenda blanca (o rosa)”. El conflicto de estos dos cuerpos bibliográficos construyó todo un sistema de mitos, que existen aún en la historia popular y académica. Es en la falta de un consenso común que obras tales como Los Siete Mitos de la Conquista española de Matthew Restall se vuelven necesarias para evitar degenerarse en los supuestos que tales mitos han infundido en la memoria colectiva americana y europea, y que aparecen en el mundo académico. En el presente artículo, se desarrollará un análisis historiográfico de dicha obra mencionando los mitos planteados por el autor y los argumentos que este brindada. Se explica la importancia que tal texto puede ofrecer a estudiantes de historia y al mundo académico de la Conquista de América.The conquest of the Americas gave the Spanish the necessity to look for justifications for the actions undertook in this American venture. On the other hand, protestant groups, specifically the English, Dutch and some Spanish, being influenced by their own political and economical interests found in America and its writings a way to discredit and delegitimize the Spanish Empire in its decisions concerning Indian treatment, legal and administrative tasks, among others. The documentary corpus generated by these “Spain’s enemies” constitutes the “Black Legend”; while for the “defenders of Spain” it’s defined as the “White Legend (or Pink)”. The conflict of those two documentary corpuses built a whole system of myths, which stillexist to this day in popular and academic history. It’s in the absence of a common ground that texts like “Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest” by Matthew Restall become of great necessity in order to avoid falling in the assumptions that these myths have founded in the collective memory of Americans and Europeans alike and which appear in the academic world. In the present article a historiographical analysis of such text will be presented, mentioning the myths presented by the author and his respective arguments, and it’s explained the importance that this text can offer to History students and the academic world of the Conquest of America
When Montezuma Met Cortes: The True History of the Meetings that Changed History
No full textNovember 8 of 1519, Moctezuma II, Mexica Tlatoani, the “one who speaks,” leader and emperor, and Hernan Cortes, head of the invading Spanish military force, met on what currently is downtown Mexico City. A memorial plaque marks the site of the meeting alongside a colonial church and the remnants of a hospital. There is a tile picture with a representation of the event. The Spanish conquest of Mexico and the fall of Tenochtitlan is one of the most studied and controversial episodes in the history of Mexico and the Americas. It is a story never settled. Matthew Restall\u27s book is a reexamination of the encounter of leaders of different worlds. It is a story retold many times over. Based on an exhaustive review of the existing evidence, Restall corrects prevailing interpretations, demystifies romanticized narratives, and provides a nuanced reading of the sources. The book appeared just before the five-hundred years commemoration of the event. When Montezuma met Cortes is divided into two parts and eight chapters. The text contains illustrations from codexes, paintings, photos and portraits, cartoons, and pictures from engravings. In all, they exemplify the description and analysis by the author. Restall includes in his commentary, the study of Vivaldi\u27s operatic masterpiece, Montezuma, first performed in Venice in 1733. There is an explanatory appendix clarifying term use and short biographies of the main actors of the Spanish-Aztec War. Copious notes annotate the text
Skin follicle development in the Australian cashmere goat
No full textFollicle densities, S/P ratios and follicle number indices (FNI) of fibre-bearing primary (Pf) and secondary (Sf) follicles, and body weights, were taken sequentially on 224 kids at birth and at mean ages of 57, 107 and 301 days. All primary follicles but few secondary follicles were mature (fibre-bearing) at birth and Sf number increased 10 fold in the first 57 days after birth. A decline in Pf number was recorded between 57 and 107 days of age. SFNI’s, but not Sf density increased to weaning (107 days of age) then declined thereafter to 301 days of age. Single kids had higher (P < 0.01) SFNI than twin kids at all ages except birth, though Sf/Pf ratios of singles were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of twins at 57 days of age only. At 107 and, 301 days of age, males had higher PFNI than females (24.8 v. 22.0 and 24-7 v. 22.0) and higher SFNI than females (179.0 v. 150.4 and 151.6 v. 131-1). Sex differences were not observed in Sf/Pf ratio. A description of follicle arrangement and accessory structures is given
Logic:an introduction
No full textGreg Restall's Logic provides concise introductions to propositional and first-order predicate logic while showing how formal logic intersects with substantial philosophical issues such as vagueness, conditionals, relevance, propositional attitudes, and opaque contents. The author also examines the ideas behind modal logic, free logic, and other non-standard logics and discusses the nature of logic itself. The book covers both natural deduction and tree methods for proving validity. Each chapter includes excellent suggestions for further reading and both elementary and more advanced exercises, with solutions provided on a website. It is flexibly designed to be useable for half or full-year courses, for courses focusing exclusively on formal logic, or for a variety of approaches that would integrate topics in philosophical logic.</p
The inheritance of fibre traits in a crossbred population of cashmere goats
No full textGenetic parameters were calculated for fibre traits measured on patch samples taken at 5 months of age on a crossbred population of cashmere goats, comprising goats of Scottish feral, Icelandic, Tasmanian, New Zealand and Siberian origin. Within-strain heritabilities,fitting genetic origin as a covariable, were: live weight, 0.71 (s.e. 0.08), fibre diameter, 0.63 (0.07), diameter standard deviation 0.43 (0.08), log (patch cashmere weight), 0.60 (0.06), log(estimated annual cashmere production), 0.51 (0.07), and fibre length, 0.49 (0.15). Including between strain information increased these values to 0.74, 0.68, 0.45, 0.73, 0.67 and 0.57, respectively. Maternal effects for all fibre traits were negligible. Expressions were derived to relate cashmere weight to fibre diameter and length, using functional relationships between these traits. Logarithmic regressions showed cashmere weight to be proportional to diameter(2.7), indicating that selection to reduce fibre diameter will have a disproportionate effect on cashmere weight. Analyses of subsets of the data confirmed this and showed that correlated responses to selection can be accurately predicted by considering the functionally related fibre traits on the log scale.</p
A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management
No full texta b s t r a c t Understanding how people's relationships with nature form, how they influence personal values and attitudes, and what behavioural implications they may have could provide more insight into how connectedness to nature (CNT) can effectively contribute to environmental management goals. This paper undertakes a review of literature published over the past decade (2002e2011) on SCOPUS; and describes the current state of knowledge regarding CNT, assesses any efforts towards the spatial mapping of CNT for environmental management, and identifies measures of CNT defined in the broader literature. This review suggests that there is quite some overlap in the literature on CNT concepts, and that more effort needs to be made towards multi-disciplinary research which explores how CNT can be useful to environmental planning and conservation research on the field. It also further corroborates the need and relevance of applying more social and affective strategies to promote conservation behaviour. The main progress in CNT theory seems to have been made in the development of measurement tools, and it is clear that there is a strong convergent validity amongst the different measures due to their similarity, and functional associations. Further efforts towards the exploration of multi-dimensional measures is recommended since they consistently stand out as showing better results. The geographic visualisation of CNT constructs is another area of research that deserves attention since it can provide a unique point of view towards guiding participatory protected area planning and management. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A substantial body of literature has been published in the social and behavioural sciences over the last three decades examining the humanenature relationship (e.g. CNT theory suggests that a relationship with the natural world directly affects people's physical, mental, and overall wellbeing due to benefits gained by increased exposure to nature and positive experiences in the natural world E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Restall). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Environmental Management j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v ie r . c o m / l o c a t e / j e n v m a n Better insight into people and their relationships with nature has the potential to enhance our ability to effectively meet conservation goals. Understanding how these relationships form, how they influence personal values and attitudes, and what behavioural implications they may have remains critical. The ability to link CNT concepts to geographically defined spaces could also potentially be useful for purposes of environmental management, and for conservation planning in particular. Given the above, this paper provides a literature review of CNT academic literature over the past decade (2001e2011), with three main objectives: a) to describe the current state of knowledge regarding CNT; b) to assess any efforts towards the spatial mapping of CNT for environmental management and c) to identify measures of CNT defined in the literature. Connectedness to nature and its relevance to environmental management Various authors have suggested that humans were in the past more physically and psychologically connected to nature than people living in industrialised nations today Klassen (2010) suggests a strong interrelatedness between ecological identity, sense of place and ecological literacy, and establishes that the degree to which these three concepts influence individuals varies from person to person. He also concludes that an individual's CNT is dependent on a variety of precursors, including 'prior knowledge', 'lived experiences', 'cultural background', as well as 'encountering and conversing with people who display their compassion, caring, and dedication for environmental concerns'. Schultz (2002) also suggests that 'values' act as a bond between all these concepts and precursors mentioned by Klassens since they underpin the relationship with the natural world, and their affective psychological and physiological responses to natural settings Schultz (2002, 2004) argues that the construct for CNT is composed of three dimensions of psychological inclusion in nature e i) a cognitive or mental representation of that self that creates an interdependence with nature; ii) an affective representation which refers to an individual's emotional bond with nature that creates a sense of intimacy and care for it; and iii) a behavioural component which refers to an individual's commitment to act in the best interest of the natural environment and protect it. However Ashmore et al. Several authors (e.g. The above 'eco-psychological' arguments then suggest that there are significant disparities in the way individuals are attracted to nature, and disconnectedness from nature could indirectly contribute to environmental deterioration Methods Data collection protocol and search strategy This paper presents two sets of literature reviews e the first dataset based on a review of the literature undertaken using principles of Systematic Literature Review (SLRs) protocols as a guide, and the second dataset based on a less restrictive but wider search for relevant literature related specifically to measures of CNT. The SLR protocol was identified a-priori and detailed the study inclusion criteria, established a series of review questions, identified relevant studies, appraised their quality and summarised the evidence to provide an overall picture of CNT literature. The aim was to synthesize findings from recent literature in order to understand the direction CNT research is taking, while reducing the effect of the reviewers' own bias, identifying gaps, and suggesting directions for further research The first step of the literature review involved systematically identifying data sources. The papers which formed our dataset were thus selected from peer reviewed literature on CNT published between January 2002 and December 2014 for the first dataset. Searches of web-based databases hosted by SciVerse (Scopus) were conducted, specifically under the categories for "Life sciences" (7200 journal titles) and "Social sciences and humanities" (5300 titles). Scopus was selected because it offers significant coverage of databases that deal with the environmental social sciences. The search terms used were "connectedness to nature" and "nature relatedness", with papers selected for further evaluation if they contained this term within the article title, abstract and/or keywords. Other related search terms were excluded since CNT is by now established as the leading term for this construct. The use of the Scopus database inevitably means that other relevant CNT literature may have been overlooked, since it only offers literature written in English, and excludes other works published in books, dissertations, and conference proceedings or online. Nonetheless peer-reviewed research communicated through the medium of established journals remains the most reliable source for a systematic literature review that can withstand academic scrutiny, despite the above limitations. For researchers trying to identify or build a CNT measure ideal for their needs, a more complete list of available measures is needed. Consequently, in order to provide a more comprehensive literature review of measures associated with CNT, the author also undertook a Scopus search beyond the reference years; and furthermore screened the first 100 returns of 'grey literature' from the Google search engine using the same keywords, but focussing specifically on measurement of CNT. This second dataset was used specifically to provide a more comprehensive collation of CNT measures beyond the first dataset. Only English language publications were assessed. Study inclusion criteria Each article returned by the database search had its full text reviewed if the title and/or abstract were deemed to meet any three of the following study inclusion criteria, namely: a) articles specifically dealing with the topic of connectedness to nature; b) articles containing a measure quantifying the connection to the natural world; and c) articles that attempt to map CNT. Publications were scored for the extent to which they discussed each of the three inclusion criteria listed above in the title or abstract, and when necessary in the introduction and discussion sections. Thus, whether a published article was deemed relevant was dependent on the context of the study, and its direct relevance to CNT. Consequently papers that simply mentioned CNT or simply discussed fringe aspects of underlying CNT concepts were deemed to be irrelevant to this review. All papers were assessed by the primary author to ensure consistency, with key findings then reviewed by the second author. After searching the Scopus database, the selection was narrowed down to 260 papers published between 2002 and 2014. Of these 260 sources, 170 were rejected because they did not match the study inclusion criteria mentioned above. Our final sample was comprised of 90 peer reviewed papers from forty different journals and are listed in Annex I. Coding protocol The selected 90 papers were each reviewed carefully to assess their relevance against an a-priori protocol derived following a preliminary review of all papers. We identified the following ten review variables in order to describe the papers' context and methods for measuring CNT, and these variables were subsequently used to score each relevant paper accordingly. Limitations Bibliographic and academic research databases available B. Restall, E. Conrad / Journal of Environmental Management xxx (2015) 1e15 Results and discussion CNT papers published and their wider research contexts Ninety papers were found to be of direct relevance to CNT within the 13 years analysed on the Scopus database. A comparison against the coverage of other similar psychological constructs like place attachment (in the same database and over the same period) suggests that CNT is still somewhat under-represented in the Scopus literature. For instance a similar search for the term "place attachment" (PA) revealed 1064 potential sources which are of direct relevance to the PA literature. Out of the 90 papers reviewed, 76 papers (84%) undertook empirical research which applies CNT within specific contexts, while only 12 published papers (13%) comprised literature reviews, and only two papers were general format papers in the form of essays, reports or discussion papers. While the benefits of widespread empirical research are clear, this result also confirms there is scope for reviews of this nature. The majority of papers were standalone studies (78%) and the remaining 22% of the studies formed part of wider programmes of research e primarily looking at related health issues in connection with CNT, or else exploring the interplay between teaching and CNT. 54% of the studies received no reported funding whatsoever, and only 31% of papers received state funding, with only 4% receiving academic funding and 7% receiving NGO funding. Journals publishing about CNT Between 2002 and 2014, 17 journals published papers specifically dealing with CNT; however, 15 of these journals only published one paper on the subject over this time span. The 'Journal of Environmental Psychology' (JEP) published 30% of all papers (27 papers), followed by Landscape and Urban Planning (LUP) at 56% and Health & Place, Ecological Economics, Journal of Environmental Management, Procedia e Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Environment and Behavior which published 3% of the papers. This result comes as no surprise since the JEP is a leading journal for academics who have a specific interest in the interrelationships between people and their physical surroundings. This implies that CNT is somewhat relegated to the psychology literature base and has limited exposure or application in other multi-disciplinary publications or academic literature, which can be a limiting factor towards the potential influence of CNT concepts in environmental policy or management decisions. Country interest in CNT For each paper we noted the institution and country where authors were based in order to give an idea of the spread of CNT research and to identify any cultural biases which may be present. All papers originated only from 25 countries, and the largest numbers of publications (27%) were written from USA institutes, followed by 17% in Australia and 8% in the UK, 7% in the Netherlands, 6% in Canada, while Germany made a modest contribution (4%). The only lower income country represented, based on the gross national income per capita and a classification of economies by the World Bank (2010e2014), was Iran; however the paper in question was written by academics in India. Overall this suggests that studies in CNT are undertaken in high-income countries, and that low-income countries are poorly represented in CNT literature. Unfortunately this bias towards high-income countries is not specific to CNT literature alone and remains prevalent in most fields of research Academic domains pursuing CNT, and their spatial focus As can be expected, the greatest proportion of papers (66%) analysed CNT purely from the psychological point of view, or looked at its application within the environmental and social psychology domain. Only 13% of papers focused on the implications of CNT on conservation, 6% on human geography, 3% on sociology along with a similar 3% on the medical sciences. Other varied disciplines like education only garnered a share of 7%of the literature. This suggests that CNT is somewhat grounded in the psychological sciences but still garners interest from various domains Our review indicates that there is a moderately varied distribution of studies across the identified spatial scales. Papers considering the relevance of CNT for 'Nature in general' dominated the literature (29%); followed by a specific focus on 'Natural areas (not directly modified for human purposes)' at 13%. 'Urban areas' (12%) and 'Agricultural areas' (11%) also were the subject of study; while 'Rural areas', (7%), 'Outdoor areas or urban parks' (6%), 'Touristic areas' (2%), and 'Contaminated/polluted environments' (1%) garnered modest interest. 'Office environments' received no direct CNT attention in the period reviewed and 16% of the papers had no particular spatial focus. These results indicate that research is mostly focused on understanding CNT within a generic appreciation of nature, or simply focused on the psychological implications of CNT on people, rather than being framed within specific environments. However, natural and urban areas do seem to be of direct interest in CNT, while fewer studies where applied to agricultural areas, rural areas, outdoor areas or urban parks, and touristic areas. This is possibly the result of people moving out of rural areas and relocating to coastal and urban settlements (Daily, 2001; Stakeholder involvement There is doubt that successful nature management can be designed or implemented without taking in consideration the relationship with the broader society. For instance, conserving rural landscapes has been shown to require complex coordination with many public and private stakeholders Spatial mapping of CNT constructs Spatial mapping and analysis of geographically referenced information is being used extensively in the social sciences to gain spatial perspectives that can solve complex environmental problems which are embedded in space and time If we are serious about the view that people are part of an ecosystem, then good ecosystem management should stand to gain from the mapping of social or personal meanings or value people attribute to nature; or how we view humaneenvironment relationships and the extent to which people agree or disagree on these meanings Research methods used for measuring CNT The aim of this section is to provide an overview of CNT measures mentioned or used in the wider literature to measure, quantify and categorize the human relationship with our natural environment. We review the distinctiveness of these measures as a further contribution to the theoretical understanding of connection to nature, and undertake a critical analysis of their strengths and weaknesses. Out of the papers reviewed for the first dataset, 49% actually use one or more tools to quantify CNT, and some of the studies reviewed have even developed psychometric scales of their own. Although a number of the papers reviewed or assessed numerous instruments that measure CNT, it is clear that other established CNT measurement tools were omitted since they were not published in peer-reviewed journals. Consequently a wider and less restrictive literature review beyond the SCOPUS journal and date parameters was undertaken for this section in order to create a second dataset. There is clearly substantial similarity and possible overlap between the various measures and constructs of CNT reviewed above, even though they theoretically focus on different aspects of CNT. These similarities are even acknowledged by the authors themselves in some cases. Nevertheless, these results also suggest that while the subtle statistical divergences of these measures cannot be ignored, it is evident that NR and EID show a persistent correlation with the criterion variables, and that the NR scale was consistently reliabl
The relationship between individual type, underachievement and the attributional motivation of secondary school science students : intervention approaches for underachievers.
No full textRelationships between underachievement, individual type and attributional motivation were investigated among 37 underachieving senior science students from a boys' college, a girls' college and a coeducational college in New Zealand. An adaptation of the Myers-Briggs type inventory was used to identify individual type, and attributional motivation was determined by using two questionnaires, based upon attributional constructs established by Weiner (1979). Students in the sample were also interviewed. Results show a significant difference, too great to be attributed to a sampling fluctuation, between the observed number of students and the greater than expected number of students, particularly for the ESFJ (Extrovert-Sensing- Feeling-Judging) and ISFJ (Introvert-Sensing-Feeling-Judging) individual 'types' within the sample of underachieving students. A difference also was found between the observed number of Function Pairs, derived from the Myers-Briggs descriptions, and the expected number of Pairs within the sample. These differences were also too great to be attributed to a sampling fluctuation.A general lack of motivation was found among the students, with 'lack of effort' being attributed as a major cause of underachievement. Differences in attribution trends were found between different 'types'. Most of the students indicated that they were passive learners and generally were unaware of how to use metacognitive strategies to improve their learning and motivation.Implications from this research suggest that intervention approaches should be made by educators to improve accountability and reduce underachievement by students. Recommendations for various approaches used by the author, and by others described in the thesis to reduce or overcome underachievement are suggested. These might be used for individual types who are prone to underachieve, and for underachievers generally
