2,377 research outputs found
Apoptosis in mouse skeletal muscles after physical exercise.
No full textApoptosis in mouse skeletal muscles after physical exercise.
Podhorska-Okołów M, Krajewska B, Carraro U, Zabel M.
Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 1999;37(2):127-8. No abstract available.
PMID:
10352991
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Purification and properties of cowpea mosaic virus RNA replicase
No full textThis thesis concerns the partial purification and properties of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase) produced upon infection of Vigna unguiculata plants with Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV). The enzyme is believed to be coded, at least in part, by the virus genome and to be responsible for the replication of the virus RNA.In chapter 1 we describe the scope of the investigations and the motives underlying this thesis.In chapter 2 a literature review is presented of the RNA replicases of viruses containing a single-stranded RNA genome of the plus type. With respect to the prokaryote virus RNA replicases, studies are described on the structure and properties of QB replicase, with special emphasis on the role the individual subunits of the enzyme are playing in the different stages of RNA synthesis. Reviewing the research on animal and plant virus RNA replicases had to be limited necessarily to a description of the isolation and properties of several crude enzyme preparations, since no purified replicases have been obtained and little progress is made with their purification.In chapter 3 we describe the detection of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity which is present in Vigna unguiculata leaves infected with CPMV but not in uninfected leaves. It is shown, that this RNA polymerase activity, which is designated as CPMV replicase and is associated with a membrane fraction, becomes detectable one day after infection and then continues to increase until the fourth day. This membrane-bound replicase activity was found to require Mg 2+ -ions and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and to be resistant to DNase and actinomycin D. Analysis of the in vitro synthesized RNA products by sucrose gradient centrifugation and treatment with RNases revealed, that the majority consisted of double-stranded RNA species sedimenting at 17S and 20S, probably representing the replicative forms of both virus RNAs. A minor part consists of two single-stranded RNA species, similar in sedimentation rate (26S and 34S) to the virion RNAs. From these results we concluded, that we were dealing with a bound replicase complex most likely representing the replicase involved in virus replication in vivo. Having the final purification of CPMV replicase in view, we were then faced with the solubilization of the enzyme required to continue the purification.In chapter 4 we describe a very gentle and easy method to release the replicase from the membranes without employing detergent. The method consists of a washing procedure involving a Mg 2+ -deficient buffer, and provides several advantages in comparison with other solubilization procedures. Firstly, the solubilized replicase is highly stable, thus facilitating the further purification. Secondly, the release of the replicase from the membranes is rather selective. The majority of proteins is retained in the membrane pellet and the specific activity of the solubilized replicase is increased about 2-3 fold with respect to the membrane-bound replicase. Thirdly, more than 80% of the replicase activity is detached from the membranes. The solubilized replicase can be further purified and freed of endogenous template RNA by DEAE-BioGel. column chromatography to provide a highly stable enzyme dependent on template.In chapter 5 we describe several properties of the DEAE-purified replicase preparation. Replicase activity is not inhibited by a- amanitin, rifampicin, cordycepin, actinomycin D, DNase and orthophosphate but is completely suppressed by pyrophosphate and RNase A plus RNase T 1 . The in vitro RNA synthesis is shown to proceed for at least 15 hours under the following optimal conditions: 8 mM Mg(OAc) 2 or 12 mM MgCl 2 ; 60 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , up to 100 mM K(OAc), but KCl as low as possible; pH 8.2; 30 to 34°C; all four ribonucleoside triphosphates present and 5-10 μg of CPMV RNA as template per 15 μg of protein.Having established the optimal conditions for RNA synthesis, we have studied the template specificity using a variety of viral, nonviral and synthetic template RNAs. It is shown that the replicase readily accepts natural RNAs as templates but is unable to efficiently synthesize RNA complementary to the synthetic ribopolymers poly(C), poly(G) and poly(U); poly(A) is able to direct the incorporation of 3 H-UMP, but only at a high concentration (400 μg/ml) and inefficiently with respect to CPMV RNA. Several possibilities to account for the lack of template specificity displayed by CPMV replicase and many other eukaryote replicases, are discussed. It is argued that template specificity does not have to be an intrinsic property of, and a prerequisite for, eukaryote virus RNA replicases to function properly in vivo, taking into account the specific location of the replication process in the cell and the occurrence of host RNA molecules as ribonucleoprotein particles. Moreover, the loss of essential protein factor(s), the possible requirement for primer(s) and the use of non-specific reaction conditions are considered.Initial studies have been carried out on the binding of CM replicase to 32 P-CPMV RNA and, in addition on the size and nature of the in vitro synthesized RNA products. The binding experiments using a nitrocellulose filter technique to detect RNA-protein complexes, demonstrate that the DEAE-purified replicase, but not a corresponding protein preparation isolated from healthy leaves, binds to CM RNA. This binding can be abolished by synthetic poly(A) and poly(U) but not by poly(C), suggesting that the poly(A) on the CM RNA genome comprises a potential part of the replicase binding site. However, further experiments are needed to substantiate this hypothesis.The bulk of the in vitro synthesized RNA was found to consist of 16S RNA and a rather small amount of faster sedimenting RNA (20S-38S), the latter representing single-stranded RNA molecules still attached to their parental template strand. Although about 60% of the RNA products appears to be sensitive to treatment with RNase A plus RNase T 1 , no free, full-length size virus RNA molecules were formed, due to the presence of RNase(s) contaminating the replicase preparation.In chapter 6 we show that the DEAE-purified replicase can be purified further by glycerol gradient centrifugation. This step affords the removal of some proteins predominating in all earlier stages. A final purification of about 150-200 fold relative to the crude extract is achieved. From analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the replicase purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation and of a corresponding protein preparation from mock-infected leaves, we conclude that the replicase still needs additional purification steps to allow its identification. However, the stability of the enzyme seems to offer good prospects to achieve this aim.<p/
Zum Jubiläum der National-Zeitung dem Herrn Dr. Friedrich Zabel und Herrn Dr. B. Wolff
No full textZUM JUBILÄUM DER NATIONAL-ZEITUNG DEM HERRN DR. FRIEDRICH ZABEL UND HERRN DR. B. WOLFF
Zum Jubiläum der National-Zeitung dem Herrn Dr. Friedrich Zabel und Herrn Dr. B. Wolff / Krause, Eduard (Public Domain) ( - )
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1848-1873 ( - )
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Colletes troetroeensis Zabel & Kuhlmann 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Colletes troetroeensis</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6374F752-D657-4DE5-8116-709B0871137E</p> <p>Figs 59, 63</p> Diagnosis <p>The female can be separated from that of all other species with a normal scopa by the combination of the following characters: apical hair band of T2 about ½ width of disc (Fig. 59D–E), malar area elongate (about width of mandibular base), facial fovea very narrow (about ½ width of antennal flagellum), on metanotum dark brown hairs intermixed.</p> Etymology <p>Troe-Troe was the name of an old mission settlement that was later changed to Vanrhynsdorp. The only known specimen of this species was found in the vicinity of this town.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b> SOUTH AFRICA – <b>Western Cape Province</b> • ♀; 20 km N Vanrhynsdorp, Knersvlakte; 31°26′ S, 18°41′ E; alt. 211 m; 21 Sep. 2001; B. Danforth leg.; CMK.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>BODY LENGTH. 10 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Integument black, antenna brown ventrally. Face short grayish white hairs intermixed with light brown hairs on vertex and along inner eye margins blackish hairs. Clypeus with fine, dense (0.2 pd) slightly elongate punctures (Fig. 59B). Malar area elongate, as long as width of mandibular base. Facial fovea very narrow, maximum width about ½ antennal diameter.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tarsi mostly brownish (Fig. 59A). Scutum with relatively long, yellowish white to grayish hairs intermixed with slightly longer brownish hairs (Fig. 59C). Mesosomal sides yellowish to grayish white with brown hairs on mesepisternum, legs with yellowish white and some brown hairs intermixed. Disc of scutum relative densely (1–2 pd) punctured, surrounded by dense (0.5 pd) punctation, interspaces glabrous (Fig. 59C). Scutellum and metanotum with relatively long, yellowish brown hairs, intermixed with dark brown hairs. Upper sloping part of propodeal triangle scabriculous, vertical part glabrous. Scopa dorsally brown, ventrally yellowish white (Fig. 59F). Mid femora basally with slight edge and yellow short brush of hairs ventrally.</p> <p>METASOMA. Integument black, terga posteriorly broadly translucent. Disc of T1 with yellowish white erect long hairs, with short hairs interspersed (Fig. 59D). Disc of T2 with short erect hairs, yellowish white. T2 with white relatively broad basal tomentum (Fig. 59D). Discs of T3–T5 with short, erect blackish hairs, on T3 very short. T1–T5 with white tergal hair bands, narrower on T1 and T5 (Fig. 59E). Disc of T1 with fine, relatively dense, slightly indistinct (1–2 pd) punctation, punctures becoming slightly finer, more shallow and denser towards posterior tergal depression. Disc of T2 with fine, indistinct, dense (<0.5 pd) punctation; interspaces glabrous. S2–S5 with white hair fringes posteriorly. Discs of sterna loosely covered with yellowish white apical directed hairs, medially longer on S2. S3–S5 with few black hairs laterally.</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>Unknown.</p> Distribution <p>Only known from the Knersvlakte (Fig. 63).</p> Phenology <p>The only record is from September.</p>Published as part of <i>Zabel, Tina & Kuhlmann, Michael, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), pp. 1-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 899</i> on pages 80-84, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.899.2297, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8413282">http://zenodo.org/record/8413282</a>
Colletes peerbomi Zabel & Kuhlmann 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Colletes peerbomi</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: ED34B6BF-6C65-416B-9B08-314714BC4F9C</p> <p>Figs 49, 53</p> Diagnosis <p>Among the species with a normal scopa the following combination of characters is unique for the female: apical hair band of T2 about ¼ width of disc (Fig. 49D–E), malar area narrow (⅓ width of mandibular base), facial fovea narrow (about ⅔ width of antennal flagellum), scutellum with black hairs (Fig. 49C), T6 narrowly rounded and disc of T1 medio-anteriorly without numerous short hairs interspersed (Fig. 49D–E).</p> Etymology <p>Named after the Peerboomskloof Pass, where this species was discovered.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b> SOUTH AFRICA – <b>Western Cape Province</b> • ♀; 86 km E Ceres, Peerboomskloof Pass; 32°52′ S, 19°42′ E; 24 Sep. 2001; C.D. Eardley; CMK.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>BODY LENGTH. 12 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Integument black, antenna dark brown ventrally. Face grayish white intermixed with dark brown hairs on vertex and along inner eye margin (Fig. 49B). Clypeus with dense, medium-sized punctures (0.2 pd), punctures slightly elongate (Fig. 49B). Malar area narrow, length about ⅓ width of mandibular base. Facial fovea narrow, maximum width about ⅔ antennal diameter.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tarsi often brownish (Fig. 49A). Scutum with grayish white hairs, intermixed with dark brown hairs (Fig. 49C). Mesosomal sides grayish white to yellowish white, intermixed with dark brown hairs on mesepisternum and legs with yellowish white hairs, intermixed with brown hairs. Disc of scutum relatively dense (0.5–1 pd) punctured, integument glabrous, surrounded by dense (<0.5 pd) punctation. Scutellum and metanotum with long, yellowish white hairs, on scutellum intermixed with dark brown hairs. Upper sloping part of propodeal triangle scabriculous. Vertical part superficially shagreened and shiny. Scopa dark brown dorsally, yellowish ventrally (Fig. 49F). Mid femora with distinct edge and stout ridge ventrally with brush of hairs.</p> <p>METASOMA. Integument black, terga narrowly translucent posteriorly. T1–T3 with slight bluish shine. Disc of T1 relatively dense covered with long, erect yellowish white to white hairs (Fig. 49D). Disc of T2 densely covered with shorter, concolorous hairs. T2 without or very weakly developed basal tomentum. Discs of T3–T5 with successively longer, short erect blackish hairs. T1–T5 with relatively broad white posterior tergal hair bands, narrower on T1 (Fig. 49E). Disc of T1 with fine and dense, scattered punctures (1–2 pd), punctures much finer and denser on posterior tergal depression. Disc of T2 with fine and dense punctation (0.5–1 pd); glabrous between punctures. S2–S5 with yellowish white hair fringes, larger laterally. Discs of sterna covered with white to yellowish white, erect, apically directed hairs, medially few hairs, S5 sparsely covered with hairs.</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>Unknown.</p> Distribution <p>Only found in the vicinity of Ceres (Fig. 53).</p> Phenology <p>The only record is from September.</p>Published as part of <i>Zabel, Tina & Kuhlmann, Michael, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), pp. 1-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 899</i> on pages 66-68, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.899.2297, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8413282">http://zenodo.org/record/8413282</a>
Colletes fuscitergus Zabel & Kuhlmann 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Colletes fuscitergus</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EB8ABC0E-B0BB-4BDF-84A3-C6952FDD26D8</p> <p>Figs 25, 36</p> Diagnosis <p>The male can best be identified by the unique shape of S7 (Fig. 25G) and gonostylus (Fig. 25H).</p> Etymology <p>Named for the brownish metasomal terga.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b> SOUTH AFRICA – <b>Northern Cape Province</b> • ♂; Namaqualand, Garies; 30°30′ S, 18°00′ E; Jun. 1930; museum staff leg.; SAMC.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>BODY LENGTH. 9 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Integument black, antenna brown ventrally. Face with grayish white to white hairs (Fig. 25B). Clypeus with very dense, small punctures (<0.2 pd). Malar area long, length about 1.2–1.5 × width of mandibular base. Facial fovea narrow, maximum width about ½ antennal diameter.</p> <p>MESOSOMA. Integument black, tarsi brownish (Fig. 25A). Scutum with long grayish white to white hairs (Fig. 25C). Mesosomal sides and legs with white hairs. Disc of scutum with medium-sized, scattered punctures (0.5–1 pd), integument glabrous, surrounded by dense punctation (<0.2 pd). Scutellum and metanotum with long yellowish to yellowish brown hairs, intermixed with few light brown hairs on scutellum. Upper sloping part of propodeal triangle with short, longitudinal carinae. Vertical part superficially shagreened and shiny with lateral 1–2 more or less developed transverse carinae anteriorly. Hind basitarsus not modified (Fig. 25F).</p> <p>METASOMA. Integument brown and terga narrowly translucent posteriorly. T1 densely covered with long, erect yellowish white hairs (Fig. 25D). Disc of T2 with concolorous shorter hairs as on T1. Disc of T3–T6 with relatively long, erect dark brown hairs. T1–T5 with narrow white posterior hair bands (Fig. 25E). Discs of T1 and T2 with fine and dense (<0.5 pd) punctation, punctures becoming a bit more scattered on posterior tergal depression, interspaces glabrous. S2–S5 with long whitish fringes posteriorly. Discs of sterna covered with relatively long white hairs. S7 (Fig. 25G) and gonostylus (Fig. 25H) as illustrated.</p> Distribution <p>The only record is from Garies (Fig. 36).</p> Phenology <p>Only recorded in June.</p>Published as part of <i>Zabel, Tina & Kuhlmann, Michael, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), pp. 1-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 899</i> on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.899.2297, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8413282">http://zenodo.org/record/8413282</a>
Colletes spinipes Zabel & Kuhlmann 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Colletes spinipes</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 95A63620-838F-45D0-9AEE-B89FE629FE65</p> <p>Figs 55, 63</p> Diagnosis <p>Male best identified by the unique shape of S7 (Fig. 55G) and gonostylus (Fig. 55H).</p> Etymology <p>Named for the conspicuous spine on the mid femur of the male.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b> SOUTH AFRICA – <b>Northern Cape Province</b> • ♂; Nieuwoudtville, Reserve, 3119 AC; 31°22′ S, 19°07′ E; 28 Aug. 1985; V.B. Whitehead and M. Macpherson leg.; patrolling <i>Cysticapnos</i> sp.; SAMC.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>BODY LENGTH. 11 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Integument black, antenna dark brown ventrally. Face with grayish white to white hairs (Fig. 55B), with black hairs intermixed along inner eye margins and on vertex. Clypeus with very dense, small punctation (<0.2 pd). Malar area narrow, length about ½ width of mandibular base. Facial fovea narrow, maximum width about ½ antennal diameter.</p> <p>MESOSMA. Integument black, legs brown, tarsi reddish to yellowish brown (Fig 55A). Scutum with long grayish to yellowish white hairs, intermixed with dark brown hairs. Mesosomal sides and legs grayish white, with some brown hairs intermixed on mesepisternum. Disc of scutum with medium-sized, scattered punctures (0.5–1 pd), integument glabrous, surrounded by dense, small (<0.2 pd) punctation (Fig. 55C). Scutellum and metanotum long, yellowish white, with dark brown hairs intermixed on scutellum. Upper sloping part of propodeal triangle with short, longitudinal carinae anteriorly, scabriculous posteriorly. Vertical part superficially shagreened and shiny, with some weakly developed more or less transverse carinae. Hind basitarsus modified, broadened apically, curved (Fig. 55F), slightly convex and with prominent long reddish bristles on apical dorsal edge. Inner side of hind basitarsus only hairy on ⅔ dorsally, ventrally some scattered bristles. Tarsal segment 2 heart shaped, dorsal side is strongly broadened and rounded (Fig. 55F). Mid femora with right-angled edge on basal end, ventrally with long spine and femur slightly swollen.</p> <p>METASOMA. Integument black, terga narrowly translucent posteriorly and T1–T3 with slight bluish shine. T1 covered with long, erect, grayish white hairs (Fig. 55D). Disc of T2 with shorter erect hairs with same color as on T1. Discs of T3–T6 with erect blackish hairs. T1–T6 with relatively broad posterior tergal hair bands (Fig. 55E), on T1 and T6 narrower. Discs of T1 and T2 with fine, dense punctation (0.5–1 pd), punctures becoming slightly finer on posterior tergal depression, interspaces glabrous (Fig. 55D). S2–S5 with dense, relatively short fringes, laterally longer than medially. Disc of S2 covered with erect white hairs. On S5 with two elevations laterally and on S6 more medially and anterio-laterally with elongate brush of dense, short, red bristles. S7 (Fig. 55G) and gonostylus (Fig. 55H) as illustrated.</p> Distribution <p>The only record is from Nieuwoudtville (Fig. 63).</p> Phenology <p>Only recorded in August.</p>Published as part of <i>Zabel, Tina & Kuhlmann, Michael, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), pp. 1-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 899</i> on pages 77-79, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.899.2297, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8413282">http://zenodo.org/record/8413282</a>
Colletes longitarsus Zabel & Kuhlmann 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Colletes longitarsus</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13DBB574-35EF-4A44-BF91-03D0F5E6617D</p> <p>Figs 46, 53</p> Diagnosis <p> The male is best identified by the unique shape of S7 (Fig. 46G) and the 2 nd hind tarsomere, which is narrow and very elongate (Fig. 46F), as otherwise only in <i>C. cyanonitidus</i> (Fig. 17F).</p> Etymology <p>The species is named for its exceptionally elongate second hind tarsomere.</p> Material examined <p> <b>Holotype</b> SOUTH AFRICA – <b>Western Cape Province</b> • ♂; Clanwilliam, Ramskop; 32°10′ S, 18°52′ E; 9 Jul. 1984; V.B. Whitehead leg.; SAMC.</p> Description <p> <b>Female</b></p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Male</b></p> <p>BODY LENGH. 9 mm.</p> <p>HEAD. Integument black, antenna brownish ventrally. Face with grayish white to white hairs (Fig. 46B). Clypeus with very dense, small punctures (<0.2 pd). Malar area long, about as long as width of mandibular base. Facial fovea narrow, maximum width about ½ antennal diameter.</p> <p> MESOSOMA. Integument black, legs reddish brown and tarsi yellowish brown (Fig. 46A). Scutum with long, grayish white to yellowish white hairs (Fig. 46C). Mesosomal sides and legs grayish white to white. Disc of scutum medium sized, scattered punctures (0.5–1 pd), integument glabrous, surrounded by dense (<0.2 pd) punctation. Scutellum and metanotum with long, yellowish white hairs, on scutellum intermixed with brown hairs. Upper sloping part of propodeal triangle with short, longitudinal carinae anteriorly, scabriculous posteriorly, vertical part distinctly shagreened and shiny. Hind basitarsus not modified. 2 nd hind tarsomere very elongated (Fig. 46F).</p> <p>METASOMA. Integument black, terga narrowly translucent posteriorly. T1–T4 with slightly bluish shine. T1 covered with long, erect grayish white hairs (Fig. 46D). Disc of T2 with shorter, erect grayish white hairs. Discs of T3–T6 with erect black hairs. T1–T5 with white, narrow posterior tergal hair bands (Fig. 46E). Discs of T1 and T2 with relatively dense (0.5 pd) granulation that is becoming slightly finer and indistinct on posterior tergal depression, interspaces glabrous. S1–S5 with white hair fringes posteriorly, laterally minimal longer than medially. Disc of S2 with long, erect white hairs, S3–S5 with scattered, short white hairs, laterally longer. S7 (Fig. 46G) and gonostylus (Fig. 46H) as illustrated.</p> Distribution <p>Only record is from the type locality in the Cedarberg Mountains (Fig. 53).</p> Phenology <p>Only recorded in July.</p>Published as part of <i>Zabel, Tina & Kuhlmann, Michael, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae), pp. 1-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 899</i> on pages 62-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.899.2297, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8413282">http://zenodo.org/record/8413282</a>
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