295 research outputs found
Workload even affects hand hygiene in a highly trained and well-staffed setting: a prospective 365/7/24 observational study
No full textDirect Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Mixing Layers Between Two Fluids of Large Density Difference
No full textIn numerous practical applications, shear layers exist between fluids of strongly differing densities. At high Atwood numbers, the large variations in density introduce important effects that have recently been observed in other flows (e.g., Livescu and Ristorcelli, J. Fluid Mech., 605:145–180, 2008). To investigate the inertial variable density effects on the instability growth and structure of mixing layers, we perform very large Direct Numerical Simulations of planar mixing layers between two miscible fluids, each with different density. The DNS domain sizes accommodate large extents of mode pairings, based on the most unstable modes obtained from linear stability analysis. The results display the overall statistical effects on the turbulence and mixing, as well as the structural differences that occur as Atwood number is varied. In particular, significant asymmetries are introduced by the differences in the densities of the mixing layer streams
DNA samples of all species examined in this study.
No full texta<p>Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Avenue, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.</p>b<p>Duke Lemur Center (DLC), Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</p>c<p>Integrated Primate Biomaterials and Information Resource (IPBIR), <a href="http://ccr.coriell.org/Sections/Collections/" target="_blank">http://ccr.coriell.org/Sections/Collections/</a>.</p>d<p>Frozen Zoo, San Diego Zoo (SDFZ), <a href="http://conservationandscience.org" target="_blank">http://conservationandscience.org</a>.</p>e<p>Gene Bank of Primates (GBP), German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.</p>f<p>Batzer: Adenovirus 12 SV40-transformed fibroblasts maintained in the lab of Dr. Mark Batzer.</p>g<p>From cell lines provided by American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, VA 20108, USA.</p><p>DNA samples of all species examined in this study.</p
Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes
No full textThis paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes by the Working Group on Dothideomycetes established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenospora over Farlowiella; Alternaria over Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeria over Fusicoccum; Camarosporula over Anthracostroma; Capnodium over Polychaeton; Cladosporium over Davidiella; Corynespora over Corynesporasca; Curvularia over Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoë over Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsis over Kentingia; Exosporiella over Anomalemma; Exserohilum over Setosphaeria; Gemmamyces over Megaloseptoria; Kellermania over Planistromella; Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis; Lecanosticta over Eruptio; Paranectriella over Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria; Phyllosticta over Guignardia; Podonectria over Tetracrium; Polythrincium over Cymadothea; Prosthemium over Pleomassaria; Ramularia over Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsis over Eudarluca; Sphaeropsis over Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphylium over Pleospora; Teratosphaeria over Kirramyces and Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploa over Tetraplosphaeria; Venturia over Fusicladium and Pollaccia; and Zeloasperisporium over Neomicrothyrium. Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana (Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea (Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. fugax (Wallr.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. nobleae (McKenzie & D. Matthews) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. triseptata (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium cryptogamum (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. cylindricum (G.Y. Sun et al. ) Crous & Batzer, S. emperorae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. inaequale (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. musae (G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. qianense (G.Y. Sun & Y.Q. Ma) Crous & Batzer, S. tardecrescens (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. wisconsinense (Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, Teratosphaeria epicoccoides (Cooke & Massee) Rossman & W.C. Allen, Venturia catenospora (Butin) Rossman & Crous, V. convolvularum (Ondrej) Rossman & Crous, V. oleaginea (Castagne) Rossman & Crous, and V. phillyreae (Nicolas & Aggéry) Rossman & Crous, combs. nov. Three replacement names are also proposed: Pyrenophora grahamii Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium sunii Crous & Batzer, and Venturia barriae Rossman & Crous noms. nov
Epoxiverbindungen – ihre Synthese und Verwendung
Get PDFThe epoxies are of the wide class of compounds which undergo addition reactions; a series of such compounds susceptible to such types of reaction is listed in the tables attached.The paper is divided up in 4 main-parts: Preparation of epoxy compounds by different methods, reactions of the epoxy group, influence of structure on properties and ecotoxicological aspects. The paper deals with the key principles of work carried out during the last 25 years under the direction of the author
401 422 John Wiley and Sons New York, NY, USA
No full textThe relationship between S. purpurea and its inquilines in northeastern North America is reviewed. Wyeomyia smithii, Metriocnemus knabi and Blaesoxipha fletcheri dominate the insect community of S. purpurea. All 3 are detritivores and feed on the arthropod prey attracted to the pitcher plant. They coexist by partitioning the habitat and food resource spatially. W. smithii lives in the water column of the pitcher and feeds by filtering microorganisms (bacteria and protozoa) from the water. M. knabi feeds on the dead organisms that have accumulated at the bottom of the pitcher. B. fletcheri feeds at the surface on floating prey items that have drowned in the pitcher fluid. The action of these inquilines apparently speeds up the release of nutrients (mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide) to the plant, and in turn the plant removes potentially toxic metabolic wastes (ammonia, CO2) from the water and infuses oxygen. Pitcher plant habitats, mainly Sphagnum bogs, are at risk in some areas of the region, particularly in the more populated zones in the south, to urbanization, agriculture, aforestation, and peat harvest. However, this represents only a small part of the total available peatland habitat in Canada.
The long march: a sample preparation technique that enhances contig length and coverage by high-throughput short-read sequencing.
Get PDFHigh-throughput short-read technologies have revolutionized DNA sequencing by drastically reducing the cost per base of sequencing information. Despite producing gigabases of sequence per run, these technologies still present obstacles in resequencing and de novo assembly applications due to biased or insufficient target sequence coverage. We present here a simple sample preparation method termed the "long march" that increases both contig lengths and target sequence coverage using high-throughput short-read technologies. By incorporating a Type IIS restriction enzyme recognition motif into the sequencing primer adapter, successive rounds of restriction enzyme cleavage and adapter ligation produce a set of nested sub-libraries from the initial amplicon library. Sequence reads from these sub-libraries are offset from each other with enough overlap to aid assembly and contig extension. We demonstrate the utility of the long march in resequencing of the Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome, where the number of genomic bases covered was increased by 39%, as well as in metagenomic analysis of a serum sample from a patient with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute liver failure, where the number of HBV bases covered was increased by 42%. We also offer a theoretical optimization of the long march for de novo sequence assembly
On adaptor proteins shaping Ca2+ signals in activated B lymphocytes
Get PDFNeumann K. On adaptor proteins shaping Ca2+ signals in activated B lymphocytes. Bielefeld (Germany): Bielefeld University; 2008.Signale des B-Zell-Antigenrezeptors (BZR) regeln sowohl die Aktivierung pathogenspezifischer B-Lymphozyten als auch die Eliminierung selbstreaktiver B-Lymphozyten. Das Ergebnis der BZR-Stimulation kann von Apoptose bis zu Proliferation der B-Lymphozyten reichen. Unpassende Signale können deshalb zu einer Unausgewogenheit zwischen der humoralen Immunität und Selbsttoleranz führen. Folglich hängt die B-Lymphozyten-Aktivierung von einem komplizierten Wechselspiel zwischen positiven und negativen Signalelementen ab. Der Anstieg der zytosolischen Kalziumionen (Ca2+)-Konzentration ist ein zentraler Schritt in der B-Lymphozyten-Aktivierung. Die zeitliche Form des Ca2+ Signals trägt zur differentiellen Aktivierung von Transkriptionsfaktoren bei, welche dann das Schicksal der Zelle beeinflussen. Das Adaptorprotein Grb2 hemmt BZR-vermittelte Ca2+-Mobilisierung. Während meiner Arbeit identifizierte Björn Stork in unserem Labor Dok-3 als ein weiteres Adaptorprotein, das Ca2+ Mobilisierung in B-Zellen hemmt.
In dieser Arbeit habe ich die molekularen Mechanismen der hemmenden Funktion der zwei Adaptorproteine untersucht. Dafür wurden DT40 B-Zellen verwendet, deren Gene für Grb2 oder Dok-3 inaktiviert worden sind. Damit konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Proteine die Aktivierung des Ca2+-mobilisierenden Enzyms PLC-[gamma]2 durch Btk hemmen. Dies zeigte sich durch eine erhöhte BZR-vermittelte Phosphorylierung von PLC-[gamma]2 an einer spezifischen Btk-Phosphorylierungsstelle in der Abwesenheit von Dok-3 oder Grb2. Dieser Befund wurde durch erhöhte IP3-Produktion und einen stärkeren Grad der Entleerung der intrazellulären Ca2+-Speicher nach BZR-Stimulation unterstützt. Der beobachtete Einfluss der zwei Adaptorproteine auf der Aktivierung von Ca2+-Kanälen in der Plasmamembran verschwindet, wenn die Speicher künstlich entleert sind. Daher scheinen die beiden Adaptorproteine ausschließlich die Ca2+-Mobilisierung aus intrazellulären Speichern zu beeinflussen. Obwohl beide Proteine einen ternären Komplex mit dem hemmenden Lipidphosphatase SHIP bilden, scheint diese Wechselwirkung für die Dok-3-Funktion nicht notwendig zu sein. Eher scheint SHIP die Dok-3-Phosphorylierung zu fördern. Koquervernetzung von Fc[gamma]RIIb mit dem BZR führt zu starker SHIP-Aktivierung und ich konnte zeigen, dass dies auch zu verstärkter Dok-3-Phosphorylierung führt. Diese Studie zeigt Einblicke in die molekularen Mechanismen, durch die die zytosolischen Adaptorproteine Dok-3 und Grb2 BZR-Signale regeln und identifiziert Fc[gamma]RIIb als Regulator des Dok-3-Grb2-Moduls.Signals emanating from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) regulate both the activation of pathogen-specific B lymphocytes as well as removal of self-reactive B lymphocytes. The outcome of BCR stimulation can range from induction of apoptosis to proliferation. Inappropriate signals can therefore lead to an imbalance between humoral immunity and self tolerance. Consequently, B lymphocyte activation depends on a complex interplay between positive and negative signaling elements. The rise of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is a central step in B lymphocyte activation. The temporal shape of the Ca2+ signal contributes to the differential activation of transcription factors, which then affects cell fate decisions.
The adaptor protein Grb2 has previously been shown to inhibit BCR-induced Ca2+ mobilization. During my work Björn Stork in our lab identified Dok-3 to be another adaptor protein inhibiting Ca2+ mobilization in B cells. In this study I investigated the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory function of the two adaptor proteins.
Using DT40 B cells that were rendered deficient for Grb2 or Dok-3 expression it could be shown that both proteins inhibit activation of the Ca2+ mobilizing enzyme PLC-[gamma]2 by Btk. This was evident from enhanced BCR-induced phosphorylation of PLC-[gamma]2 at a specific Btk phosphorylation site in the absence of Dok-3 or Grb2. This finding was supported by enhanced IP3 production and a stronger degree of depletion of Ca2+ from the ER stores in response to BCR ligation. An impact of the two adaptor proteins on the activation of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels could be excluded by uncoupling the release of Ca2+ from the ER from Ca2+ influx across the membrane. Although both proteins seem to form a ternary complex with the inhibitory lipid phosphatase SHIP, this interaction could be shown not to be essential for Dok-3 function. Rather, SHIP seems to promote Dok-3 phosphorylation. Fc[gamma]RIIb coligation to the BCR strongly activates SHIP and this could be shown to also enhance Dok-3 phosphorylation.
Together, this study reveals insights in the molecular mechanism by which the cytosolic adaptor proteins Dok-3 and Grb2 regulate BCR signaling and identifies Fc[gamma]RIIb as an upstream regulator
Author correction: comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes (Nature (2011), 469, 7331, (529-533), 10.1038/nature09687)
No full textLocke, D.P., Hillier, L.D.W., Warren, W.C., Worley, K.C., Nazareth, L.V., Muzny, D.M., Yang, S.-P., Wang, Z., Chinwalla, A.T., Minx, P., Mitreva, M., Cook, L., Delehaunty, K.D., Fronick, C., Schmidt, H., Fulton, L.A., Fulton, R.S., Nelson, J.O., Magrini, V., Pohl, C., Graves, T.A., Markovic, C., Cree, A., Dinh, H.H., Hume, J., Kovar, C.L., Fowler, G.R., Lunter, G., Meader, S., Heger, A., Ponting, C.P., Marques-Bonet, T., Alkan, C., Chen, L., Cheng, Z., Kidd, J.M., Eichler, E.E., White, S., Searle, S., Vilella, A.J., Chen, Y., Flicek, P., Ma, J., Raney, B., Suh, B., Burhans, R., Herrero, J., Haussler, D., Faria, R., Fernando, O., Darré, F., Farré, D., Gazave, E., Oliva, M., Navarro, A., Roberto, R., Capozzi, O., Archidiacono, N., Della Valle, G., Purgato, S., Rocchi, M., Konkel, M.K., Walker, J.A., Ullmer, B., Batzer, M.A., Smit, A.F.A., Hubley, R., Casola, C., Schrider, D.R., Hahn, M.W., Quesada, V., Puente, X.S., Ordoñez, G.R., López-Otín, C., Vinar, T., Brejova, B., Ratan, A., Harris, R.S., Miller, W., Kosiol, C., Lawson, H.A., Taliwal, V., Martins, A.L., Siepel, A., RoyChoudhury, A., Ma, X., Degenhardt, J., Bustamante, C.D., Gutenkunst, R.N., Mailund, T., Dutheil, J.Y., Hobolth, A., Schierup, M.H., Ryder, O.A., Yoshinaga, Y., de Jong, P.J., Weinstock, G.M., Rogers, J., Mardis, E.R., Gibbs, R.A., Wilson, R.K
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