476 research outputs found
Revealing the effects of ill global eco-financial systems and their capsules
No full textThis paper examines the origins of the global crisis, the impact of the crisis and the different capsules taken to address the crisis. Using daily data from mid-July 2002 to mid-July 2012 for five groups of economies, our estimation is based on BEKK diagonal GARCH. We augmented two dummy variables to represent the U.S. financial crisis and the debt crisis of Greece. We find that the U.S. crisis has insignificant impact on the mean returns of all the economies except the African economies. The U.S. financial crisis, however, has positive and significant impact on the stock volatilities of all the groups except the African economies. The debt crisis of Greece, on the other hand, has negative and significant impact on the mean returns of the European and Latin American economies. Its impact on the stock volatilities, however, is positive and significant in all the economies except the African economies. In examining the origins of the crisis, we identify that excessive reliance of the U.S. economy on the credit system and on the stock market together with historic negligence of the production sector and inadequate regulation are some causative factors
DSP-assisted channel aggregation options for next-generation mobile fronthauling
No full textIn this paper, we perform a performance comparison of two digital signal processing (DSP)-based channel aggregation options, such as Time Division Multiplexing Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) in the next generation mobile fronthauling. The two DSP-based options are here compared for the scenarios of 48 (20 MHz) LTE-A, 96 (20 MHz) LTE-A or 24 (100 MHz new radio NR) channels by means of simulation on realistic Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection optical fronthauling link, in terms of spectral occupation, DSP complexity and error vector magnitude (EVM) as a performance metric. We verified that TDMA option has compact bandwidth, it does not require pre-emphasis to equalize per channel EVM and gives out better EVM performance when the optical channel shows significant frequency roll-off towards higher channels as compared to FDMA without pre-emphasis equalization
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control
No full textA community-based seroepidemiological survey of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was conducted in 1994 to inform on the transmission dynamics and control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Venous blood from 4736 individuals under 50 years of age from 1262 households, selected using stratified cluster-sampling, was screened for HBV markers using commercial ELISAs. HBsAg prevalence was 7% (95% CI 6–8), higher in males (9%; 7–10) than females (5%; 4–6). HBeAg prevalence in HBsAg positives was 23% (18–29), and less than 1% of women of childbearing age were HBeAg positive. Overall HBV seroprevalence (any marker), rose steadily with age to over 70% in 40–49 year olds, indicating significant childhood and adult transmission. Estimated instantaneous incidence was 3–4/100 susceptibles/year, higher in males than females in 0–4 year olds, and peaking in early childhood and young adults. The age at which 50% had evidence of infection was around 20 years, and the herd immunity threshold is approximated at 63–77%. Addis Ababa is of intermediate-high HBV endemicity, with negligible perinatal transmission. Our main findings are the identification of a significant difference between males and females in the age-acquisition of HBV infection, and marked differences between age groups in HBV incidence rates. These results should target future research studies of underlying risk factors. Furthermore, we generate a crude estimate of the level of coverage of HBV vaccine that would be required to eliminate the virus from the study population
Estimation of genotype x environment interaction for yield in Ethiopia maize (Zea mays L.)
No full textEnglish: The study was undertaken to assess the performance of 10 maize genotypes across 15
maize growing environments of Ethiopia. The study was conducted from 1999 to 2001.
The grain yields of these genotypes were analyzed using different statistical procedures to
determine their G X E interactions and grain yield stability. The main objective of this
study was to investigate the G X E interactions and stability performance of genotypes in
various environments by applying different statistical methods of analysis in order to
make useful recommendations for future utilization.
Separate and combined analyses of variance across locations and years and five types of
stability parameters were performed, using the AGROBASE 2000 program. In order to
perform the stability analyses, data of 10 maize genotypes tested across five locations
and three years were analyzed using the procedures of Finlay and Wilkenson (1963),
Eberhart and Russel, (1966) for the joint regression, Wricke (1962) for ecovalence,
Shukla (1972) for stability variance and (Gauch and Zobel, 1988) for the AMMI stability
model.
Separate trial analyses for the three years showed highly significant (P<0.01) differences
among genotypes and locations for grain yield. In the year 1999, BH-670 was the best
performer, followed by (A-7016 x G-7462) x 142-1-e and (A-7032 x G-7462) x 142-1-e
with average yields of 9.59, 9.51 and 9.14 t ha" respectively. This ranking changed
during 2000 and 2001, due to the presence of interactions. Across locations and years,
(A-7032 x F-7215) x 144-7-b ranked first, followed by (A-7032 x G-7462) x 142-1-e and
BH-670. All are three-way hybrids with mean yields of 8.93, 8.79 and 8.74 t ha"
respectively. Among the locations the highest yield of 8.80 t ha" was obtained from
Awassa, followed by Bako and Jimma over the three years, indicating the high potential
of these sites for maize production. The results also showed yield variations over
locations and years, confirming the presence of G X E interactions. The average of
ANOV A components over the three years indicated that about 42% of the total variance
was accounted for by genotypes and 13% by blocks. This confirmed variability between
genotypes in their response to environmental factors.
Combined analyses of variance across locations found highly significant (P<0.01)
differences among locations (L) and genotypes (G) for grain yield. There was a
.differential response of genotypes over locations, mainly due to edaphic and climatic
factors. About 34% of the variance components were attributed to locations, while 16%
of the variance components were attributed to genotypes and 12% to their interactions
over the three years. This confirms the effect of environmental factors and thus the
necessity of stability analyses for the appropriate genotypes.
The combined analyses across locations, years and their interaction indicated highly
significant differences (P<0.01) among the genotypes for grain yield, which suggests
differential responses of genotypes to their environments. Significant G X E
interaction makes the genotype selection processes difficult, which create problems in
cultivar characterization. Stability analyses with appropriate statistical methods are
therefore required to overcome this problem. Most of these interactions were highly
significant due to abiotic and biotic factors, which need in-depth studies for better
understanding. Generally, when G X E interaction is mainly caused by unpredictable
environmental factors, breeing efforts should be aimed at the development of stable
varieties with a relatively good performance under a range of environments. When the
interaction is however due to predictable environmental factors the aim should be to
develop either different varieties for different environments or broadly adapted varieties
for a range of environments.
The joint regression model for grain yield indicated highly significant differences
between the genotypes. The joint regression model identified (A-7032 X G-7462) X 142-
l-e as the most stable genotype, followed by (A-7032 X F-7215) X 144-7-b and (A-7033
X F-7189) X 142-1-e. These last two genotypes were the best yielders across all
environments and both are three-way hybrids.
Wricke's (1962) ecovalence considered BH-660 (one of the popular hybrids) as the most
stable genotype, followed by (A-7033 X F-7189) X 142-1-e and Gibe-l (an openpollinated
variety). BH-660 is the most popular hybrid currently under production in the
country and Gibe-l is a newly released open-pollinated variety (OPV). (A-7032 X G-
7462) X 142-1-e and (A-7032 X F-7215) X 144-7-b were categorized as intermediate in
stability, unlike Kulani and BH-140, which were found to be unstable according to this
stability measurement.
According to Shukla's stability variance (1972), BH-660 followed by (A-7033 X F-7189)
X 142-I-e and Gibe-l were the most stable genotypes, whereas Kulani and BH-140 were
considered as the least stable genotypes. BH-660, the popular three-way hybrid was the
most stable genotype as measured by both ecovalence and the stability variance. Joint
regression was also in agreement with these results with only slight differences.
Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) stability values, and scores
of the interaction principal component analysis (lPCA) showed that BH-660 was the most
stable genotype followed by (A-7032 X F-7215) X 144-7-b and (A-7033 X F-7189) X
142-1-e, whereas Kulani and BH-140 were considered to be unstable. AMMI gave the
same results as the ecovalence and Shukla in identifying the stable genotypes.Afrikaans: Die studie is onderneem om te toets hoe 10 mielie genotipes In 15 verskillende
omgewings in Etiopië sou presteer. Die studie is uitgevoer vanaf 1999 tot 2001. Die
graanopbrengs van die verskillende genotipes is ge-analiseer deur verskillende statistiese
metodes te gebruik om hul G x E interaksie en opbrengs stabiliteit te bepaal. Die
hoofdoel van die studie was om die G x E interaksies en stabitliteitsprestasies van
genotipes in verskillende omgewings te bepaal deur van verskillende statistiese metodes
gebruik te maak, sodat nuttige voorstelle vir gebruik in die toekoms gemaak kon word.
Afsonderlike en gekombineerde analises van variansie oor omgewings en jare en vyf
verskillende stabiliteits parameters is gedoen met behulp van die AGROBASE 2000
sagteware. Die data van 10 mielie genotipes oor vyf omgewings en drie jare is gebruik in
die analises van die modelle van Finlay en Wilkenson (1963), Eberhart en Russel (1966)
vir die gesamentlike regressie, Wricke (1962) vir ekovalensie, Shukla (1972) vir
stabiliteitsvariansie en Gauch en Zobel (1988) vir die AMMI stabiliteitsmodel.
Afsonderlike proef analises vir drie jaar het hoogs betekenisvolle verskille (P<0.01)
tussen genotipes en gebiede vir graan opbrengs gevind. In 1999, het BH-670 die beste
presteer, gevolg deur (A-7016 x G-7462) x 142-1-e en (A7032 x G7462) x 142-1-e met
gemiddelde opbrengste van 9.59, 9.51 en 9.14 t ha" respektiewelik. Die rangordes het
egter verander gedurende 2000 en 2001, as gevolg van die teenwoordigheid van
interaksies. Oor gebiede enjare het (A-7032 x F-7215) x 144-7-b die hoogste rang gehad,
gevolg deur (A7032 x G7462) x 142-I-e en BH-670. AI drie is drie-rigting basters met
gemiddelde opbrengste van 8.93, 8.79 en 8.74 t ha-l respektiewelik. Tussen die gebiede
is die hoogste opbrengs gekry in Awassa, gevolg deur Bako en Jimma oor die drie jare.
Dit dui op die hoë potensiaal van hierdie gebiede vir mielie produksie. Die resultate toon
ook opbrengsverskille oor gebiede en jare, wat weer op G x E interaksies dui. Die
gemiddelde van die ANOV A komponente oor die drie jare toon dat ongeveer 42% van
die totale variansie was as gevolg van die genotipes, terwyl 13% die gevolg van blokke
was. Dit bevestig die variasie tussen genotipes in hul reaksies tot omgewingsfaktore.
Gekombineerde analises van variasie oor gebiede toon hoogs betekenisvolle verskille
(P<0.01) tussen gebiede (L) en genotipes (G) vir graanopbrengs. Daar was 'n
differensiële respons van genotipes oor gebiede, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van
klimaatsfaktore. Ongeveer 34% van die variansie komponente was as gevolg van
gebiede, terwyl 16% toegeskryf kon word aan die genotipes en 12% aan die interaksies
oor die drie jare. Dit bevestig die effekte van omgewingsfaktore en dus die
noodsaaklikheid van stabiliteitsanalises om die belangrikste genotipes te bepaal.
Die gekombineerde analises oor gebiede, jare en hul interaksie toon hoogs betekenisvolle
verskille tussen die genotipes vir hulopbrengste, wat dui op die verskillende reaksies van
genotipes teenoor die omgewing. Betekenisvolle G x E interaksies bemoeilik die seleksie
van genotipes en veroorsaak probleme in die karakterisering van kultivars. Om hierdie
probleem te oorkom, is stabiliteitsanalises met behulp van gepasde statistiese metodes
dus nodig. Meeste van die interaksies is hoogs betekenisvol as gevolg van biotiese en
abiotiese faktore. In diepte studies is egter nodig om dit beter te verstaan. Oor die
algemeen as G x E interaksies die gevolg is van onvoorspelbare omgewingsfaktore, moet
telers poog om stabiele variëteite te ontwikkel wat goed presteer in verskillende
omgewings. As die G x E interaksies egter die gevolg is van voorspelbare
omgewingsfaktore, moet spesifiek aangepasde variëteite vir spesifieke gebiede of wyd
aangepasde variëteite vir 'n wye reeks gebiede ontwikkel word.
Die gemeenskaplike regressie model vir graanopbrengs het hoogs betekenisvolle
verskille tussen genotipes gewys. Hierdie model het gevind dat (A7032 x G7462) x 142-
1-e die mees stabiele genotipe was, gevolg deur (A-7032 x F-7215) x 144-7-b en (A-7033
x F-7189) x 142-1-e. Laasgenoemde twee genotipes het die hoogste opbrengste oor al die
omgewings gehad en altwee was drie-rigting basters.
Die ekovalensie van Wricke (1962) het gevind dat BH-660 ('n baie populêre baster) die
mees stabiele was, gevolg deur (A-7033 x F-7189) x 142-1-e en Gibe-l ('n
oopbestuiwende variëteit). BH-660 is die mees gewildste baster tans onder produksie in
die land, terwyl Gibe-l is nuut vrygestelde oop-bestuiwende variëteit is. (A7032 x
G7462) x 142-1-e en (A-7032 x F-7215) x 144-7-b het intermidiêre stabiliteit, terwyl
Kulani en BH-140 as onstabiel geklassifiseer word.
Shukla's se stabiliteits variansie (1972) het gevind dat BH-660, gevolg deur (A-7033 x
F-7189) x 142-1-e en Gibe-l stabiel was, terwyl Kulani en BH-140 as onstabiel
geklassifiseer is. Ekovalensie sowel as die stabiliteits variansie het gevind dat BH-660
was die mees stabiele genotipe. Die gesamentlike regressie het ongeveer dieselfde
resultate gehad as laasgenoemde twee.
Die stabiliteits waardes van additiewe hoofeffekte en vermenigvuldige interaksies
(AMMI) en rangordes van die interaksie hoofkomponent analises (IPCA) het ook gevind
dat BH-660 die mees stabiele genotipe was, gevolg deur (A-7032 x F-721~) x 144-7-b en
(A-7033 x F-7189) x 142-1-e, terwyl Kulani en BH-140 as onstabiel geklassifiseer is.
AMMI het dieselfde resultate as die ekovalensie en Shukla gehad ten opsigte van die
mees stabiele kultivars.Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO
The bending modes of YbOH probed by visible spectroscopy
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Previous issue date: 2019-06-18Ytterbium monofluoride, YbF, has long been used as a venue in attempts to measure the electron electric dipole moment (eEDM) . In addition to the molecular EDM resulting from the eEDM contribution, the Yb (16.1\%, I=5/2) isotopic form of Yb-containing molecules are also expected to have an EDM caused by an interaction of a nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment (NMQM) with the electrons. As pointed out by Kozyryev and Hutzler, the X(010) level of YbOH is expected to exhibit enhanced sensitivity for EDM measurements, relative to YbF, largely due to the ease of polarization. The degenerate bending vibrational levels of YbOH are poorly characterized. Here we report on high-resolution studies of the molecular beam of the A- X (010-000) and A- X (010-010) transitions of YbOH. In addition, the dispersed fluorescence resulting from the excitation of rotationally resolved branch features has been analyzed to produce fluorescence branching ratios. Implications for planned EDM measurements will be presented.
Funded by a grant from the Heising-Simons Foundation.
References:
1.Hudson, J. J.; Sauer, B. E.; Tarbutt, M. R.; Hinds, E. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89 (2), 023003/1-023003/4.
2.Tarbutt, M. R.; Sauer, B. E.; Hudson, J. J.; Hinds, E. A., New J. Phys. 2013, 15 (May), 053034/1-053034/17.
3.Lackenby, B. G. C.; Flambaum, V. V., Nucl. Theory 2017, 1-7.
4.Kozyryev, I.; Hutzler, N. R., arXiv.org, e-Print Arch., Phys. 2017, 1-11.
5.Melville, T. C.; Coxon, J. A., J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115 (15), 6974-6978
Treatment of some High and Low Energy Hadronic Transitions in the Framework of Bethe-Salpeter Dynamical Programme for a Composite Hadron
No full textIn this thesis we employ Bethe Salpeter Equation(BSE) under Covariant Instantaneous Ansatz(CIA) to calculate: (A) The cross section of double Charmonium production from electron-positron annihilation at the CM energy 10:6GeV through the
process e++e− ! J= +ηc, which has recently been observed at B factories and whose
measurements were done by Babar and Belle groups. (B) The decay width for the radiative decay of equal mass vector mesons through the process h ! h0 + γ(h=vector
meson, h’=pseudoscalar meson and γ=the emitted photon.) (C) Decay width for
strong decay of excited vector mesons through the process h ! h0 + h"(h=excited
vector meson, h’=vector meson and h"=pseudoscalar meson.) The calculated results
are in reasonable agreement with data
Conjoined twin at abdomen: twin A anencephaly and face presentation with twin B cephalic presentation: a case report and review of the literature
No full textAbstract Objectives Conjoined twins are described as having been physically fused during pregnancy and delivery. They share some vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, liver, abdomen, etc. The article aims to present a unique discussion on conjoined twins at the abdomen, with twin A with anencephaly and face presentation and twin B with cephalic presentation. It is a conjoined twin fused at the abdomen. Twin A has anencephaly with lung and abdomen outside of the abdomen, with negative fetal heartbeat, and Twin B has cephalic presentation with a well-formed head and positive heartbeat. Conjoined twin is rarely diagnosed at delivery, but in resource-limited countries such as Ethiopia, it is diagnosed during delivery. It had a psychological impact both for pregnant women and the family. Therefore, appropriate counseling of pregnant women to have early ultrasound screening and follow-up is crucial. Case summary We encountered a rare case of a conjoined twin pregnancy involving twin A with anencephaly and face presentation and twin B with cephalic presentation. The patient, a 19-year-old woman from rural Ethiopia, presented at Nekemte Specialized Hospital with pushing down pain and a gush of fluid per vagina for 10 hours. After admission, an obstetric ultrasound revealed a twin pregnancy with twin A presenting with anencephaly (face presentation) and a negative fetal heart rate, and twin B presenting with cephalic presentation and a positive fetal heart rate. The patient underwent a cesarean section, and the procedure resulted in one conjoined twin with anencephaly and the other well formed. After a week of recovery, the patient was discharged with counseling for future pregnancies. Conclusion Conjoined twinning is a rare phenomenon, occurring in 1 in 50,000–100,000. It is rarely diagnosed during delivery. However, in resource-limited setups, it is diagnosed during delivery
Epidemiological patterns of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in highly endemic areas
No full textThis paper uses meta-analysis of published data and a deterministic mathematical model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission to describe the patterns of HBV infection in high endemicity areas. We describe the association between the prevalence of carriers and a simple measure of the rate of infection, the age at which half the population have been infected (A50), and assess the contribution of horizontal and perinatal transmission to this association. We found that the two main hyper-endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and east Asia have similar prevalences of carriers and values of A50, and that there is a negative nonlinear relationship between A50 and the prevalence of carriers in high endemicity areas (Spearman's Rank, P = 0·0086). We quantified the risk of perinatal transmission and the age-dependent rate of infection to allow a comparison between the main hyper-endemic areas. East Asia was found to have higher prevalences of HBeAg positive mothers and a greater risk of perinatal transmission from HBeAg positive mothers than sub-Saharan Africa, though the differences were not statistically significant. However, the two areas have similar magnitudes and age-dependent rates of horizontal transmission. Results of a simple compartmental model suggest that similar rates of horizontal transmission are sufficient to generate the similar patterns between A50 and the prevalences of carriers. Interrupting horizontal transmission by mass immunization is expected to have a significant, nonlinear impact on the rate of acquisition of new carriers
Orphan care in context: Evidence-based management of care alternatives for orphans and separated children in Sub-Saharan Africa
No full textOver 385 million children around the world live under conditions of despair and vulnerability due to poverty, war, conflict, disease, migration, and natural disasters (SOS Children’s Villages; USG Children in Adversity, n.d.-a). The most vulnerable of all are orphans and children separated from their parents. The number of orphans has accelerated since the late 1990s due to the HIV/AIDS crisis, currently standing at about 140 million, of whom 52 million live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (UNICEF, n.d.). Although there has been much work done by the global development community to support vulnerable children in developing countries, much of donor funding, policy, and program direction has prioritized family-based care (such as foster care) and pushed to close down residential care (such as orphanages). However, tens of millions of orphans and separated children (OSC) in developing countries live outside family-based care, in residential care settings or on the streets, and significant gaps in data and services has rendered this population invisible (USG Children in Adversity, n.d.-d). This is a result of the imbalance between the demand for and supply of support services for OSC living outside family-based care. This dissertation challenges the current paradigm in the international development community and proposes an evidence-based management and decision-making process that takes into consideration a country’s economic, political, and socio-cultural context, relevant evidence, practitioner expertise, and stakeholder perspectives for considering and supporting appropriate OSC care alternatives in SSA. This study conducts a Systematic Review of relevant evidence to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of residential care in SSA to inform decision making by child welfare stakeholders. The three main conclusions with implications for management are: 1) context matters and one size does not fit all when it comes to considering care alternatives for OSC; 2) a holistic child development approach is essential for care model assessment and programming; and 3) mitigating external threats and supporting residential care for OSC is vitally needed in SSA, including lifting international deinstitutionalization pressures. Specific recommendations are outlined, as well as limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES
ABSTRACT
Title of Dissertation: ORPHAN CARE IN CONTEXT:
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF
CARE ALTERNATIVES FOR ORPHANS
AND SEPARATED CHILDREN IN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Hiwot Tesfaye Mengesha,
Doctor of Management, 2021
Over 385 million children around the world live under conditions of despair and vulnerability
due to poverty, war, conflict, disease, migration, and natural disasters (SOS Children’s Villages;
USG Children in Adversity, n.d.-a). The most vulnerable of all are orphans and children
separated from their parents. The number of orphans has accelerated since the late 1990s due to
the HIV/AIDS crisis, currently standing at about 140 million, of whom 52 million live in Sub-
Saharan Africa (SSA) (UNICEF, n.d.). Although there has been much work done by the global
development community to support vulnerable children in developing countries, much of donor
funding, policy, and program direction has prioritized family-based care (such as foster care) and
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES
pushed to close down residential care (such as orphanages). However, tens of millions of orphans
and separated children (OSC) in developing countries live outside family-based care, in
residential care settings or on the streets, and significant gaps in data and services has rendered
this population invisible (USG Children in Adversity, n.d.-d). This is a result of the imbalance
between the demand for and supply of support services for OSC living outside family-based
care. This dissertation challenges the current paradigm in the international development
community and proposes an evidence-based management and decision-making process that takes
into consideration a country’s economic, political, and socio-cultural context, relevant evidence,
practitioner expertise, and stakeholder perspectives for considering and supporting appropriate
OSC care alternatives in SSA. This study conducts a Systematic Review of relevant evidence to
analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of residential care in SSA to inform
decision making by child welfare stakeholders. The three main conclusions with implications for
management are: 1) context matters and one size does not fit all when it comes to considering
care alternatives for OSC; 2) a holistic child development approach is essential for care model
assessment and programming; and 3) mitigating external threats and supporting residential care
for OSC is vitally needed in SSA, including lifting international deinstitutionalization pressures.
Specific recommendations are outlined, as well as limitations of the study and suggestions for
future research.
Keywords: OSC, OVC, care alternatives, child wellbeing, holistic development, Sub-Saharan
Africa.
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES
ORPHAN CARE IN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE
ALTERNATIVES FOR ORPHANS AND SEPARATED CHILDREN IN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
By
Hiwot Tesfaye Mengesha
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the School of Business,
University of Maryland Global Campus, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Management
2021
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES
© Copyright by
Hiwot Tesfaye Mengesha
2021
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 1
Dedication
To my beautiful children, Evania and Naathai Nikodimos. You are the love and lights of my life.
And
To all children in need of loving care and protection.
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 2
Acknowledgements
First of all and above all else, I would like to thank my almighty God for giving me much
needed fortitude and perseverance to accomplish this challenge. It was not easy, but I truly
believe knowledge and wisdom come from God. So, I worked hard and humbly prayed from the
heart each step of my way for God’s wisdom and direction, and He remained faithful to me. For
that and for His unconditional love, I am eternally grateful and blessed. May He bless the
knowledge I gained so I use it to fulfill the purpose He has for me in life, and may that be
pleasing to Him. So help me God!
Next, I would like to thank my primary faculty mentor and advisor Dr. Laura Witz.
Thank you for being genuinely invested in my learning, for your interest in my research, and for
intellectually challenging me each step of the way so I can deliver a quality product. Taking on
the demanding task of dissertation research on top of what 2020 had in store for us was not easy,
but because of your encouragement, support, mentorship, and guidance, I succeeded. Thank you
also to my faculty advisors Dr. Raymond Marbury and Dr. Deborah Wharff as well as our
program chair, Dr. Ravi Mittal, for your thoughtful feedback on my research. I am also thankful
to the entire Doctor of Management/Doctor of Business Administration faculty and the
incredible doctoral librarian Cynthia Thomes for sharing your wisdom and guidance throughout
the program. I would also like to thank my fellow colleagues in the program for your friendship,
encouragement, and support.
I am so grateful for many people who inspired, supported, and encouraged me before and
during my doctoral journey. As I get older, I find myself reflecting back on my roots and the
many sacrifices my ancestors made so I can be here today. I also recognize the many people I am
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 3
fortunate to be surrounded by, look up to, and rely on throughout my life, always lifting me up. I
sincerely hope that I can pay forward what you each have done for me.
● My late grandfather, Ababa Mengesha, for taking my father (your nephew) from a
very young age when his biological father died, and raising him as your own, hence
changing the trajectory of life for all of us that came after. I am so honored to be
called by your name.
● My grandmother, Ayneye, for planting in me the values of faith, resilience,
persistence, respect, humility, integrity, love, and care for others as proved by your
immense kindness.
● My parents, Tefu and Chuchu, for raising me with much love and care, instilling in
me high regards for education, hard work, and discipline, nurturing me so I can grow
up to be an ambitious and independent woman, and believing in me that I can do
anything I want.
● My children, Evania and Naathai, for giving me endless love and purpose. I am so
grateful for your patience while I studied on nights and weekends, and for all the
hugs, kisses, and candies! And to Niko for your support and keeping the kids fun-occupied
on the weekends.
● Special thank you to Mulu Chekol, Pat Daly, Rick Stoner, Dr. Robert Clay, and Dr.
Roger Whitaker for your mentorship over my entire professional career and your
review feedback on my research – your questions, comments, and suggestions made
this a much better product than it could have been, and I am forever grateful for your
support, encouragement, time, expertise, and insights.
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 4
● A huge thank you to my friend Faith Freeman for having faith in me – what you said
to me (“oh, you will get it done”) early in the program, when I was so stressed about
not having enough time for school, served as a ring tone in my head throughout this
journey and calmed me down in moments of stress more than you can ever imagine. I
am also immensely grateful for your time and help with copy-editing the full
dissertation!
● A lot of gratitude to Senu and Eshe for always taking care of me when I most needed
it as well as to Mahi, Emu, Yoni, Eli, Heri, Nunu, Moke, Elu, and Abu; and my
friends Andy, Angela, Camille, Carole, Johanna, John, Margot, Meley, Melekt,
Mihiret, Seung, Sumeet, and Yeva for believing in me, cheering and supporting me
along the way, and being my sounding board and sanity check.
● All my family, friends, and colleagues, too many to name, for your love, support,
encouragement, and patience – I can’t wait to catch up on social time!
With much appreciation and love to all of you.
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 5
Table of Contents
Dedication 1
Acknowledgements 2
Table of Contents 5
List of Tables 8
List of Figures 9
List of Abbreviations 10
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of the Management Problem 1
Background and Overview 6
Problem Statement and Significance of the Problem 19
The Study Purpose and Research Question 24
Organization of the Dissertation 29
Chapter 2: Scoping Literature Review and Theoretical Lens 30
Child Wellbeing 30
Multidimensional measurement of child wellbeing 33
Domain specific measurements of child wellbeing 36
Orphaned, Separated, and Vulnerable Children 41
Sub-Saharan Africa 45
Regional development indicators 45
Conflict 49
Migration and internal displacement 50
Population 51
Orphanhood crisis 53
Social protection systems 55
Culture 56
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 6
Care Models for OSC 59
Family-based care 59
Residential care 61
Care model policy and its evolution 65
Theoretical Lens 74
Theory of Psychosocial Development 74
Stakeholder Theory 85
Conceptual Framework 91
Chapter Summary 94
Chapter 3: Method 99
Systematic Review and the Evidence-Based Management 99
Engaging Subject Matter Experts 105
Stages of Systematic Review 110
SWOT Analysis Reporting Chart 126
Chapter Summary 128
Chapter 4: Analysis and Findings 130
Results of the Search Strategy and Quality Appraisal Process 130
Description of the Data Set 133
Results of Qualitative Analysis and Synthesis 137
Theme 1. Strengths of residential care for improving OSC wellbeing in SSA 143
Theme 2. Weaknesses of residential care to improve OSC wellbeing in SSA 155
Theme 3. Opportunities for residential care to improve OSC wellbeing in SSA 173
Theme 4. Threats facing residential care for OSC in SSA 186
SWOT Analysis of residential care for OSC in SSA 193
Results of Subject Matter Experts Collaboration 198
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 7
Chapter Summary 203
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications 205
Review of the Research 205
Answer to the Research Question 207
Management Implications and Recommendations 209
Implication 1. Context matters, and one size does not fit all. 210
Recommendation 1: Follow a decision tree for OSC care placement. 212
Implication 2: Holistic child development approach. 215
Recommendation 2: Use a holistic lens for care model assessments. 215
Recommendation 3: Design holistic programs supported by harmonized funding. 218
Implication 3: Mitigating external threats and supporting residential care. 220
Recommendation 4: Build and strengthen national child welfare systems. 221
Recommendation 5: Implement program activities to strengthen residential care. 222
Limitations of the Study 227
Areas for Future Research 228
Final Summary and Conclusion 230
References 233
Appendix A: List of Databases 267
Appendix B: Quality Assessment 270
Appendix C: Data Set 298
Appendix D: Coding and Synthesis 332
Appendix E: Robustness Check 341
Appendix F: Subject Matter Expert Feedback 351
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 8
List of Tables
Table 1. Chronology of Key Events Relevant for Alternative Care
Table 2. Definitions of Wellbeing
Table 3. 2019 HDI Ranking for SSA Countries
Table 4. SSA Total Population and Child Population Data
Table 5. Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development
Table 6. List of Subject Matter Experts
Table 7. List of Databases and Search Terms
Table 8. Combined Weight of Evidence and TAPUPAS Quality Assessment Framework
Table 9. Evidence Identification and Retention Process
Table 10 List of Journals in which Reviewed Articles were Published
Table 11. Number and Types of Study Participants in Reviewed Articles
Table 12. Codes, Code Groups, and Themes
Table 13. Number of Units of Information Extracted by Theme and Code Group
Table 14. Number of Studies Cited by Theme and Code Group
Table 15. Number of Studies Cited by Code Group Under the Strengths Theme
Table 16. Units of Information Extracted by Code & Code Groups under the Strengths Theme
Table 17. Number of Studies Cited by Code Group under the Weaknesses Theme
Table 18. Units of Information Extracted by Code & Code Group under the Weaknesses Theme
Table 19. Number of Studies Cited by Code Group Under the Opportunities Theme
Table 20. Units of Information Extracted by Code & Code Group under the Opportunities Theme
Table 21. Number of Studies Cited by Code Group Under the Threats Theme
Table 22. Units of Information Extracted by Code & Code Groups under the Threats Theme
Table 23. SWOT Analysis Chart of Residential Care for OSC in SSA
Table 24. Child Status Index
Table 25. Programmatic Activities for Improving Child Wellbeing in Residential Care in SSA
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 9
List of Figures
Figure 1. A Graphical Summary of the UNCRC
Figure 2. Lifespan Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Figure 3. OSC Care Problem in Developing Countries: Invisible Children
Figure 4. Orphans, Separated, and Vulnerable Children
Figure 5. Human Development Index
Figure 6. Map of Sub-Saharan Africa and Key Development Statistics
Figure 7. Death Caused by Conflict in SSA since 2011
Figure 8. 2019 Total Population Estimates for SSA
Figure 9. Estimated Number of Orphans by Country in SSA in 2018
Figure 10. Estimated Number of Orphans in SSA by Year from 2000-2018
Figure 11. Estimated Number of Children in Residential Care by Region in 2015
Figure 12. Hofstede’s Culture Dimension: Collectivism – Individualism World Map
Figure 13. POFO Study – Child Wellbeing by Care Setting
Figure 14. Qualitative Classes of Stakeholders and Typology
Figure 15. Applied Mapping of Child Welfare Stakeholders in SSA
Figure 16. The Conceptual Framework of this Study
Figure 17. Hierarchy of Evidence
Figure 18. The Four Elements of Evidence-Based Management
Figure 19. Systematic Review Stages
Figure 20. Scopus Documents by Year for Keywords Residential Care, OSC, and SSA
Figure 21. The Systematic Review Process
Figure 22. PRISMA Flow Diagram
Figure 23. Number of Reviewed Articles by Year of Publication
Figure 24. Number of Reviewed Studies Conducted in SSA Countries
Figure 25. Breakdown of the Study Designs of Reviewed Articles
Figure 26. A Word Cloud of Unitized Information from Reviewed Articles
Figure 27. Atlas.ti Network Graphic Linking Codes, Code Groups, and Themes
Figure 28. Decision Tree for Determining OSC Care Placement and Follow-up Actions
Figure 29. The Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
Figure 30. Dissertation in Numbers
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 10
List of Abbreviations
ARVT Antiretroviral Therapy
BCN Better Care Network
BEIP Bucharest Early Intervention Project (study)
BIA Best Interests Assessment
BID Best Interests Determination
BIP Best Interests Procedure
BMI Body Mass Index
CBCL Child Behavior Checklist
CBO Community-Based Organizations
CCI Charitable Children’s Institution
CDI Children’s Depression Inventory
CEBMa Center for Evidence-Based Management
CHS Children’s Hope Scale
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CIMO Context, Intervention, Mechanisms, and Outcomes
CSEI The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
CSI Child Status Index
CVLT-C California Verbal Learning Test-Children’s Version
FCDO United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office
EBMgt Evidence-Based Management
ERA The English and Romanian Adoptees study
EU European Union
FBO Faith-Based Organizations
FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire
FMQ Fine Motor Quotient
GDP Gross National Product
GMQ Gross Motor Quotient
GNI Gross National Income
HDI Human Development Index
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 11
IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (of the Norwegian Refugee Council)
ILO International Labor Organization
IQ Intelligence Quotient
KABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
LEC Life Events Checklist
LMIC Least- and Middle-Income Countries
MINI Kid The Minnesota International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
NICHD Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human
Development (under the United States National Institutes of Health)
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OSC Orphans and Separated Children
OSCAR Orphaned and Separated Children’s Assessments Related to their Health and
Well-being project
OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children
PDMS Peabody Development Motor Scale
PEPFAR United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
POFO Positive Outcomes for Orphans study
PPP Purchasing Power Parity
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
PTE Potentially Traumatic Experiences
PTSD Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
RELAF Red Latinoamericana de Acogimiento Familiar (Network of Latin-American
Fostering Families)
SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
SIDA Sweden’s International Development Cooperation Agency
SME Subject Matter Expert
SR Systematic Review
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
TAPUPAS Transparency, Accuracy, Purposivity, Utility, Propriety, Accessibility, Specificity
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 12
TMQ Total Motor Quotient
UCLA University of California at Los Angeles
UMGC University of Maryland Global Campus
UN United Nations
UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNCRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
UNGACC United Nations Guidelines on the Alternative Care of Children
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund (formerly, the United Nations International
Children’s Emergency Fund)
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollar
USG United States Government
WHO World Health Organization
WHOQOL World Health Organization Quality of Life
WOE Weight of Evidence
YSR Youth Self Report
EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CARE ALTERNATIVES 1
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of the Management Problem
Over 385 million children around the world live under conditions of despair and
vulnerability due to poverty, war, conflict, disease, migration, and natural disasters (SOS
Children’s Villages, n.d.-a; USG Children in Adversity, n.d.-a). The most vulnerable of all are
orphans and separated children (OSC) who live outside family-based care (i.e. care by a
surviving parent, extended family, or foster care). In response to these challenges, particularly in
developing countries with significant resource constraints, various child welfare stakeholders at
the international, national, and community levels have been responding with policies, resources,
and programs to better serve the needs of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC).
Much of international donor funding, policy, and program direction for OVC care in
developing countries has placed significant emphasis on family-based care as opposed to
residential care settings, also referred to as institutions, children’s homes, group homes, and
orphanages. However, while the focus on supporting family-based care advanced and a global
call for the deinstitutionalization of residential care ensued since the early 2000s, a significant
challenge remained in properly identifying and caring for OSC living outside
Equine Helminthiasis In And Around Assela, Arsi Zone Of Oromia Regional State.
No full textStudy was conducted on a total of 384 equine comprising 167 each horses and donkeys, and 50 mules by randomly sampling to assess the statues of equine helminthiasis in and around Assela, Arsi-Oromia regional state, Ethiopia by considering species, sex and age of the animal. Qualitative coprological fecal examination was used for eggs of helminthes. A total 345 (89.8%) of examined equine were found positive for at least one helminthes where 93.4%, 85.0% and 94.0% of donkey, horses and mule are positive, respectively. A prevalence of 94.4% in young and 89.6% in adults by age, and 88.9% in male and 91.5% in female by sex were observed. In all circumstances, insignificant differences in prevalence were observed among species, between age groups and sex groups (P>0.05). Qualitative fecal egg analysis revealed the rate of 71.1% Strongyles spp, 30.73 % Parascaris equorum (P. equorum), 7.29 % Strongloid westeri, 5.7% Anoplocephala species (spp), 4.43 % Oxyuris equi and 1.04% Fasciola spp in equine. Except for P. equorum, Strongloid westeri and Anoplocephala spp which shows significant difference infection (P0.05). Highest co-infection of equines with Strongyles spp and P. equorum (17.7%) were also observed. The rate of mixed infection with at least two helminthes were observed in 20.4%, 22.2% and 56.0% of donkey, horse and mule, respectively showing significant differences (P 0,05). L’analyse qualitative des oeufs fécaux a révélé des taux de 71,1% de Strongles spp, 30,73% d’equorum Parascaris (P. equorum), 7,29% de Strongloid westeri, 5,7% des espèces Anoplocephala (spp), 4,43% Oxyuris equi et 1,04% de Fasciola spp. chez les chevaux. Sauf pour les espèces P. equorum, Strongloid westeri et Anoplocephala spp. qui montrent une différence significative d’infection (P 0,05). Les plus grandes co-infections des équidés par les espèces de Strongles spp. et de P. equorum (17,7%) ont également été observées. Le taux d’infection mixte avec au moins deux helminthes ont été observées dans 20,4% d’ânes, 22,2% de chevaux et 56,0% de mulets,respectivement ; ce qui montre des différences significatives (
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