1,721,070 research outputs found

    There were no medals to be won: Scientific duels in the Italian renaissance

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    While in modern times excellence in science is often acknowledged with a prize medal, this was not the case in the Renaissance. Despite the fact that the Italian Renaissance saw a remarkable revival of medal casting, there were no medals to be won in the Renaissance for originality and scientific priority. Rather, professional success was determined by the ability to win public disputations and debate contested topics. This article illustrates how this mode of knowledge production, which reached its peak in the second half of the sixteenth century, was deeply rooted in the culture of verbal and physical duelling that developed in Italy around that time. Transforming the culture of academic disputation into one of public spectacle, the sixteenth century saw scientific practitioners make careers out of controversy and polemical exchange. From the mid-seventeenth century onwards, this model of knowledge production was slowly superseded by more moderate exchanges and collaborations

    The political uses of astrology: Predicting the illness and death of princes, kings and popes in the Italian Renaissance

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    This paper examines the production and circulation of astrological prognostications regarding the illness and death of kings, princes, and popes in the Italian Renaissance (ca. 1470-1630). The distribution and consumption of this type of astrological information was often closely linked to the specific political situation in which they were produced. Depending on the astrological techniques used (prorogations, interrogations, or annual revolutions), and the media in which they appeared (private letters or printed prognostica) these prognostications fulfilled different functions in the information economy of Renaissance Italy. Some were used to legitimise the rule of a political leader, others to do just the opposite. Astrological prorogations and interrogations were often used to plan military and political strategies in case of the illness or death of a political leader, while astrological prognostications were generally written to promote certain political leaders while undermining others. While certainly often partisan to this game, astrologers, for their part, worked within a very well established tradition that gave authority to their forecasts. This paper argues that, as indicators of deeper political tensions otherwise not always explicitly manifest, these prognostications are privileged sources of information providing a better understanding of the political history of the period. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd

    Decision making in the democracy-based medicine era: The consensus conference process

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    A large number of randomized controlled trials on critically ill patients has been published in the last years, yielding often opposite or inconclusive findings. To be continuously updated is thus becoming a hard task for physicians, who have to rely on experts’ guidelines to guide their practice. Democracy based medicine is a recently developed method which overcomes the limits of experts’ guidelines. This chapter summarize the consensus process, based on a systematic review, on a formal meeting to discuss and analyze the available evidence and where the consensus statements are produced, and on a dedicated web interface which allows to share intermediate findings gather consensus from colleagues worldwide. This Consensus Conference identified 7 interventions increasing survival and 8 interventions increasing mortality in the critically ill patients. Given the increasing complexity and width of medical literature, the Consensus process is a simple solution to reach a worldwide consensus among pairs on the best published evidence

    Attitudini fermentative di un ceppo di S. uvarum autoctono della Valpolicella

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    Un ceppo autoctono della Valpolicella della specie Saccharomyces uvarum è stato valutato per le sue capacità tecnologiche e qualitative nella produzione di vino Amarone. Dal confronto con alcuni ceppi della specie "sorella" Saccharomyces cerevisiae, questo lievito si è nettamente distinto per conferire al vino peculiari proprietà chimiche e sensoriali
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