4 research outputs found
Development of electric stove for smart use of Solar Photovoltaic energy with national grid
No full textThis thesis report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis report.Includes bibliographical references (page 70-72).Saving energy is now one of the major concerns for the researchers. Still a lot of fossil fuels are being consumed directly or indirectly just for cooking and hence affecting the global environment. With the rapid increase in demand of energy for cooking with proportion to population increase, it will not take much time to finish all the resources that are available now. According to the thesis, energy for cooking is mostly supplied from solar photovoltaic panels in alliance with national grid line. The major contribution of this project will be the invention of re-designing existing stove coil. The national grid will be in action only when, panel and battery are not giving sufficient power to the load. An Electric Charge Controller will ensure safety of the system and store charge in the Battery. The research given in this thesis aims at analyzing the time requirement for cooking same foods in comparison with the gas or normal electric stove. To show the effectiveness as compared to natural gas or electric stove, the thesis contains a huge statistical data, taken for a number of times. Modification of the stove for providing variable energy to cook different food is the future work of the thesis.Md. Shariful IslamMd. Sabbir Bin AzadHumayra Fakir RongonB. Electrical and Electronic Engineerin
Multi-Protocol Interoperability Between Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Towards Industry 4.0 Collaborative Optimization
No full textRÉSUMÉ: L'industrie 4.0 est apparue comme une stratégie potentielle pour fournir une connectivité étendue dans l'environnement de production, qui évolue rapidement, combinée à une demande commerciale croissante et à une fabrication personnalisée de masse. La personnalisation de masse et les produits complexes nécessitent plus de données et une communication M2M plus adaptable qui facilite l'échange de données fluide et l'interaction entre les composants industriels dans la fabrication intelligente. L'intégration de dispositifs IoT industriels au profit de différents secteurs industriels nécessite simultanément une connectivité réseau étendue, une communication interopérable et une collaboration entre les machines en réseau. Bien que les problèmes techniques critiques liés à la connectivité réseau aient été correctement résolus, la technologie n'est pas prête pour une communication flexible et transparente entre des machines disparates. L'un des défis qui découle de ce développement est le besoin croissant de normes et de protocoles interopérables à différents niveaux de l'écosystème de fabrication. Compte tenu de l'infrastructure interopérable requise pour l'industrie 4.0, le document fournit une solution interopérable sécurisée et rentable pour les traducteurs multiprotocoles. La principale contribution de mémoire est une méthode pour cartographier les multi-protocoles IoT, y compris HTTP, MQTT, CoAP, WebSocket et Modbus TCP dans une passerelle à faible coût, ainsi que pour fournir une communication M2M interopérable en duplex intégral efficace et une intégration dans le cloud pour une compatibilité. plates-formes. ABSTRACT: Industry 4.0 has emerged as a potential strategy to provide extensive connectivity in the production environment, which is rapidly evolving combined with rising commercial demand, mass personalized manufacturing. Mass customization and complicated products necessitate more data and more adaptable M2M communication that facilitates smooth data interchange and interaction between industrial components in smart manufacturing. Integrating industrial IoT devices to benefit different industry sectors simultaneously requires extensive network connectivity, interoperable communication, and collaboration among the networked machines. While critical technical issues with network connectivity have been properly addressed, the technology is not ready for flexible and seamless communication between disparate machines. One of the challenges that arises as a result of this development is the growing need for interoperable standards and protocols at various levels of the manufacturing ecosystem. Considering the interoperable infrastructure required for Industry 4.0, the research work provides a secure and cost-effective interoperable solution for multi-protocol translators. The key contribution of the research is a method for mapping IoT multi-protocols including HTTP, MQTT, CoAP, WebSocket, and Modbus TCP into a low-cost gateway, as well as providing effective full-duplex interoperable M2M communication and cloud integration for compatible platforms
Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world’s leading infectious cause of death. This analysis
from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and
national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to
26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With
new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through
these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and
Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.
Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using
the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally
invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity
due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for
all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age
group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and
mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed
towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly
equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.
Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and
98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the
highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global
mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden
remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100000 for
children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, subSaharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5
mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number
of LRI deaths globally (634000 [95% UI 565000–721000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by
Staphylococcus aureus (271000 [243000–298000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228000
[204000–261000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous
mycobacteria (responsible for 177000 [95% UI 155000–201000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67800
[59900–75900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for
approximately 22% of LRI deaths.
Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the
challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities
in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as
well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target.
Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer
interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early
diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation
programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge
of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future
pneumonia control strategies
Global, regional, and national trends in routine childhood vaccination coverage from 1980 to 2023 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Since its inception in 1974, the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) has achieved remarkable success, averting the deaths of an estimated 154 million children worldwide through routine childhood vaccination. However, more recent decades have seen persistent coverage inequities and stagnating progress, which have been further amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, WHO set ambitious goals for improving vaccine coverage globally through the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Now halfway through the decade, understanding past and recent coverage trends can help inform and reorient strategies for approaching these aims in the next 5 years. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2023, this study provides updated global, regional, and national estimates of routine childhood vaccine coverage from 1980 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories for 11 vaccine-dose combinations recommended by WHO for all children globally. Employing advanced modelling techniques, this analysis accounts for data biases and heterogeneity and integrates new methodologies to model vaccine scale-up and COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions. To contextualise historic coverage trends and gains still needed to achieve the IA2030 coverage targets, we supplement these results with several secondary analyses: (1) we assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccine coverage; (2) we forecast coverage of select life-course vaccines up to 2030; and (3) we analyse progress needed to reduce the number of zero-dose children by half between 2023 and 2030. Findings: Overall, global coverage for the original EPI vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (first dose [DTP1] and third dose [DTP3]), measles (MCV1), polio (Pol3), and tuberculosis (BCG) nearly doubled from 1980 to 2023. However, this long-term trend masks recent challenges. Coverage gains slowed between 2010 and 2019 in many countries and territories, including declines in 21 of 36 high-income countries and territories for at least one of these vaccine doses (excluding BCG, which has been removed from routine immunisation schedules in some countries and territories). The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, with global rates for these vaccines declining sharply since 2020, and still not returning to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels as of 2023. Coverage for newer vaccines developed and introduced in more recent years, such as immunisations against pneumococcal disease (PCV3) and rotavirus (complete series; RotaC) and a second dose of the measles vaccine (MCV2), saw continued increases globally during the COVID-19 pandemic due to ongoing introductions and scale-ups, but at slower rates than expected in the absence of the pandemic. Forecasts to 2030 for DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2 suggest that only DTP3 would reach the IA2030 target of 90% global coverage, and only under an optimistic scenario. The number of zero-dose children, proxied as children younger than 1 year who do not receive DTP1, decreased by 74·9% (95% uncertainty interval 72·1-77·3) globally between 1980 and 2019, with most of those declines reached during the 1980s and the 2000s. After 2019, counts of zero-dose children rose to a COVID 19-era peak of 18·6 million (17·6-20·0) in 2021. Most zero-dose children remain concentrated in conflict-affected regions and those with various constraints on resources available to put towards vaccination services, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2023, more than 50% of the 15·7 million (14·6-17·0) global zero-dose children resided in just eight countries (Nigeria, India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Indonesia, and Brazil), emphasising persistent inequities. Interpretation: Our estimates of current vaccine coverage and forecasts to 2030 suggest that achieving IA2030 targets, such as halving zero-dose children compared with 2019 levels and reaching 90% global coverage for life-course vaccines DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2, will require accelerated progress. Substantial increases in coverage are necessary in many countries and territories, with those in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia facing the greatest challenges. Recent declines will need to be reversed to restore previous coverage levels in Latin America and the Caribbean, especially for DTP1, DTP3, and Pol3. These findings underscore the crucial need for targeted, equitable immunisation strategies. Strengthening primary health-care systems, addressing vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, and adapting to local contexts are essential to advancing coverage. COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts, such as WHO's Big Catch-Up, as well as efforts to bolster routine services must prioritise reaching marginalised populations and target subnational geographies to regain lost ground and achieve global immunisation goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
