314 research outputs found
Distributional and behavioural effects of the German labour market reform
No full text"We estimate the effects of the reform of German Unemployment Insurance that replaced the wage-related Unemployment Assistance with an income maintenance Programme and stronger means testing. We model the tax-benefit system and use the Socio-Economic Panel. We estimate a discrete labour supply model and simulate the behavioural and distributional effects using the pseudo distribution method. Poverty and inequality decline overall, since households with children and low incomes gain, while those who used to earn high wages and received high unemployment transfers lose most. The behavioural responses mitigate the redistributive impact of the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information Kurzfassung (deutsch) Executive summary (English)Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Verteilungseffekte, Einkommensverteilung, soziales System, Einkommenseffekte, Sozialleistungen, Arbeitslosengeld II-Empfänger, Arbeitslosengeld II, Einkommenshöhe, Familieneinkommen, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Erwerbsbeteiligung, Beschäftigungseffekte, Umverteilung, Armutsbekämpfung, Arbeitslose, Arbeitsuchende, Arbeitsuche, Erwerbsverhalten
Rolling Recap: E2FLIGHT
No full textThis rolling recap conference presentation gave the participants of the AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS) 2020 an overview on all the sessions of the E2Flight 2020. The rolling recap presentation is supported by one-page summary slides delivered by following presenters of the E2Flight: Amy Jankovsky, Christoph Schäper, Robin Ladous, Maximilian Nitzsche, Markus Neubert on behalf of Prof. Dr. ir. Dr. h. c. Rik W. De Doncker, Dirk Grossmann, Philipp Schildt, Leo Veldhuis, Carsten Döll, Georgi Atanasov, Vincenzo Palladino and Julian Renz. The author expresses his gratitude and appreciation to all the presenters of the E2Flight for the excellent presentations given
Structure and Dynamics of Confined Liquids: Challenges and Perspectives for the X-ray Surface Forces Apparatus
No full textThe molecular-scale structure and dynamics of confined liquids has increasingly gained relevance for applications in nanotechnology. Thus, a detailed knowledge of the structure of confined liquids on molecular length scales is of great interest for fundamental and applied sciences. To study confined structures under dynamic conditions, we constructed an in situ X-ray surface forces apparatus (X-SFA). This novel device can create a precisely controlled slit-pore confinement down to dimensions on the 10 nm scale by using a cylinder-on-flat geometry for the first time. Complementary structural information can be obtained by simultaneous force measurements and X-ray scattering experiments. The in-plane structure of liquids parallel to the slit pore and density profiles perpendicular to the confining interfaces are studied by X-ray scattering and reflectivity. The normal load between the opposing interfaces can be modulated to study the structural dynamics of confined liquids. The confinement gap distance is tracked simultaneously with nanometer precision by analyzing optical interference fringes of equal chromatic order. Relaxation processes can be studied by driving the system out of equilibrium by shear stress or compression/decompression cycles of the slit pore. The capability of the new device is demonstrated on the liquid crystal 4'-octyl-4-cyano-biphenyl (8CB) in its smectic A (SmA) mesophase. Its molecular-scale structure and orientation confined in 100 nm to 1.7 mu m slit pores was studied under static and dynamic nonequilibrium conditions.The authors acknowledge the help of Thomas Buslaps (ESRF) at beamline ID31, Marie Ruat (ESRF) for support on the CdTe MAXIPIX detector, and Michael Kappl (MPI-P) for AFM measurements and thank Harald Reichert (ESRF), Milena Lippmann (PETRA III), and Hans-Jürgen Butt (MPI-P) for helpful discussions. J.M. and M.M. acknowledge the MAINZ Graduate School of Excellence, funded through the Excellence Initiative (DFG/GSC 266). M.V. was supported by an ERC Starting Grant (no. 677663), and H.L., by the China Scholarship Council.Mezger, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Valtiner, M (reprint author), Vienna Inst Technol, Inst Appl Phys, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10-E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, Max Planck Inst Eisenforsch GmbH, Max Planck Str 1, D-40237 Dusseldorf, Germa
From periphery to centre: pagan continuity and revival in Britain and Rome during the late fourth centaury AD
No full textNot availabl
Deep End-to-end Network for 3D Object Detection in the Context of Autonomous Driving
No full textNowadays, autonomous driving is a trending topic in the automotive field. One of the most crucial challenges of autonomous driving research is environment perception. Currently, many techniques achieve satisfactory performance in 2D object detection using camera images. Nevertheless, such 2D object detection might be not sufficient for autonomous driving applications as the vehicle is operating in a 3D world where all the dimensions have to be considered. In this thesis a new method for 3D object detection, using deep learning approach is presented. The proposed architecture is able to detect cars using data from images and point clouds. The proposed network does not use any hand-crafted features and is trained in an end-to-end manner. The network is trained and evaluated with the widely used KITTI dataset. The proposed method achieves an average precision of 81.38%, 67.02%, and 65.30% on the easy, moderate, and hard subsets of the KITTI validation dataset, respectively. The average inference time per scene is 0.2 seconds.Mechanical Engineering | Vehicle Engineerin
Perspectives on Preference Aggregation
No full textFor centuries, the mathematical aggregation of preferences by groups, organizations or society has received keen interdisciplinary attention. Extensive 20th century theoretical work in Economics and Political Science highlighted that competing notions of “rational social choice” intrinsically contradict each other. This led some researchers to consider coherent “democratic decision making” a mathematical impossibility. Recent empirical work in Psychology qualifies that view. This nontechnical review sketches a quantitative research paradigm for the behavioral investigation of mathematical social choice rules on real ballot, experimental choice, or attitudinal survey data. The paper poses a series of open questions. Some classical work sometimes makes assumptions about voter preferences that are descriptively invalid. Do such technical assumptions lead the theory astray? How can empirical work inform the formulation of meaningful theoretical primitives? Classical “impossibility results” leverage the fact that certain desirable mathematical properties logically cannot hold universally in all conceivable electorates. Do these properties nonetheless hold in empirical distributions of preferences? Will future behavioral analyses continue to contradict the expectations of established theory? Under what conditions and why do competing consensus methods yield identical outcomes?
Multiple scattering in grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction: Impact on lattice-constant determination in thin films
No full textDynamical scattering effects are observed in grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction experiments using an organic thin film of 2,2′:6′,2′′-ternaphthalene grown on oxidized silicon as substrate. Here, a splitting of all Bragg peaks in the out-of-plane direction (z-direction) has been observed, the magnitude of which depends both on the incidence angle of the primary beam and the out-of-plane angle of the scattered beam. The incident angle was varied between 0.09° and 0.25° for synchrotron radiation of 10.5?keV. This study reveals comparable intensities of the split peaks with a maximum for incidence angles close to the critical angle of total external reflection of the substrate. This observation is rationalized by two different scattering pathways resulting in diffraction peaks at different positions at the detector. In order to minimize the splitting, the data suggest either using incident angles well below the critical angle of total reflection or angles well above, which sufficiently attenuates the contributions from the second scattering path. This study highlights that the refraction of X-rays in (organic) thin films has to be corrected accordingly to allow for the determination of peak positions with sufficient accuracy. Based thereon, a reliable determination of the lattice constants becomes feasible, which is required for crystallographic structure solutions from thin films.The use of grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction to determine the crystal structure from thin films requires accurate positions of Bragg peaks. Refraction effects and multiple scattering events have to be corrected or minimized.</p
Author Correction: Identification of multiple risk loci and regulatory mechanisms influencing susceptibility to multiple myeloma
No full textThe original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of a member of the PRACTICAL Consortium, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, which was incorrectly given as Manuela Gago Dominguez. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. Furthermore, in the original HTML version of this Article, the order of authors within the author list was incorrect. The PRACTICAL consortium was incorrectly listed after Richard S. Houlston and should have been listed after Nora Pashayan. This error has been corrected in the HTML version of the Article; the PDF version was correct at the time of publication.</p
Technological and Simulative Analysis of Power Skiving
No full textAbstractPower skiving is a modern and productive machining process in the manufacturing of cylindrical internal gears and external gears surrounded by interfering contours. The influence of geometric process settings on characteristic values such as the chip thickness or cutting and sliding velocities will be investigated. Therefore, a numerical simulation based on a penetration calculation of the process is performed. With a demonstration part, cutting trials are conducted and the resulting tool wear is analyzed. Because chip welding can be a problem in power skiving, the investigation covers the influence of process parameters and chip geometry on chip welding, as well. The results support design and process engineers in the optimization of the power skiving process regarding productivity as well as quality
On shoplifting and tax fraud: An action-theoretic analysis of crime
No full textThe article evaluates different theories of action in the area of crime research. A narrow version of rational choice theory assumes actors to choose in an instrumental, outcome-oriented way. It hypothesises that individuals weight the costs and benefits of criminal acts with subjective probabilities. In contrast, a wide version of the theory allows individuals to derive utility directly from choosing certain actions. Previous studies either do not directly test these theories or yield inconsistent results. We show that a meaningful test of these rival rational choice explanations can only be conducted if a broader view is adopted that takes into account the interplay of moral norms and instrumental incentives. Such a view can be derived from the Model of Frame Selection (Kroneberg 2005) and the Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation (Wikström 2004). Based on these theories, we analyze the willingness to engage in shoplifting and tax fraud in a sample of 2,130 adults from Dresden, Germany. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that only respondents who do not feel bound by moral norms consider instrumental incentives. Where norms have been strongly internalised and in the absence of neutralisation techniques which legitimise norm-breaking, instrumental incentives are irrelevant.
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