11 research outputs found
Comparison of S. aureus Proteomic Profiles from Biofilm and Planktonic Growth Conditions using 2D- Gel Electrophoresis.
No full textBacteria growing as biofilms are distinct from the same bacteria growing as planktonic cells. Biofilms cells show increased resistance to antimicrobial, immunological, predatory, and chemical attack than planktonic cells. Most studies on bacterial diseases use planktonic bacteria. The objective of this study was to identify expressed proteins that are unique to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm mode of growth. S. aureus was grown in tryptic soy broth and Dulbecco's modified eagle medium at biofilm and planktonic growth conditions. Protein samples were cleaned up and separated according to their electrophoretic mobility using 7 cm IPG strips (pH 3–10 and pH 4–7) on 2D gel electrophoresis. Expressed proteins of both growth conditions were compared. Data analysis revealed that the expression of S. aureus proteins from planktonic and biofilm was higher in TSB media than DMEM media. Biofilm growth condition showed higher intensity of expressed proteins and new expressed proteins were observed. One protein was found to be upregulated in planktonic growth condition. Additionally, the majority of the proteins were clustered in the area of acidic region (pH 4–7). 2D-gel electrophoresis is a powerful and widely used method for the proteomic analysis. Biofilms represent a realistic representation of bacterial behavior and organisms are capable of altering their physiology in the surrounded environments. The results could help to illustrate the differences in pathogenesis between biofilm and planktonic cells in any model of disease. This will identify biological markers to improve the diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of S. aureus biofilms
Comparison of S. aureus Proteomic Profiles from Biofilm and Planktonic Growth Conditions using 2D- Gel Electrophoresis.
No full textThe Prevalence of S. Aureus Nasal Colonisation and its Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern amongst Primary School Pupils
No full textStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most adaptable human pathogens. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of community-associated staphylococcal infections. This project aimed to study the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility tests among primary school children at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Nasal swabs were taken from a total of 300 primary school pupils aged 8-12 years. Collected nasal swabs were processed according to the standard bacteriological culture and isolates were identified using mannitol fermentation, Gram stain, catalase test and coagulase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) to determine the susceptibility of S. aureus and CA-MRSA towards antibiotics. 30% (90/300) of the primary school children carried S. aureus. The nasal carriage of MRSA was 4% (12/300) among participants. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, doxycycline, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. This study showed that the incidence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA is comparable with reports from elsewhere. Measures are needed to keep the emergence and transmission of these pathogens to a lowest. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all S. aureus isolates is crucial for treatment of MRSA. Further studies are required to detect the risk factors of the acquisition of MRSA
The Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of S. aureus Isolated from Impetigo Cases in Duhok, Iraq
No full textBackground:Staphylococcus aureusis one of the most important opportunistic pathogens. Impetigo is the common contagious bacterial infection of the skin caused byS. aureus.Method:Samples were taken from 204 patients with impetigo disease.S. aureusisolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Genomic DNA ofS. aureuswas used to transformE. coliHB101 strain and expression capability ofS. aureusplasmids in transformedE. coliwas investigated. 68.62% (140/204) of the specimens were nonbullous impetigo and 31.38% (64/204) were bullous impetigo.S. aureusstrains were isolated from 41.66% (85/204) of impetigo cases (82.35% from nonbullous and 17.65% from the bullous impetigo). There was an inverse relationship between the incidence ofS. aureusisolated and age.Result:Three biotypes ofS. aureuswere identified based on their fermentation of different sugars. All isolates were resistant to penicillin and most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (95.3%), amoxicillin, (94.11%) and cephalexin (90.95%). Most isolates were sensitive against vancomycin and rifampicin (98.83%). 5.88% (5/85) ofS. aureusisolates were identified as MRSA. A maximum of 5 markers fromS. aureusisolates were capable to be expressed in transformedE. coliHB101 strains. The incidence of impetigo caused byS. aureusis comparable with reports from elsewhere.S. aureusisolates showed multidrug resistance against antibiotics.Conclusion:Plasmids ofS. aureusare capable to show its expression inE. coliHB101. Molecular study is needed to investigate the role of plasmids in different patterns of multi drug resistance.</jats:sec
Antibiotic Resistant and Plasmid Conjugative Study of Salmonella typhi
No full textThe emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria has endangered the efficacy of antibiotics treatment of pathogenic bacteria worldwide. The aim of this research was to investigate the incidence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Duhok city, Iraq. Specimens of blood and stool were recruited from 267 patients. S. Typhi isolates were diagnosed depending on morphology, biochemical and serological tests. S. Typhi isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance. Multi-drug resistant S. Typhi isolates were conjugated with E. coli HB101. The plasmid profile of transconjugants was investigated. 15/267 (5.6%) S. Typhi isolates were identified. Based on their biochemical tests, S. Typhi isolates were categorized into two biotypes (I, 26.66% and II, 73.33%). Four resistance patterns were observed. The resistant pattern to ampicillin and tetracycline was the higher (46.6%). Conjugation experiment showed that all antibiotic markers were transferred from S. Typhi to E. coli HB101 with a conjugation frequency of (0.38×10-5). 13.3% of the S. Typhi isolates were multi-drug-resistant resistant and had two small plasmids. Transconjugants E. coli acquired the resistance from the multi-drug resistant S. Typhi. Antibiotics treatment of the pathogens could be hindered by the constant rise of multi-drug-resistant. Further studies are needed to study the mobile genetic elements and their contribution to antibiotics resistance
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonisation amongst healthcare workers in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
No full textLa seroprevalencia de la brucelosis humana en pacientes de diferentes grupos de edad y otros factores de riesgo asociados en Duhok, Iraq
No full textIntroduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease contributing to significant health and economic problems worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and the associated risk factors of brucellosis among people admitted to Azadi general hospital, Duhok, Iraq. Patients and Methods: A total of 1283 patient blood samples (603 males and 680 females) were collected through the period of January 2017 to December 2017 from people at different age groups admitting Azadi general hospital, Duhok, Iraq. All collected sera were screened for the seroprevalence of Brucella using Rose Bengal plate test kit. Results: Among the 1283 blood samples, the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 17.8%. The highest rate was recorded in age group between 21–30 years(22.7%) and the different distribution of human brucellosis among age groups was statistically significant (p=0.0076). The frequency of brucellosis in females (20%) was significantly higher than males (15.3%) (p=026). The distribution of brucellosis according to the seasonal changes was statistically significant (p= 0.003) (25.64% in July and 9.75% in December). Conclusions: The incidence of the brucellosis is high, and it remains a challenging health problem. The age, gender, and seasonal changes are considered as important risk factors for the distribution of the diseases. Surveillance programs and active screening for brucellosis are essential to prevent, control, and to reduce the incidence of the brucellosis
An Epidemiological and Multidrug Resistance Study for E. coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection (Three Years of Study)
No full textان الاصابة بجراثيم الايشيريشيا القولونية (E. coli) هي احد المشاكل الرئيسة التي تؤدي الى اصابة الجهاز البولي في العالم. هذه البكتريا بامكانها من تطوير المقاومة ضد مجموعة واسعة من مضادات البكتريا. ان التقصي ونظام المراقبة والاستتراتيجية الفعالة سوف يسهل بشكل كبير من اختيار العلاج المناسب للسيطرة على انتشار البكتريا. تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى الكشف عن وبائية الاصابة والعوامل الخطرة المتعلقة ببكتريا الايشيريشيا القولونية الممرضة للجهاز البولي وانماط المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية. تم جمع عينات من الادرار (من دفعة الادرار الوسطية) من 1585 مريض لديهم علامات سريرية للاصابة بالجهاز البولي (225 ذكور و 1360 اناث) دخلوا الى مستشفى زاخو للطوارئ في مدينة زاخو في اقليم كردستان العراق من تاريخ كانون الثاني 2016 ولغاية كانون الاول 2018. تم زرع العينات في اكار الدم والماكونكي وتم حضن اللاطباق المزروعة بدرجة حرارة 37 °م لمدة 24 ساعة. ان تشخيص جراثيم الايشيريشيا القولونية تم بناءا على تفاعل التصبيغ بصبغة كرام والخصائص المستعمرية والفحوصات الكيميائية الحيوية وفقا للمعايير والتوجيهات المتبعة. تم فحص جميع العزلات لنمط المضادات الحيوية باستخدام طريقة نشر القرص بناء على إلارشادات والمعايير المختبرية والسريرية. بينت النتائج انه من بين 1585 عينة كانت 1026 عينة (64.7 %) ايجابية لاصابة جرثومية للجهاز البولي, وكانت باعلى مستوى خلال عام 2016 (83.6 %) (P< 0.0001). كما كان معدل الاصابة في الاناث بالايشيريشيا القولونية اعلى معنويا من الذكور (P< 0.0001) . وبشكل عام, كانت نسبة الاصابة بالايشيريشيا القولونية بمعدل 21.1% من مجموع الاصابات ونسبتها كانت اعلى خلال عام 2016 (22.9%). كما بينت الدراسة ان نسبة اصابة الاناث كانت اعلى (21.4%) مقارنة بالذكور (18.5%) (P=0.4946). بالاضافة الى ذلك ,خلال ثلاث سنوات من الدراسة (2016, 2017 و 2018), فأن معدل الاصابة بالايشيريشيا القولونية كانت عند اعلى مستوى في الصيف (أيار) وكانت في اعلى مستوى في شهري شباط وايار من العام 2016, كما ان المجموعة العمرية من 20 الى 39 سنة كانت الاكثر اصابة لدى النساء بمعدل (46%) من مجمل اصابات الاناث, بينما كانت الفئة العمرية من 70 – 74 سنة هي الاقل بمعدل الاصابة (1%) لدى الذكور والاناث. لقد كشفت الدراسة ان نسبة عالية (80.56 %) من الايشيريشيا القولونية المقاومة لمضادات حيوية متعددة وبنسبة عالية لمجاميع المضادات الحيوية البيتا لاكتامز والماكروليدات. كانت نسبة حساسية عالية للمضادين الحيويين اميبنم و ميروبينم. في الختام, ان الاستخدام الخاطئ والمفرط للمضادات الحيوية ستزيد من معدل المقاومة لبكتريا الايشيريشيا القولونية, ولهذا السبب من الضروري الاستخدام الصحيح للمضادات الحيوية المتوفرة. كما أن البرامج التعليمية والمراقبة الدورية لحساسية المضادات الحيوية ضرورية لتقليل نسبة مقاومة المضادات الحيويةUropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is problematic and still the leading cause of urinary tract infections worldwide. It is developed resistance against most antibiotics. The investigation, surveillance system, and efficient strategy will facilitate selecting an appropriate treatment that could control the bacterial distribution. The present study aims to investigate the epidemiology and associated risk factors of uropathogenic E. coli and to study their antibiotic resistance patterns. 1585 midstream urine specimens were collected from symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) patients (225 males and 1360 females) admitted to Zakho emergency hospital, Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq from January 2016 until the end of December 2018. Specimens were inoculated on blood and MacConkey plates and incubated at 37оC for 24 hours. Uropathogenic E. coli was diagnosed based on gram staining, colony characteristics, and standard biochemical tests in accordance with local standards and guidelines. All isolates were screened for their antibiogram pattern using the disk diffusion method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The results showed that out of 1585 urine specimens, 1026 (64.7%) were UTIs positive with a statistically higher rate in 2016 (83.6%) (P< 0.0001). The UTIs frequency in females was significantly higher than males (P< 0.0001). Generally, the uropathogenic E. coli represented 21.1% with the highest level in 2016 (22.9%). The uropathogenic E. coli rate was higher, statistically not significant, in females (21.4%) than males (18.5%) (P=0.4946). Additionally, through the three years of study, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) was in high frequency in February and May 2016. The female’s age group from 20 to 39 years was the most vulnerable (46%) form total infected females, while those from 70-74 years (1%) were the least susceptible in males and females. A high percentage (80.56 %) of multidrug resistance E. coli isolates was observed with high resistance against -lactamase and macrolides antibiotics. However, higher sensitivity was towards imipenem and meropenem. In conclusion, the wrong and overuse of antibiotics will increase the resistance rate of E. coli. For this reason, proper use of available antibiotics is necessary. Also, the educational programs and periodic monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility are essential for reducing the antibiotic resistance rate
A clinical study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new focus in the Kurdistan region, Iraq.
No full textLeishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is a major health problem in various parts of the world. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) occurs, among others, in unpredictable outbreaks after wars and disasters. After the last war in Iraq, the collapse of the health system led to the spread of infectious diseases, including CL. Between September 2016 and November 2017, all patients with confirmed CL having one or more skin lesion(s) were referred to a regional health center in Musol City within the Rabeea District. During this period, 1539 patients visited the clinic. A total of 190 patients were excluded from the study because of poor follow-up. The treatment success rate was 97.7% (1319/1349). Statistically significant associations were found between number of lesions and treatment failure (p = 0.0018; OR = 1.4430; CI = 1.1466-1.8161), number of doses and number of lesions (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.095; p = 0.001), and the lack of municipality services and number of doses used for the treatment (p = 0.008; OR = 1.0629; CI = 1.0158-1.1122). To conclude, the highest number of patients with CL in the city of Musol was recorded after the war in Iraq. The treatment success rate was high, which reflected the strict treatment and follow-up program. An urgent plan is needed to stop the spread of infection
