70 research outputs found
Proposed Marketing Strategy for Edward Forrer
No full textAbstract— Competition in the footwear business is quite intense because shoes are not only considered footwear, but it also has become a fashion product that complements the wearer’s appearance in their daily life. Edward Forrer (EF), a local footwear company from Bandung that located in Jalan Ir.H. Djuanda and is also known as Dago where the location were expected to increase sales for Edward Forrer. However, this prediction failed as it had little significance on the volume of sales. Edward Forrer faces the situation where their sales revenue of footwear products in the Dago outlet has fluctuated and has tended to decline year to year Conceptual framework in this functioned as an outline to explain steps that taken by the author in this final project. The survey method through questionnaire applied in this study to gain an insight, a description from respondents related to existing symptoms that happens, find accurate facts that can be used to formulate strategy of what steps that company should take in order to stay in competition and survive. In internal analysis found Edward Forrer STP was improper, lack of promotion, and unattractive outlet design. Marketing mix that run by EF become ineffective to attract customer. External analysis conducted to get an insight of the environment situation and conditions in which the company compete by using 4C’s analysis. Compare to its competitor, Edward Forrer has the lowest score in quality of material, footwear design, price of footwear, variety colors, and customer considered that they price is not compatible with the product. In chapter three, the author suggested strategy for Edward Forrer based on analysis performed is brand revitalization strategy using two approach. First, it is to expand the depth or breadth (or both) of brand awareness by improving brand recall and recognition by consumers during the purchase or consumption settings. Second, is to improve the strength, favorability, and uniqueness of brand association by making up the brand image from these approaches. This two approach explained by make new STP and marketing mix.The implementation consist of the planning activities and the implementation plan. Edward Forrer revitalization, can be divide to two stages. The first stage is to fix the current condition of Edward Forrer outlet. Stage two is to communicate the new Edward Forrer, increase brand awareness and sales.Keywords: footwear, marketing strategy, Edward Forre
Map of Cambodian provinces.
No full textThis map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) specifically for this study by Forrer et al.</p
They get under your skin : Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm distribution, risk profiling, and control in Cambodia
No full textSoil-transmitted helminths (STH) disproportionally affect the poorest and thrive in warm areas where sanitation conditions are poor.
Infection with the threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, is among the most neglected tropical diseases and extremely common in Cambodia. A national control strategy for this parasite has not yet been defined.
The aim of this PhD study was to contribute to the knowledge-base that will guide S. stercoralis control efforts in Cambodia, by documenting post-treatment reinfection risk and morbidity associated with infection, and by estimating the national prevalence of the parasite and assessing its geographical distribution across the country. Secondary objectives included profiling hookworm infection risk in the region, either alone or in concurrence with S. stercoralis.
The study found that about one third of the Cambodian population was infected with S. stercoralis.
Importantly, we found that chemotherapy-based control of S. stercoralis using ivermectin was feasible and highly beneficial, and its impact was enhanced by improved sanitation.
Treatment resolved dermatological and gastrointestinal symptoms in infected patients. The cost of ivermectin in Cambodia currently prevents the roll-out of control programmes.
Ivermectin donation, subsidization, or the production of affordable generics are urgently needed so that control can be implemented without further delay
Lower (A) and upper (B) estimates of predicted <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> prevalence in Cambodia.
No full textThe lower and upper estimates are the 2.5% CI and the 97.5% CI, respectively. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and display the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
Map of the predicted prevalence (median) of <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> in Cambodia.
No full textPredictions were obtained with the geostatistical model shown in Table 3, based on survey data collected in 2016 from 7,246 participants aged 6 years and older, living in 249 villages across Cambodia. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and display the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
Map of Cambodia showing observed <i>S</i>. <i>stercoralis</i> prevalence in the 249 study villages.
No full textData were obtained from a 2016 cross-sectional survey of 7,246 participants aged 6 years and older, living in 249 villages across Cambodia. This map was created with ArcGIS version 10.0 (ESRI; Redlands, CA, USA) and displays the results obtained specifically from this study by Forrer et al.</p
Risk profiling of hookworm infection and intensity in southern Lao People's Democratic Republic using bayesian models
No full textAmong the common soil-transmitted helminth infections, hookworm causes the highest burden. Previous research in the southern part of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) revealed high prevalence rates of hookworm infection. The purpose of this study was to predict the spatial distribution of hookworm infection and intensity, and to investigate risk factors in the Champasack province, southern Lao PDR.; A cross-sectional parasitological and questionnaire survey was conducted in 51 villages. Data on demography, socioeconomic status, water, sanitation, and behavior were combined with remotely sensed environmental data. Bayesian mixed effects logistic and negative binomial models were utilized to investigate risk factors and spatial distribution of hookworm infection and intensity, and to make predictions for non-surveyed locations.; A total of 3,371 individuals were examined with duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears and revealed a hookworm prevalence of 48.8%. Most infections (91.7%) were of light intensity (1-1,999 eggs/g of stool). Lower hookworm infection levels were associated with higher socioeconomic status. The lowest infection levels were found in preschool-aged children. Overall, females were at lower risk of infection, but women aged 50 years and above harbored the heaviest hookworm infection intensities. Hookworm was widespread in Champasack province with little evidence for spatial clustering. Infection risk was somewhat lower in the lowlands, mostly along the western bank of the Mekong River, while infection intensity was homogeneous across the Champasack province.; Hookworm transmission seems to occur within, rather than between villages in Champasack province. We present spatial risk maps of hookworm infection and intensity, which suggest that control efforts should be intensified in the Champasack province, particularly in mountainous areas
Ivermectin Treatment and Sanitation Effectively Reduce Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Risk in Rural Communities in Cambodia
No full textBACKGROUND: Strongyloides stercoralis is the only soil-transmitted helminth with the ability to replicate within its host, leading to long-lasting and potentially fatal infections. It is ubiquitous and its worldwide prevalence has recently been estimated to be at least half that of hookworm. Information on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis remains scarce and modalities for its large-scale control are yet to be determined.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A community-based two-year cohort study was conducted among the general population in a rural province in North Cambodia. At each survey, participants infected with S. stercoralis were treated with a single oral dose of ivermectin (200μg/kg BW). Diagnosis was performed using a combination of the Baermann method and Koga agar plate culture on two stool samples. The cohort included participants from eight villages who were either positive or negative for S. stercoralis at baseline. Mixed logistic regression models were employed to assess risk factors for S. stercoralis infection at baseline and re-infection at follow-up. A total of 3,096 participants were examined at baseline, revealing a S. stercoralis prevalence of 33.1%. Of these participants, 1,269 were followed-up over two years. Re-infection and infection rates among positive and negative participants at baseline were 14.4% and 9.6% at the first and 11.0% and 11.5% at the second follow-up, respectively. At follow-up, all age groups were at similar risk of acquiring an infection, while infection risk significantly decreased with increasing village sanitation coverage.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Chemotherapy-based control of S. stercoralis is feasible and highly beneficial, particularly in combination with improved sanitation. The impact of community-based ivermectin treatment on S. stercoralis was high, with over 85% of villagers remaining negative one year after treatment. The integration of S. stercoralis into existing STH control programs should be considered without further delay
The impact of the termination of Lymphatic Filariasis mass drug administration on Soil-transmitted Helminth prevalence in school children in Malawi
No full textBACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) have been passively targeted through the implementation of mass drug administration (MDA), with the drugs ivermectin and albendazole, against the parasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis (LF). In Malawi, LF MDA was administered to communities between 2008 and 2014. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the impact of LF MDA and its termination on STH prevalence in school aged children (SAC). METHODOLOGY: School survey data of STH prevalence in Malawi were obtained through the ESPEN website. The surveys spanned the periods before (1998-2004), during (2012-2014) and after LF MDA (2015-2019). Bayesian mixed-effects models were fitted to estimate the impact of LF MDA termination, and other STH risk factors, on the odds of infection, as well as generate predictions of nationwide STH prevalence during and after LF MDA. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: SAC after the termination of LF MDA had 1.8 times greater odds of A. lumbricoides infection compared to SAC during the implementation of LF MDA (95% credible interval (CI): 1.03 - 3.35), despite ongoing STH preventive chemotherapy (PC) targeting SAC. Predictions indicate majority of districts increased in their probability of exceeding 2% A. lumbricoides prevalence in SAC after the termination of LF MDA, with Chitipa, Mulanje and Nsanje districts estimated to have > 80% probability of exceeding 2% prevalence. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: An overall resurgence in A. lumbricoides infections after LF MDA was estimated in SAC, despite ongoing annual STH PC. This suggests STH PC could not sustain the prevalence levels achieved in SAC under community-wide LF MDA. The potential role of drug resistance in this resurgence calls for urgent investigation. Understanding how this resurgence corresponds to prevalence of moderate and heavy infections should be a priority for future research.</p
The impact of the termination of Lymphatic Filariasis mass drug administration on Soil-transmitted Helminth prevalence in school children in Malawi
No full textBackgroundSoil-transmitted helminths (STH) have been passively targeted through the implementation of mass drug administration (MDA), with the drugs ivermectin and albendazole, against the parasitic disease, lymphatic filariasis (LF). In Malawi, LF MDA was administered to communities between 2008 and 2014. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the impact of LF MDA and its termination on STH prevalence in school aged children (SAC).MethodologySchool survey data of STH prevalence in Malawi were obtained through the ESPEN website. The surveys spanned the periods before (1998–2004), during (2012–2014) and after LF MDA (2015–2019). Bayesian mixed-effects models were fitted to estimate the impact of LF MDA termination, and other STH risk factors, on the odds of infection, as well as generate predictions of nationwide STH prevalence during and after LF MDA.Principal findingsSAC after the termination of LF MDA had 1.8 times greater odds of A. lumbricoides infection compared to SAC during the implementation of LF MDA (95% credible interval (CI): 1.03 – 3.35), despite ongoing STH preventive chemotherapy (PC) targeting SAC. Predictions indicate majority of districts increased in their probability of exceeding 2% A. lumbricoides prevalence in SAC after the termination of LF MDA, with Chitipa, Mulanje and Nsanje districts estimated to have > 80% probability of exceeding 2% prevalence.Conclusions/significanceAn overall resurgence in A. lumbricoides infections after LF MDA was estimated in SAC, despite ongoing annual STH PC. This suggests STH PC could not sustain the prevalence levels achieved in SAC under community-wide LF MDA. The potential role of drug resistance in this resurgence calls for urgent investigation. Understanding how this resurgence corresponds to prevalence of moderate and heavy infections should be a priority for future research.</div
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