253 research outputs found
Catastrophic Health Spending and Social Security Schemes for Elderly in Pakistan
No full textincreased longevity, reduction in fertility, and low coverage of health insurancemake the elderly vulnerable to high out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments andcatastrophic health expenditure (CHE). This chapter examines whether the out of-pocket health payment and catastrophic health expenditures increase with age and presence of elderly individuals in the household in Pakistan. Furthermore, it also explores whether the various social security schemes overcome the risk of CHE in household with elderly members. Data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES 2018–2019) is used in the analyses. Multivariate regression is used to examine the relationship between age and out-of-pocket health payments. The findings show that age is a significant predictor of OOP health payments. The monthly average OOP payment among elderly is 11 US among the nonelderly. Similarly, the number of elderly individuals in the household is significantly associated with CHE. However, households with access to any of the society security schemes are, on average, 12–17% less likely to experience CHE. Increased public spending on health care facilities and provision of social safety net and health insurance programs can reduce the burden of OOP and catastrophic health payments in Pakistan
Incidence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditures and impoverishment in Pakistan
No full textObjectives: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment is a major health financing mechanisms across developing nations such as Pakistan. Private health expenditures are estimated to be 64.4%, of which 89% are OOP made by the households (National Health Accounts, 2015-16). These high health care expenditures cause households to face financial burden resulting in poverty. This study aims to estimate the incidence and determinants of catastrophic health expenditures and impoverishment for Pakistan.Study design: Household-based cross-section study.Methods: We used the data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (2015-16 and 2018-19), carried out by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. The well known methodology developed by Wagstaff and Doorslaer was used in this study for estimating the incidence and impoverishment effect of catastrophichealth spending.Results: It is found that at 10% threshold (out of total consumption expenditures), catastrophic health payments are incurred by 4.51% and 13.15% of households for 2015-16 and 2018-19, respectively. Moreover, following the 40% threshold (out of non-food expenditures), this incidence is 0.45% and 4.57%. Poverty headcount was 23.28% and 18.43% gross of health payments in both the considered years, respectively, whereas it turns out to be 24.68% and 22.02% net of healthcare payments for the respective years, representing an increase in poverty headcounts of 1.4% and 3.59%.Conclusion: OOP health payments exert pressure on household's capacity to pay and push them into poverty. This article recommends that the burden of OOP expenditures borne by households should be reduced to prevent them from falling into poverty by initiating some strategies (health financing policyreforms in terms of financial protection) with political support
Air pollution and child health: the impact of brick kiln pollution on children’s cognitive abilities and physical health in Pakistan
Get PDFThis study explores the adverse impact of air pollution, caused by emissions from brick kilns, on the children’s cognitive ability and physical health. A survey of children between the age of 5 and 12 years was conducted in the Peshawar district of KP province of Pakistan. The concentrations of particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) were found to be higher in areas within 3 km radius of brick kilns (treatment group) compared to those that are outside of this defined radius (comparison group). By employing propensity score matching method, the study found that exposure to brick kiln pollution has significant negative effect on children’s cognitive ability and physical health. These results advocate that, in addition to increasing the direct health cost, brick kiln pollution also has adverse long-term welfare consequences through indirect and unobservable effects
Tradeoff between efficiency and perceived quality: evidence from patient-level data
No full textObjectives: To estimate technical efficiency scores of District Headquarter Hospitals (DHQHs) for obstetric services and to explore the relationship between the efficiency of DHQHs and the patients’ satisfaction about the quality of services provided.Design, Setting and Participants: Data from Health Facility Assessment (HFA) survey is used for efficiency measurement. The data on patient’s perceptions and other control variables are taken from Client Exit Interviews part of the HFA survey. Two-stage residual inclusion, Ordered Logistic Regression and Least square dummy variable techniques are used to investigate the relationshipbetween technical efficiency and patients’ satisfaction level.Main Outcome Measure(s) and Results: The average efficiency score for Pakistan’s DHQHs is 0.52, and not a single hospital is fully efficient. Moreover, the relationship between technical efficiency and patients’ satisfaction is found to be negative and statistically significant indicating that an increase in hospital efficiency tends to decrease patients’ satisfaction. The disaggregatedanalysis reveals that patients’ satisfaction associated with the healthcare provider attitude and communication is more affected by technical efficiency.Conclusion: Patients’ satisfaction level is more sensitive to physician’s attitude and communication. This makes sense because the longer the consultation time, the more accurate the diagnosis would be. This, together with a comforting and confident physician, is likely to achieve better patients’ satisfactio
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON THE FORMATION, MECHANISM AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF MDA AND MDA AS A BIOMARKER OF OXIDATIVE STRESS.
No full textMalondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker is widely used for examining oxidative stress in biomedical field where Lipid peroxidation is a chain phenomenon resulting in the formation of various active compounds that result in cellular damage. Bio monitoring of MDA is used as a biomarker in different diseases like in-vivo and in vitro. MDA is also used in various types of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and cancer etc. Higher level of MDA was found in patients that suffer from various types of diseases including lung cancer, complex original pain syndrome. In finding the oxidative stress MDA is used as a reliable biomarker. MDA is found in high levels in patients that suffer with goiter. MDA determination can take place by different methods. The determination of MDA was studied in goiter patients through a simple, and rapid but sensitive scientific method. This review is aimed to study the biochemical mechanism of formation of maliondialdehyde and the role of Maliondialdehyde as a biomarker for the diagnosis of several biochemicalcompetition
Separation of Sediment Contents and Water from Crude Oil of Khurmala and Guwayer Oil Fields in Kurdistan Region by using Centrifuge Method
No full textCatastrophic Health Spending and Social Security Schemes for Elderly in Pakistan
No full textincreased longevity, reduction in fertility, and low coverage of health insurancemake the elderly vulnerable to high out-of-pocket (OOP) health payments andcatastrophic health expenditure (CHE). This chapter examines whether the out of-pocket health payment and catastrophic health expenditures increase with age and presence of elderly individuals in the household in Pakistan. Furthermore, it also explores whether the various social security schemes overcome the risk of CHE in household with elderly members. Data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES 2018–2019) is used in the analyses. Multivariate regression is used to examine the relationship between age and out-of-pocket health payments. The findings show that age is a significant predictor of OOP health payments. The monthly average OOP payment among elderly is 11 US among the nonelderly. Similarly, the number of elderly individuals in the household is significantly associated with CHE. However, households with access to any of the society security schemes are, on average, 12–17% less likely to experience CHE. Increased public spending on health care facilities and provision of social safety net and health insurance programs can reduce the burden of OOP and catastrophic health payments in Pakistan
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