9 research outputs found
Development of a Hydrogen-powered Fuselage-mounted BLI Propulsor Add-on for Passenger Aircraft
No full textThe concept of an "Auxiliary Power and Propulsion Unit" (APPU) is introduced, which consists of a Boundarylayer ingesting (BLI) propulsor with an engine mounted at the rear of an passenger aircraft fuselage, replacing the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) and contributing around 10% of total cruise thrust, as well as auxiliary power. This APPU unit is using hydrogen provided by an additional tank installed in the tailcone of the aircraft. The concept is aimed at lowering the threshold to installing both hydrogen-driven propulsion and BLI propulsors on aircraft in the short term, while minimizing resulting operational risk. The concept has been investigated using a preliminary aircraft synthesis tool and further component-level mass estimates. Operational aspects,sensitivities and limits to the design have been investigated. Estimates of mission fuel burn find that CO2 emissions emissions reduce roughly proportionally to the APPU thrust share, with additional savings due to improved overall efficiency. Further improvements are deemed feasible and are the topic of ongoing research.Flight Performance and Propulsio
2D airfoil shape optimisation for unsteady inflow
No full textPropeller propulsion systems combined with Boundary layer ingestion (BLI) have been proposed as a propulsive system to reduce the CO2 emissions of aircraft by 50% by 2050. BLI leads to increased disturbances at the propeller disk and causes more noise due to the fluctuating blade loading. Using the APPU project as a test case, unsteady inflow is used to determine whether a metric to lower the blade loading fluctuation on an airfoil level is possible. Therefore, an optimisation was created using an Euler solver reliant on the harmonic balance method and the adjoint method to lower the computing time of the simulation. The combination of these methods has proven successful in turbomachinery applications. The optimisation scheme uses the modelled APPU inflow conditions to optimise for the drag coefficient while lowering the Root Mean Squared Error of the lift coefficient during the simulations by applying a constraint in various optimisation runs. Aerospace Engineerin
Performance of a Single-Aisle Aircraft with Auxiliary Propulsion and Power Unit
No full textThe aviation industry has grown at a steady rate of 5% per year over the past decades and is projected to continue this growth over the coming years. In sharp contrast stands the increasing concern with the reduction of the environmental impact of flying in the short term. To this end, a fuselage boundary layer ingesting propulsor powered using hydrogen combustion is proposed to replace the conventional APU on the next-generation version of the Airbus A321neo. This study concludes that up to 10% of the required shaft power can be provided by the third engine, resulting in a 1% reduction in mission energy consumption and an 11% reduction in CO2-emissions. The concept aircraft's mass is similar to the baseline aircraft. Water vapour emissions are expected to rise by 14%.The APPU ProjectAerospace Engineerin
Empennage Wake Filling using Steady Chord-wise Blowing for Propulsive Fuselage Concepts
No full textIt is the need of the hour to focus research and development towards curbing emissions due to the growing aviation industry. Employing boundary layer Ingesting(BLI) propellers for development of propulsive fuselage concept(PFC) aircraft while utilizing hydrogen as an alternative energy source, is the idea behind project APPU(Advanced Propulsion and Power Unit). However, the empennage wake is detrimental to the propeller. This study uses chord-wise wake blowing technique to fill the empennage wake in order to mitigate the detrimental effects of the wake on the inflow of the aft mounted BLI propeller. A near complete wake filling was observed for the blown configuration, with a 99.7% uniformity in the velocity profiles for the filled empennage wake. The addition to the overall aircraft drag due to the wake blowing system was less than 2 drag counts and a mass flow rate of 0.91-1.23Kg/s was found to be required in the blown cases.APPU ProjectAerospace Engineering | Flight Performance and Propulsio
Aerodynamic Shaping of a Propulsive Fuselage Concept: A Design Space Exploration
No full textBoundary layer ingestion is an airframe-propulsion integration technology capable of enhancing aircraft propulsive efficiency. The Propulsive Fuselage Concept, a tube-and-wing layout with an rear-fuselage-mounted propulsor in the boundary layer ingestion configuration, especially takes advantage this. However, the relation between physical shape and aerodynamic performance, resulting from the complex airframe-propulsor interaction, is not entirely understood. Also, contrary to long-haul aircraft, few studies have investigated the application of the concept on medium-haul aircraft with only 10% cruise thrust contribution coming from the boundary layer ingestion propulsor, which is a top-level requirement of the APPU project. To facilitate parametric studies regarding these research gaps, a parametric model is developed and implemented in an engineering design application that automates aerodynamic analysis to high degree. This thesis presents a methodology to numerically analyze axisymmetric propulsive fuselage concept designs; an engineering design application using the knowledge based engineering technology is presented that facilitates the implementation of complex engineering design rules in the construction of the parametric model. The application consist of three components. Firstly, a flexible geometric parameterization in 2D is developed that is proven capable of constructing well-performing designs. A translation mechanism is developed between these geometric input parameters and input parameters for class shape transformation curves, which form the mathematical basis for the geometry. Secondly, the construction of a C-shaped domain and a multi-block structured mesh are also automated in the application. The mesh density for this application was verified through a mesh convergence study, and can be adjusted to fit other mesh requirements through various mesh control capabilities. Lastly, the scripted interaction between the application and ANSYS Fluent software is automated. A fan modeling methodology was developed using boundary conditions that requires only fan pressure ratio as input, while mass flow continuity through the fan is ensured. The meshing and simulation routines are validated by comparing the results of the presented routine to that of a status-quo numerical simulation. All relevant aerodynamic output parameters show agreement in a range of 3.3%.The working of the engineering design application is demonstrated in a design space exploration based on the hypothesis that increased conicity of the rear fuselage and nacelle shape with respect to the longitudinal axis can reduce the required fan power in cruise conditions. To isolate the effect of conicity, a parameter sweep was conducted. Results show that with increasing conicity, the overall viscous dissipation was continuously reduced. Also the total pressure recovery at the fan inlet face increases up to a nacelle conical angle of 11 degrees, after which this decays due to increased wetted area. At 11 degrees conicity, the aerodynamic efficiency (defined as fan power required for a given net propulsive force) was increased by 0.81% relative to a less conical status-quo baseline design with 6 degrees conicity. The increased fuselage volume and wetted area due to increased conicity introduced the opportunity to shorten the fuselage without decreasing fuselage volume. This increased aerodynamic efficiency by 1.65% relative to the baseline. Also, as the intake diffusion functionality was redundant in this flow field, a third design was constructed with a 29% shorter intake duct, which increased aerodynamic efficiency by 1.81% compared to the baseline. Demonstrated by these unoptimized designs and the observed physical mechanisms, it is concluded that aerodynamic efficiency could benefit from the direct and indirect effects of an increase in conicity of the propulsive fuselage concept.APPU ProjectAerospace Engineerin
0001
No full textDAILY I'AIX) Al.TO T1MKS. FRIDAY. N'OVKMUKK ■;. i._».
Times Makes Surprising Holiday Offers for
New Subscriptions and Renewals—
These Rates Can't be Beat
Macular Prlc.
Dally Palo Alio Tin—. 1 j«ar AtJUt
Aaetmm m.bs,Ib., 1 yssr .... 1_0
Our Club Rate
4.50
Itegular Prlc*
Dally Palo Alto Time*. 1 year 94 SO
McClure's Magailne. 1 year .. ijw
Woman's Home Companion,
1 year
tSB
gT.BO
Our Club Rate
6.50
Phone, write or csll at —___-
TIMES OFFICE
Cor. Hamilton and Ramona Palo Alto 115
Similar low rlnb ratee wltb onr weekly, Tlie I'slo Ulan, tm appU*
Mra. T. C. Arnold and daughter J
Mlsa Maud Arnold, have returned to
th«lr Ban Pranclaco hoase. following}
fl vlalt st tte reeldsace of C. H.I
fib ornate. .
Tha fancy work table la ei peeled
lo be unusually well storked, with i
articles suitable for gifts Tha halt
wilt be open all the afternoon, and
goods will also bs on sale during the)
evening.
Largest Electric
Generating Plant
California at the
1909 Exposition
CJIUC.-T UKmTKRS j -»■*»•« HTATKK BKAtTfPt'I.
POWKR .TIMPAW POR Pi It-
M-MIM, <ii:iu\i
etttie*
WHITE STAR LAUNDRY g
KAWA. PiupsletUI.
Only band-work Ja panes* laundry. Oood work a specialty, m
a Family waabinga. Too caa al waya And us at ta Kmsraon atrnot, fi
r Palo Alto. ■*„, au g
HWWUBWugggaggMwiggigiggggggggggggmggggyg»
MH-XB-TRIP MXCOBHO-f PARKS.
Ac-onoi ThankaglvlBg Day.
To all points In ' sntorois. vim
tbe one-way Tare U 110 or less, tick
eu will be sold at one lowest flrst-
claaa fare and one-third for the1
round trip. Sal* dates. November
lStb aad Sfltb. Ratam limit, No-
vombar SOib, 1»-|.
I.KWIS LITTLE. Agsnt.
il-«-llt Pnlo Alta. Cal.
TAXm IffwS.
Ofllc* or tbe Tax Collector, county
of Santa Clsra. California
San Joae, October 1. 1101
Notice* Is hereby given thnt tbe
taies for tbe year ItOI wlU be dae
and payable October 12th
Plrat Installment- Taxes on an
personal propertr. s Ilea oo or secured by land, all special taxea. and
on* half of tbe Usee on nil raal
property are delinquent on November sa, 1901. at I o'clock p. m..
when II per cent wlll ba addad to
all of said first installment remaining unpaid.
Second I nsl all man t— The remaining one-half of taxea on all ran)
property will be due and payable
January 4. 190*. and delinquent
April ZC, 190*. when '• per eaat
wlll be added to all taxes remaining
unpaid.
Taipaysrs may. If lhay desire to
do no. nny the whole tax at one payment
For ths purpose of racslvlng taxas
I will ha In the aeveral townshlpe of
tha county aa follows
Polo Alt-
At Ihe Bank of Palo Alto, In the
town of Palo AUo, on Thursday. October t'tb. and Friday. October Id.
19911.
Mayfleld Townalilp.
At Barnard Mayer's drug store In
tbe town of Mayfleld. on Saturday.
October 17. 1901.
| And at my unite lo tbs courthouse
| of San Joee dally. Sundsy and legal
| holidays etc*pled, from 9 a. m. to
. p mto and Including Monday.
November 30 1909. and Moaday.
. April St. 1909. at t p, m.
The aecond Installment of taxea la
: payable at my ofllce in the court-
' house In San Joee
WM. A. JANl'ARY.
Tax Collector of Santa Clara On
10-_-l_n
*TGRAND CASHl
Converting Sale
t
Of Ladies' Boots and Oxfords
A. Timely Opportunity to
purchase a goad, stylish, *
servicable pair of shoes before the winter sets in.
The Oreal Western Power Company has set Thursday. December
I-'th. for opening day. This great
plant was planned to furnish power
to pull ih« Western Paclfle tralaa
orer the mountain section. Lately
liarrlman has secured a large Inter-
eat In the company. Arrangaments
are belag completed to tarn a river
through s mountain and to let that
tremendous waterpower flood down
upoa the generating machinery
When the wheels revolve thr dynamos sill hum aud the electric
thrili wlll go through many mllea
of thick copper wire down to tba big
naw Cowell cement works In Coatra
Costa count>. which will make tbelr
flrat start when tbs Impulse comes
unseen through I '.'* mllse of over*
bead wire carried on strung steal
masts, well protected against tha
possibility of breaks tbat would let
a hissing end drop st a shoot an nn*
nlbllatlng thunderbolt Into nny living creature.
Already 110,000.090 hnve bean
expanded upon the electric power
plant at Las Plumas, on tha Feather
riser, about - twenty-three miles
above Orovllte. Por a lltlla more
thaa two ysars a small army of man
haa been at work up tbere In the
slopes of the Sierras, and Ihe out'
side world has hardly known It, nor
undsratpod that California waa quietly establishing another world's
record for biggest things
Wben thst powsr plan! ts ct
plated It wlll be the largest electric
generating concern In the whole
world. It will coniinaously produce
144,000 hors»|K>wer, the energy Ihal
It wonld take a vast herd of 144.000
horses to "i-n How much lhat
means mat be Inferred from tbe
fact that the tied blggeat electric
generating plant In tbe world ts at
Niagara Palls, where thsre are two
plants of -0,000 horsepower each.
Thla one plant'Is nearly three tlmee
aa big aa Niagaras blgseat It la ao
big lhat tt could furnish all ths electric [tower needed to run the atreet
cars, the factories, tbe elevatora aad
all the electric lights within the astir* dty of San franc loco. Tbe
next biggest power plant lu tbe
whole west Is the California Oaa and
Electrics station at Electro, whlcb
Is capable of producing nearly 30.-
000 horsepower This new one will
be nenrly Ave time* lhat big And'
Ibe one at Klectra overshadows nny-!
thing of the kind In Rump*-. Aala.j
Africa. South America or Australia.
kahiiiit r a lack wit.i. bf.
iltriHl. (IP TUX PAIR-
Seattle. Nov. _1 -By tb* Bret of
Dece_j,ber California s baauUfut exhibit palace on the grounds of the
Alaaka-Yukon-Pacific exposition wlll
be under roof aad ready to receive
IU [manor furnlablngs. All that
(ben reualns to be doa* Is the exterior stat work wbleh will tana
aeveral months to put la plac*. but
whir* will not interfere with tbe
work on tbe Interior. Tbe larg*
plot of ground about tbe building
will be graded this wtutar. grass
seed sown and traee sat oat. tbe
gardeners thsa ashing until about
March ltth befor* sotting out tbe
flo-ari-s and ornamental \ shrubbery.
California, by her prompt work, li
tbe second state to have her building ready.
The great California exhibit will
be a dlBtlnrt feetar* of th* 1909
fair aad one that wlll beyond
doubt attract aa much attention as
sny display upon the grouada Tba
reason (or this Is not hard to, Had.
la tfae flrst place the California
building occupies a moai prominent
place, being located at tbe bead of
Pacific avenu*. diagonally facing
Dome Circle, nnd directly oppoelte
the Chicago building aad next to the
Forestry building.
Ths building will be tbe second
largest structure erected oo tbs es
position grounds, the Chicago exhibit only surpassing tbla one In sty I*
ii wilt follow' tb* lines usually
adopted, the old mission style,
lu msny respects this building wlll
be more artistic snd more elaborate
than aaythlag attempted before. It
enters a plot of ground tOS by 197
feel. There is a large eentral strut*
tare with two thrae-story wings, tba
north wing belag arranged for a
lecture hall and tbe south wing for
O-lce*. reception and retiring rooms
The centre! structure la Iwo stories
blgb with a 4 0-fooi Open gallery
around all lour aides. The skylight la .■ normous. being 90x10 feat.
For exhibit purpoees It is practically
ideal. The roof Is to be tbe picturesque red (lie
Back of the building, faring lake'
Waahlngton, will be a wide porch!
overlooking half an acre of ground
which will he arranged as a typical!
California garden, with a maaa of
flowers snd shrub* peculiar to California
X I. ADI-Cr I
J IIKATHKHfll-tMiM BUSTS t
♦ Look Ilka silk, wear better, (
! insxpe-naive, ovary woman a
t can afford oas I
TH* 5TEOUMG
V yj Uiiismi At. Maa C Bassa V
Mra. C. Malcolm Wade
Shampooing, manicuring, sanlg
uantmant aad facial maaaaga. Oean*
plnxloo packs a spsclalty Mrs C
Malcom Wada, rooms 1 oo* 1. Mad-
lBon-Tb.lt* black. Phone U9Z*
fl-ARKIN'S
The Place for Men
| KAMTLBSK WATER
BOTTLES
f Oaarantaod for two yearn
I BT-iNPORfl PHARMAOT
»isiss»isssssi«»ai»|i*n«s
t PALO ALTO KLBCTRI
—— WORM
iavsamuaa kijktricai.
Ill Ualnnltr ,«>■ T._-
l-BB. HIT. Ploopl Bl-
.B...8. IS r.psli work Cafl
aai tmmot tmr stark.
r*—o *i.to pomraoonoa
Mi-fits. Bl—B Plus sa.
aa_rl»o.l_B. lars —_l lar
ks_.t_lld.ri Jobbl". .or«
raoiu— a Rim—
IBBV. *** M_—> S>fi
WWI HOAMJin. IITABl—
II. I. Bl.ni. VMrrlas— ln|li I
IT! Hamilton ansa.. Pals Alto.
8r*K..ll> la. st-raa*. seco_ss_U-
IIOBS, tnOUM .Bl dBSI proof II III —
rshlcMM BBd hsrnr— trasgtat mt
HIS
_ \tkinh a mmr
11 l-Mll l:m.rMB Btrwt
All mr 3.50 and 4.00 Patent Colt Bluchers I wlll i no
ssU tor * ■ •■>IV
All wr 3.30 Gaa Mstsl ? lc
All my 3.50 Vlci Kid y __
tmt . -.03
All 3.00 Csn Meisl sad i .a
Vlci Kid'for -.OU
All 2.50 Vlci Kid t on
I
_|This is Strictly a Cash Sale
After Shoes are fitted and accepted
there will be no exchanging
Sale Commences
Saturday Morning, Nov. 21, at
FARRELL'S
SHOE STORE
PALO ALTO
One Door From
Postofflce.
Unitarians Will
Present Old Play
PIIOIM < lit in OP THK HMYM.li
-.ltl l-ill.Ki. s i-n-.ii.il*. tu UK
i I \ i I III (lb* PAIR i■' ' 9.
A lea:me of the t'nHarlan fair, to1
be given on fUtarday. Oecember Stb.
Ib Jordan's flail, will be the presentation of a miracle plajr appropriate
Ito Ihe coming Christmas season.
The ..ia. rbooen la known aa tbs
. "Bst-nada Paatornm" of "Bevond
■Shepherds Play.'" sad Is probably
Ibe beat known of tbe whole aeries
, written for tbe tarioua gull-Is of
mldille-age Kngland. an.] given by
tbem on feast dsys in the open air.
Its unknown author has been called
tbe father of Kngllah comedy, aad
Ita humor ts still apparent aven to
thoee that know very little of Ibe
conditions of the time Tbe play
formed ihe basis for tba adsptatloa ■
made aome years ago by Profeseor
Uail.-v for the Ren Greet Company,
and pre-ented by It ander tbe title
"Tbe Star of Bethlehem '* ll Is concerned chiefly with (he adventures
of ibree shepherds watching tbelr
abeep st nlgbt. and abecpthief To
these it- real snd homely nan
final!, appears the Star, announcing
tbe birth of Jeans To ths simple
people who Brit saw tba
play It muat have given the event of
Jesus' birth great reality and alg-
al8cai-.ee It ia hoped to have appropriate maslr sccompanylag tba
presentation of-tbla play at tbe I'nl-
tarian fair
Rugs and pillow rushtons. woven
ont of rags, bave receotly been returned from the wsa vera to the
ladles or the l-ottartan Alllnnre. aad
are aald io he unnsealty egecttve.
They will be sold st moderate prices,
and no more useful Christmas gift
conld be Itnaglaed Considerable
Interest has been aronsed la the
pttssles. wblch are to be sold at tbe
fair, pot np In attractive boxea. The
putting together of one of tbaa* pas-;
lies mt Into man)' small piece*, is;
almost an evenlng'a inmssmsnt fori
a company of people
0*v*t-am*nt Inspected reftrlg-
srstsd meats at tb*
Stanford Meat Co
SM [*nl.sf_4ty Avenna.
I-BI.K-AC1MH. PIH-LTRT
Fresh Ash every Friday
The I ni tr r-.il y llrtsg
Compaay will give
yo* yoar motsey bndk'
If MIsO-NA does not
That's the souarast kind of a
squan- deal, aa every falr-mlodad
man knows.
Hat ths llatversity Drug Company
enn afford to make thla ogler be-
eaaae tbey know tbat Ml-o-na tablets are a worthy stomacb remedy,
aad that the makers wlll back ap
tbe generous offer.
Aad so we say to all readern of
Tbs Times suffering with any atomarh trouble, try Mt-o-aa. It baa
surh a mlgblj- anil powerful Infln-
eac* oa tbe stomscb that It Immedl-
ntaly refreahea and relieves than Invigorates asd cures. >
It atreagthst-a tbeTatomacb walla.
nata tt-e stomacb la sacb perfect
coodlUon that It tau digest food
without pain or otber distressing
symptoms It cares by removing
tb* cause, and it retnovea the
cause ninety-six times In s hundrvd
A Urg* boi of Ml-o-na tablet*
_ .oalr coats '0 cents, aad rwllef will
__I. ».I_rl..r«I ..la, j __, „ ,._,„.,„, „„„„
•I nr Aor anrl
"Ml-o-na tableta ar* traly grant
for sny ooe that haa stoma-- trouble I cannot praise them too highly for what they bave done for me."
— Mrs to D Henoeft Uu. .sport
Me
M. H. BILLE
Landscape
Gardener
!*_._. m.K
1._-, glrsbs. Plsata ssd
C—atrsrt or dsr i
llsfilasBC. 170 WaT.rler St.
I tl.
!•-._» iiiro. o*i.
HAVE YOU
MOVED?
Yes,
Palo Alto Transfer Co,
MOI —I MB AJ-D TUT UHI *0
ioiu—abi— >jn> Mouaaaaaa.
IXO TII.T I WII.I, ttaCOIs—Br.
nam to too.
Office
525 ALMA STKEET
Phone 90
Setuuuuutu uuuuu
b. r. I.ll H. I IU—... C
§ COAL. WOOD. HAT. S
CHAIN
BELL-RITCHIE CO.
WAoWWAWoWAoSmWWhmn
Cataloochee: Life in a remote mountain valley
No full textThis 59-page interview is the transcript of a group of 1981 recorded interviews on “Cataloochee: Life in a remote mountain valley.” The manuscript was collected as part of the Cataloochee History Project that collected photographs, stories, and oral histories about families who lived in the Cataloochee Valley. Today’s Cataloochee Valley is within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. While, in general, the Great Smoky Mountains region was sparsely populated, the Cataloochee Valley remained an exception. By 1900, the population of Cataloochee had grown to 1,000 residents living in hundreds of log and frame homes.. ~·· ..
RECORDING of
"CATALOOCHEE--UFE IN A REM:Yl'E MOUNTAIN VALLEY"
Program sponsored by the
Friends of Haywood County (NC) Public Library
Grace Episcopal Church, Waynesville, NC
June 9, 1981
Dr. Gordon B. McKinney, Moderator
Dr. Roy Carroll, Principal Speaker ·
Raymond E. Caldwell
Mark E. Hannah
Mary Davis (Mrs. Gldger) Palmer
. Dr. Robert Woody
Panelists
Recorded by: David Dahlen
Park Ranger at Cataloochee
Speed: 3-3/4 IPS
Playing time: Side 1 - 90 minutes
Side 2 - 25 minutes
LIPR· l?J ov l...ll' • '\. '- l
GREAT SMOJ<Y MOUNTAINS
NATIONAL PARK
Cataloochee
KEY
This transcript has been made verbatim et literatim as much as
possible. There has been NO editing whatsoever.
Punctuation is used to indicate the flow of speech rather than
follow the rules of English composition. The comma is used where
the speaker paused; the period where he stopped; and where there
is no punctuation the speaker continued without pausing or
stopping.
The original (Archives) copy of this recording is on two PAP
Industries Inc. C-90 cassettes.
The library copy is on reel-to-reel tape, transcribed on a
Wollensak 3M 6020-AV tape recorder. The speed is 3-3/4 IPS.
The Index Counter Numbers in the margin are for easy locating
on the tape. Set the Index Counter at 000 at the beginning of
the first voice on each side · of the tape •
. The sympbol 1-----1 indicates the transcriber could not understand
what was said.
. .,
Cataloochee
C-0-N-T-E-N-T-S
Introduction by nave Dahlen
Dr. GORDON McKINNEY
Introduction of program committee
Introduction of principal speaker
Dr. ROY CARROLL
Locating area on map
Early settlement of Cataloochee
Residents in 1850
Head of families in 1850
Residents in 1860
Effects of Civi 1 War
"Old families"
~gration into Cataloochee
The women
Ca ldwe 11 family
Woody family
Palmer family
Fate Palmer
Jesse Palmer
Dr. GORDON Me KINNEY
Introduction of panelists
RAYMON> CAlDWELL
Family members
Toys
School
Recreation
Herding stock
First trip to Waynesville
Raising bees
Operating mill
MARK HANNAH
First match
Starting fires
Toys: wagon, whistle; whipS
First wagon ride
First train
Affiliation with National Park
Page
1
1-5
1-3
3-5
5-26
5
6
7
9
10
10-11
11
12-14
15-16
16-17
17
17-18
19-21, 21-24
21, 24-26
26-27
27-34
35-40
\ ___ )
Cataloochee
CONTENI'S - contd
MARY DAVIS (Mrs. Gudger) PAlMER
Teaching in Cataloochee
Number of students
First day of teaching
Schoo 1 routine
"Baby sitting"
Bear hunts
Dr. ROBERT W ()()) Y
Little Cataloochee
Uncle Tyne Woody
Home
Other bui lciings
Blacksmith shop
Barns
Grist mill
Apple houses
Lumber house
Smokemouse
Sheep house
Italians
Tobacco use
Amusements
Food
Salting cattle
Criticizing coming of National Pat:k ·
Spring, water supply
Games
Berea College
Page
40-43
44-54
IN Rt:PL\' JI.EFEll TO:
United States Department of the Interior
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738
N-0-T-I-C-E
No part of this · recording or transcript may be quoted or used
for publication except upon written permis&ion of the Superin-tendent
of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
·"
(000)
(009)
Cata1oochee
SIDE 1 (No. 1 of Cassette)
DAVE DAHLEN
Pa ge 1
Following is a presentation sponsored by the Friends of Haywood
County, North Carolina, Library, and it is entitled "His tory Is
People. 11 This particular program is concentrating on the
Cataloochee valley history.
BREAK
Dr • GORDON B • Me KINNEY
Thank you. A number of items that I need to bring to your
attention, before we get into the main part of the program. I have
~een asked to request that all of the newly elected officers and
all of the award winners
BREAK
Yogi Bear, had a very significant statement to make about the
beginning of this type of program. He was.· receiving an award, and
he wanted to express his appreciation to all of the people who made
this award possible. But in his awn way of expressing himself he
said he wanted to thank everyone who had made the evening necessary.
(Laughter) Well. There are a number of people who have made this
evening necessary. And I'd like to express the appreciation of the
Friends of the I.J.brary, recognize s cme of these people and
institutions. The first would be the North Carolina Humanities
Committee. They are the people who are providing the basic funding
for this meeting. And we have worked very closely with them on
this program, and we appreciate very much their financial and
other types of support for the prograQJ.
Cata loochee Page 2:
Now, the project steering comndttee has brought this all together.
Chairman of the committee is Dr. c. J. Overbeck who you have already
met. I am a member of the comndttee as well, but there are other
members of the committee that I would like to have stand and be
recognized at this time. The person that probably got you all here
was our publicity director Peg Fry (Mrs. K. D.) Peg would you
please stand.
BREAK
The financial officer that paid for all of this in one way or
another is Larry Anmons. larry.
BREAK
Secretary who kept us all from running in about twenty different
directions, all at the same time, Polly Ogden (Mrs. Fred). Polly
BREAK
The people on the comndttee who, par~icularly dealing with
Cataloochee who understood their own heritage and the heritage of
many of you, and helped the rest of us put this all together,
Ernestine Upchurch (Mrs. Cecil) in the back.
BREAK
(James) Roy Moody in the back.
APPI.AlEE
And the full time member of the committee, although she refused to
accept that position, and especially probably because she didn't
want to take any of the blame for what's going to happen tonight,
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Cataloochee Page 3
and who truly held all of this together as we fumbled around,
Katherine Armitage, the library director.
APPLAlSE
The program tonight will consist of three parts. We will have a
main speaker. We will have four commentaries by people who lived
in Cataloochee at one time or another in their lives. And then we
will have a slide show given by Dave Dahlen, this is not on the
program, who is the ranger at Cataloochee now. 1 will give more
formal introductions to these, some of these people as we go along.
That's the basic order of business. After these presentations we
:Will open up the floor so that you can ask questions or make
comments, or tell some of the tall stories that 1 heard at dinner
tonight from some of these people. 1 am sure that there is a great
deal of history about cataloochee, and I have a feeling that I
didn't hear any of it tonight. But I heard an awful lot of stories.
And I hope that we can all exchange some of these stories as we go
along tonight and enjoy the past of cataloochee, what it meant to
the people who were there, and what it means to the rest of us who
weren't there.
Our main speaker this evening is Dr. Roy Carroll. Dr. Carroll is
the ideal person to make our main address. He is the author of
this particular publication right here, many of you may be fa~liar
with it already, "Historic Structures Report, Utt le Gataloochee,
North Carolina." He has told me that he will be finished with his
writing on Big Gataloochee this August. And that another publication
Cata loochee Page 4
on Big Cataloochee will be available in the relatively near future.
So that Dr. Carroll is in a very real sense the academic specialist
on the Cataloochee region of Narth carolina. He is a native of
Arkansas, received his masters degree and doctorate in history at
Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, and has served as an Assistant
Professor of history at Mercer University in Georgia. Afterwards,
in 1965, he became .Professor of History and Chairman of the Department
of History and Political Science at Armstrong State College in
Georgia. 1969 he accepted the posit ion of Chairman of the Department
of History at Appalachian State University. In 1977 he was
·appointed I. G. Greer Distinguished Professor of History at AS u.
Since 1979 Dr. Carroll has been the Vice-president for Planning for
the entire North carolina university system, and he is now in Chapel
Hill carrying out those duties. He has a number of publications on
historical material outside of Gataloochee. He is a very well
rounded historian. When I invited Dr. Carroll up here to speak, I
could hear him over the phone looking at his calendar. And he says
"let's see Friday the 12th meeting with so-and-so and so-and-so,"
"meeting here," "meeting there." Cotmt. These of course are all
academic meetings. And I spent a good part of my career attending
those academic meetings, and having done so, my feeling that we are
doing Dr. Carroll a great favor. (Lau~hter) Far three days, or
at least two days, he will not be able to attend an academic
meeting, this is a high point I think in almost anyooe's life. He
has come however a long way. He left Chapel Hill at 6:00 this
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· Cata loochee Page 5
morning, drove all the way up here. And, is going to share ,with
all of us -tonight his expertise on the Cataloochee region. Dr.
Carroll.
APPU\lSE
Dr. ROY CARROLL
I really came to the mountains to get cool. (Laughter) You not
only fooled me on the weather I thought this was a library meeting.
I know you're not all Episcopalians. (Laughter) Not that many
Episcopalians in Haywood County. (Laughter) Being a Baptist I've
never been too sure there are very many Episcopalians anywhere.
(Laughter) And I'm sure where they are it's very very warm.
(Laughter) (PAlS E) I came up here this afternoon and I very
scientifically arranged the projector and the table and the screen
so that they would all be in focus, and then Doris Hanmett moves
the screen. (Laughter) So you will have to bear with us while we
do a little technical work here to get everything pack in synchronization.
I will ask Doris if she will to plug it in over there.
BREAK - PAlS E
I suspect a lot of you are from Cata loochee or you are descended
from Cataloocheeans because they were very prolific folks. But for
those of you who were not let me point out a few things on the map
to you. This is the northern part of Haywood County, a part of
Cataloochee township. Take off from Cove Creek and go up what used
to be North Carolina 284 Qver Cove Creek Gap and you come into
Cataloochee valley. This road right here. This is the Cataloochee
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· ·'·.~ .... ~ r ,..-
..._._'-'-4 .LVVt....lJ.CC::: Page 6
Ridge. Or Cataloochee Divide. And you come into this valley along
Big Cataloochee Creek. One of the main tributaries of it is' Little
Cataloochee Creek. Another main tributary is Caldwell Fork. This
creek which was for a long time called "Indian Creek" is now called
"Palmer Creek" on the maps of the park, because so many Palmers
lived there once upon a time. Big Cataloochee then is one community
separated by this ridge, Noland Mountain, separated by this ridge
from Little Cataloochee.
About 1836 or so, the mid-1830s, the first white families moved
into Big Cataloochee valley. In 1929, '30, '31, '32, a century
later, the Great Smoky Mountains Nationa 1 Park was created, and
~irtually all of the people in Cataloochee township were moved out.
They lost their homes, they lost their land. Many of them, til they
died, really felt that they were in exile. And in a very real sense
they had been moved out the same way the Cherokee Indians had been
moved out. They had no choice. I want to trace the, some of the
development of that community on the map, and then look at all of
Cataloochee township as a whole.
The first settlers were the Caldwell family, James and Levi
Ca !dwell. Who settled right here, about 1836. They came from
Spring Creek over at Madison County. Another one of the families,
which came in about the same time, but didn't stay, and came back
in later was the Jonathan Woody family. Jonathan Woody's home is
this right here. Another one of the early fallli lies, the George
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Cata loochee Page 7·
Palmer family. He and his wife and several of his children came up
there in the late 1840s. He came out of Sandy Mush Creek area in
Buncombe County, for no great reason to tell you the truth though
I'm not sure Linton would tell you, because he was broke. He lost
his farm. And the deeds and the records from Buncombe County
indicate that from about 1843 to 1846 his small farm was up for
sale because he could not pay the mortgage. He loaded his family
in a wagon with all his possessions, and ended up in Cataloochee.
Just above them, about 1839, a family had settled there the Hannah
family, Evan Hannah who, had come up there from Fines Creek. He had
.come with his wife Betsy, a house full of children, his father- inlaw
William Noland. The Nolands settled on the creek as well.
About 1848 also, right here, Yotmg Bennett moved up there with his
family. Started his homestead, stayed there for a time. Went back
down into the Fines Creek area. And eventually caxne and stayed.
So you have these families. You have Bennett, Hannah, Palmer, and
here George Palmer's son Jesse Palmer, Levi and James Caldwell, and
Jonathan Woody.
By 1850, all except Jonathan Woody are living there and they are
living there year round. The next generation. their sons and
daughters, had moved over the ridge and settled here along Coggins
Branch leading into Little cataloochee and here on the tributaries
of Lit.tle cataloochee. George Palmer's daughter Ruth married a man
named Jack Vess, 1850. He bought this place, in 1853. Was where
Will Messer lived when the park was formed, where Ola School was
, Ca ta lo oc bee Page 8
and the post office. John Jackson Hannah, Evan's son, marr~ed and
moved here about 1857. A small log cabin. Levi Caldwell's
daughter Harriet Elizabeth married a man named Dan Cook who came
over here from Spring Creek in Madison County. And Dan and Harriet
moved here about 1856. Just north of them, Young Bennett's son
Creighton who married Levi Caldwell's daughter Louisa Matilda
bought a homestead just north of the Cooks. The Cook property
eventually ran all the way to the top of the ridge here, and just
beyond it eventually settled here was another Palmer, George Peyton
Palmer. Pete George as he came to be called later. So you've got
a second generation of people clustering over in Little Cataloochee.
That small number of families continued to multiply. Newcomers
continued to come in. Clustered there. Closely knit. Tightly
dependent upon each other. Bound together by affection, by blood,
and by sheer necessity. Clustered on the tributaries of Big
Cataloochee Creek and Little Cataloochee Creek. By 1929, when the
park began to buy the property, the red dots show you how many
homesteads and families were there. Here's the schoolhouse. Little
Cataloochee schoolhouse. And Ola post office, Little Cataloochee
Baptist Church. Down here Cataloochee school, and Palmers Chapel.
A post office over here at the Palmer home. And a post office here
at Nellie. And by that time down on Caldwell Fork, at the bottom
of your map, another schoolhouse which had been built in 1924, and
the beginnings of a church there, a Baptist church which was
j
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Cata loochee Page g·
meeting in the schoolhouse. Those dots represent several hUndred
families. Who had to move when the park was formed.
Pause
The heads of the families: By the U.S. census records, in 1850,
these names appear. Some twenty-four households. I have my doubts
about three or four of them. About the Allisons I think they are
still in Jonathans Creek though you can't be sure from deeds or
from the census, Loy a 1 Ba 11 was over at Mt. Sterling north of
Cataloochee. Henry Barnes a young man twenty-one years old. And
to indicate the influence of the Caldwells he married a Caldwell.
one of the
Not James and Levi's families but nevertheless/taldwells from down
in Jonathans Creek or Fines Creek. Young Bennett. Here's Henry E.
Caldwell who is the son of James and a brother of Levi. These three
families. Thomas Ca ldwe 11 I'm not sure of. He is lis ted in the
census between these houses so you'd think he was there but I'm
not sure about that. Albert . Coggin$ was there as a tenant. Again
came out of Spring Creek, Madison County. The Franklin family haQ. '
come up from Tennessee. Incidentally Franklin was married to a
gir 1 named Sarah Grooms and you see her faJPily showing ten years
later. Here's Evan Hannah. William Jenkins or Norris Jenkins as
he was known he also married to a Caldwell. Elizabeth Mcintyre, a
widow, who was there from Fines Creek. She is there with two sons
but she is not there long, she moves out. She is next door and.
living in a cabin that belongs to the Palmers, George Palmer.
George Messer who is there briefly, he lived most of the time in
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Cata loochee Page lD
Jonathans Creek but evidently had come up here and had gotten a
homestead but eventually moved back and you don't find him again
til about 1880 back up here. The Noland family, William Noland of
course is the father-in-law of Evan Hannah and Thomas is married to
Betsy Hannah. Evan's wife. You've got George Palmer. His son
John. And then three Wi lliamsons. The census says Williams but
the records, the wills and the other records indicate Williamsons
either s-e-n or s-o-n. Both of these, Andrew and Elijah, were sons
of Eleanor, she's a widow forty-nine years old. And both of the
sons are down on Jonathans Creek within the next four or five years.
But you've got that many names and that many family names. Fairly
certain in 1850.
By 1860 you see the, the new people who have come in. Some stayed
and some didn't but what is striking is how many went and didn't
stay. Only seven of these family names here which was about 1850
are sti 11 there in 1860 and only these same seven plus one more are
there in 1870. Some real turn-over of people in that Civil War
period. Because they suffered the same kind of dislocations and
depredations a lot of people did in the mountains from raiders and
other kind of guerilla activity. Some of them find their farms
devastated. Young Bennett's home was burned. His young daughter,
sixteen years old daughter named -Sophronia, that's a wonderful
name, Sophronia whipped one of Kirk's R.aidexos when Q.e ca.me to their
home. I'm not sure whether she whipped him before they burned the
house or afterwards. (Laughter) If she whipped him first I can
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Cataloochee Page 11
understand why he burned it. She hid the trunks and the va~uable
possess ions and plenty of some Confederate coins. The Ca ldwells,
some of them were killed. Levi Shelton who married to a Caldwell
was killed. Billy Caldwell. Levi Caldwell himself, captured by
the Raiders in 1864 he eventually got back home, in ill health, he
died late in 1864. His father James died in late 1866. In fact by
1870 many of the heads of the families here are dead. Loyal Ball
had died • James Ca ldwe 11 had died • Levi Ca ldwe 11 had died. Levi
Sutton had died. This is his widow Sally or Sarah. You see it
spelled Sutton and sometimes spelled Sitton, it's the same, same
name, census man changes it from time to time. 1870 you have hardly
·any more people than you had in 1850. But those were the first
families.
Out of the family names that appear, in those years, there are some
seventeen names which I call the old families. That is you can
find them there either in the census records between 1850 and 1870
or you can find them in the tax lists of 1~66, '67, . '68. Those old
families you see listed here, still there in 1900 • . This is the
surname or the family name caldwell which has been spelled C-o-1,
Colwell or C-o-1-d Coldwell. Conard which occasio~lly in the
census is Conrad. Cook, Grooms, Hall, Hannah, ~md Harrell or
Harold, Hopkins, Jenkins, Leatherwood, McGaha, Messer, No land,
Palmer, Sutton, and Woody. These seventeen families account for
86 of the households out of the 137 households in the Township;
they account for 505 persons out of 764 there. So there is a lot
of the growth of Cataloochee which comes simply from the size of
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'ca ta louchee Page 12
the families of those people who settled there, besides just the
migration of people who came in.
To indicate something of the migratio~ and where there. The total
population in 1850 was about 140, maybe 147 at the most if you
count all the names I have on the other list; then 161, 198, it
nearly doubled within the next ten years to 391 and then 764 in
1900. In fact between 1870 and 1910 when there was something over
twelve hundred people in Cataloochee, cataloochee Township, there
was a six-fold increase in the population. So what you had in
cataloochee was not a stagnant sort of mountain community but a
- very thriving flourishing kind of community. Growing. You see the
origin of the people, ~t of them native North Carolinians in each
of the censuses, the next largest group from Tennessee as you would
expect and then a scattering from other places, one man from
Pennsylvania, in the course of this period, one man from Georgia,
two from South Carolina, one from Canada, one from England, but
most of them North carolinians. In age distribution you see
gradually that the population is getting a little older. It's a
more settled and stable community obviously. And you are finding
more people by 1900 who are past fifty years of age.
Most of the occupations as you would suspect they were
Impact of Hemoglobin Levels on Composite Cardiac Arrest or Stroke Outcome in Patients With Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19
No full textOBJECTIVES:. Anemia has been associated with an increased risk of both cardiac arrest and stroke, frequent complications of COVID-19. The effect of hemoglobin level at ICU admission on a composite outcome of cardiac arrest or stroke in an international cohort of COVID-19 patients was investigated.
DESIGN:. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database.
SETTING:. A registry of COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs at over 370 international sites was reviewed for patients diagnosed with cardiac arrest or stroke up to 30 days after ICU admission. Anemia was defined as: normal (hemoglobin ≥ 12.0 g/dL for women, ≥ 13.5 g/dL for men), mild (hemoglobin 10.0–11.9 g/dL for women, 10.0–13.4 g/dL for men), moderate (hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 and < 10.0 g/dL for women and men), and severe (hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dL for women and men).
PATIENTS:. Patients older than 18 years with acute COVID-19 infection in the ICU.
INTERVENTIONS:. None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:. Of 6926 patients (median age = 59 yr, male = 65%), 760 patients (11.0%) experienced stroke (2.0%) and/or cardiac arrest (9.4%). Cardiac arrest or stroke was more common in patients with low hemoglobin, occurring in 12.8% of patients with normal hemoglobin, 13.3% of patients with mild anemia, and 16.7% of patients with moderate/severe anemia. Time to stroke or cardiac arrest by anemia status was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression with death as a competing risk. Covariates selected through clinical knowledge were age, sex, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiac or neurologic conditions), pandemic era, country income, mechanical ventilation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Moderate/severe anemia was associated with a higher risk of cardiac arrest or stroke (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05–1.67).
CONCLUSIONS:. In an international registry of ICU patients with COVID-19, moderate/severe anemia was associated with increased hazard of cardiac arrest or stroke
