1,817,590 research outputs found
Tissue location of resistance in apple to the rosy apple aphid established by electrical penetration graphs
No full textA study of the constitutive resistance of the apple cultivar Florina, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), to the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera Aphididae), was performed for the first time by the electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) system, using the susceptible apple cultivar Smoothe as control. All experiments were conducted with apterous adult virginoparae. The results showed a constitutive resistance in Florina due to a much longer period before the first probe reflecting surface factors. Some weak indications were found for pre-phloem resistance and initiating phloem access was not affected as inferred from equal time to show phloem salivation. However, the complete absence of phloem ingestion indicates a major resistance factor in the phloem sieve elements, most likely in the sieve element sap. Surface factors could have affected tissue related variables and this should be studied further. Anyhow, the strong constitutive resistance in Florina, either on the surface alone or in the phloem as well, effectively prevented reliable experiments on induced resistance, previously detected by molecular methods
Mobility Trends Reports
No full textGrafieken waar over een aantal weken wordt weergegeven hoe het aantal mensen dat zicht te voet, per auto of via openbaar vervoer verplaatst is veranderd t.o.v. 13 januari 2020. Deze grafieken zijn gebaseerd op GPS data van burgers verzameld door Apple
Selection and orchard testing of antagonists suppressing conidia production of the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis
No full textApple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis is a major disease in apple production. Epidemics in spring are initiated by ascospores produced on overwintering leaves whereas epidemics during summer are driven by conidia produced on apple leaves by biotrophic mycelium. Fungal colonisers of sporulating colonies of V. inaequalis were isolated and their potential to reduce the production of conidia of V. inaequalis was evaluated on apple seedlings under controlled conditions. The four most effective isolates of the 63 screened isolates were tested subsequently under Dutch orchard conditions in 2006. Repeated applications of conidial suspensions of Cladosporium cladosporioides H39 resulted in an average reduction of conidial production by V. inaequalis of approximately 40%. In 2007, applications of conidial suspensions of C. cladosporioides H39 reduced conidial production by V. inaequalis by 69% on August 6 and by 51% on August 16, but no effect was found on August 20. However, viability of available conidia of C. cladosporioides H39 was low at the end of the experiment. Epiphytic and endophytic colonisation by Cladosporium spp. of leaves treated during the experiment with C. cladosporioides H39 was significantly higher than on control leaves sampled 6 weeks after the last application. It is concluded that C. cladosporioides H39 has promising potential as a biological control agent for apple scab control. More information is needed on the effect of C. cladosporioides H39 on apple scab epidemics as well as on mass production, formulation and shelf life of conidia of the antagonist
THE U.S. APPLE INDUSTRY: ECONOMETRIC MODEL AND PROJECTIONS
No full textA dynamic model of the U.S. apple industry, including relationships for bearing acres, production, utilization, and allocation to the fresh, canned, frozen, juice, dried and other markets, is specified. Demands for each of these markets are modeled. Model coefficients are obtained using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regression procedure and data from 1971 through 1990. Elasticities and flexibilities are compared with other studies. Projections indicate that price fluctuations will continue in the industry when acreage is held at 1990 levels. A ten percent increase in fresh exports strengthens all apple prices. However, a ten percent decrease in the price of juice imports mitigates some of this effect.Crop Production/Industries,
Genetic basis for resistance against fruit tree canker in apple
No full textNeonectria ditissima (formerly Neonectria galligena, anamorph Cylindrocarpon heteronema) is the causal agent of fruit tree canker which is regarded as a serious economic problem in horticulture. This fungus causes notable damage to apple trees and it is very important in some regions, especially North western Europe, where it can result in death of spur shoots and branches. Although it occurs in a wide range of temperatures, it is associated with wet weather and climate has an important effect on the geographic distribution. The fungus produces conidia and ascospores, both of which are dispersed and cause infection during prolonged periods of rainy weather. Also, spores produced on the infected wood can act as an infection source in the orchards. The fungus can therefore be introduced into new orchards with infected planting material from other orchards or tree nurseries. Chemical and mechanical control like spraying of fungicides, covering wounds with paint, and cutting out infected branches, do not prevent the occurrence of epidemics. Breeding cultivars with a high level of resistance towards canker would be of great help towards the avoidance of this disease. Apple cultivars show variable levels of partial resistance to the fungus, whereas complete resistance has not yet been reported and no major genes have been identified. Therefore, apple genotypes with comparatively high levels of genetically determined partial resistance should be identified for use in apple breeding
Performance and long-term stability of the barley hordothionin gene in multiple transgenic apple lines
No full textIntroduction of sustainable scab resistance in elite apple cultivars is of high importance for apple cultivation when aiming at reducing the use of chemical crop protectants. Genetic modification (GM) allows the rapid introduction of resistance genes directly into high quality apple cultivars. Resistance genes can be derived from apple itself but genetic modification also opens up the possibility to use other, non-host resistance genes. A prerequisite for application is the long-term performance and stability of the gene annex trait in the field. For this study, we produced and selected a series of transgenic apple lines of two cultivars, i.e. ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’ in which the barley hordothionin gene (hth) was introduced. After multiplication, the GM hth-lines, non-GM susceptible and resistant controls and GM non-hth controls were planted in a random block design in a field trial in 40 replicates. Scab resistance was monitored after artificial inoculation (first year) and after natural infection (subsequent years). After the trial period, the level of expression of the hth gene was checked by quantitative RT-PCR. Four of the six GM hth apple lines proved to be significantly less susceptible to apple scab and this trait was found to be stable for the entire 4-year period. Hth expression at the mRNA level was also stabl
Successfull Blossom Thinning and Crop Load Regulation for Organic Apple Growing with Potassium-bi-carbonate (Armicarb(R)): Results of Field Experiments over 3 Years and with 11 Cultivars
No full textWith field trials over 3 years in a commercial organic orchard in Switzerland we have tested the efficacy of Armicarb® (potassium-bi-carbonate) for flower thinning in organic apple production. Over time, Armicarb was tested on 11 cultivars, at different application periods, in different concentrations, and always in comparison to other agents that are already allowed for thinning in organic fruit production in the European Union as e.g. lime sulphur, molasses, mechanical rope-thinner or combinations of methods. Armicarb proved to be an efficient and reliable thinning agent with an efficacy similar to the now recommended methods with rope device, molasses or lime sulphur but has the advantage to be an environmentally very friendly product. On the other hand, the risk for fruit russeting is comparably elevated especially with cultivars ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Del.’ ’and ‘Gala’. Finally, we have elaborated cultivar-specific recommendations for the use of Armicarb for thinning purposes, which were the basis for the Swiss Federal approval to use Armicarb for thinning in conventional and organic apple production in 2011/2012
Demand Estimation for US Apple Juice Imports: A Restricted Source Differentiated AIDS Model
No full textAlthough this paper focuses on apple juice, a restricted version of source differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (RSDAIDS) was used to examine U.S. import demand for fresh apple, apple juice and other processed apple. Apple imports were differentiated by type and source of origin and the RSDAIDS model was estimated after imposing the general demand restrictions of adding-up, homogeneity and slutsky symmetry. Seasonality and trend variables were also included on the model. The estimation results showed that U.S. demand for apple juice from China was price inelastic with relatively high expenditure elasticity. We believe the result partially explains why China managed to have a 60 percent import market share in the sub-market despite U.S. imposition of high duties on Chinese apple juice.Import demand estimation, apple juice, RSDAIDS, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade,
Apple PowerCD AC Adapter
No full textApple designs, manufactures, and markets smartphones, tablets, personal computers, as well as portable and wearable devices. The company also offers software and related services, accessories, and third-party digital content and applications. Although the PowerCD could run on AA batteries for portability, the H0037 AC Adapter cord made this optional.“MarketLine Company Profile: Apple Inc.” Dec. 2022, Apple Inc. MarketLine Company Profile, 1–143, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=bth&AN=161035361&site=eds-live&custid=s1190300 Hackett, Stephen. 1 Apr. 2019, “The Sad Tale of Two Apple Audio Players.” 512 Pixels, https://512pixels.net/2012/12/apple-audio-players
Apple Display M2454
No full textApple designs, manufactures, and markets smartphones, tablets, personal computers, as well as portable and wearable devices. The company also offers software and related services, accessories, and third-party digital content and applications. The Apple M2454 15" Studio Display (LCD/ADC), released in conjunction with the Power Macintosh G4/400, Power Macintosh G4/450 DP, and Power Macintosh G4/500 DP systems, features a 15.0" viewable area active-matrix LCD display in a "crystal clear" housing derived from the Apple Cinema Display. This model uses the ADC (Apple Display Connector), which carries analog and digital video signals, USB data, and power in the same cable.“MarketLine Company Profile: Apple Inc.” Dec. 2022, Apple Inc. MarketLine Company Profile, 1–143, https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=bth&AN=161035361&site=eds-live&custid=s1190300 Media, Kyle. 5 Sept. 2022, “Apple 15-Inch Studio Display (LCD/ADC) Specs: Everymac.com.” Everymac, https://everymac.com/monitors/apple/studio_cinema/specs/apple_studio_display_15.htm
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