137 research outputs found
Il dissenso in Giappone. La critica al potere in testi antichi e moderni
No full textChe il dissenso attraversi la storia del Giappone, trovando espressione anche in campo letterario, è chiarito in studi divenuti ormai dei classici. Tuttavia molto rimane ancora da dire, come è emerso durante le molteplici discussioni e i momenti di incontro tra i curatori di questo volume e gli autori che vi hanno contribuito. Il dissenso non è dunque una prerogativa occidentale o moderna ma una prassi conosciuta e attuata anche in Giappone, come del resto dimostrano anche le recenti contestazioni al governo giapponese che hanno mobilitato intellettuali e cittadini, ed è questa l’idea che anima il presente lavoro. Nella collettanea, che auspichiamo possa costituire solo l’inizio di un progetto a più ampio raggio, sono stati raccolti in particolare sette saggi che trattano espressioni di dissenso ispirate da motivazioni, ideologie e metodi diversificati, tutte accomunate da un disagio di intellettuali antichi e moderni di fronte all’affermarsi di un’egemonia culturale strettamente connessa ai detentori del potere
Kodai Nihon ni okeru chirisho. Wamyōruijushō shoin Yidu shanchuan ji o megutte
No full textWamyōruijushō (Categorized Notes on Japanese Words), compiled in 934 ca. by middle Heian period scholar Minamoto no Shitagō (911-983), is an encyclopaedic dictionary where terms are arranged according to semantic categories, with notes on sources, Chinese glosses, and notations in man’ yōgana of kun readings. Among more than 290 Chinese and Japanese texts quoted in the Wamyōruijushō, there are numerous texts which are quoted just once or twice in all the dictionary. Usually these texts are no more surviving, and they were cited by Shitagō not directly, but from other encyclopaedias.
In this paper, I focus on two quotations, one from a book titled Yidu ji (Chronicle of Capitals) and one from a book titled Yidu shanchuan ji (Chronicle of Capitals, Mounts and Rivers), both being lost texts. I collect all the other quotations tagged with the two titles, and I try to clarify their nature. As a result, I show that the two titles refer to the same book, whose completed title is Yidu shanchuan ji. It looks like a detailed Chinese gazetteer explaining geographical and cultural information from several regions, including etymologies of place names. Its style recalls that of the Tang period (618-907) chronicle De Tang Xiyu ji (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646) and of Japanese fudoki (8th century).
In particular, I argue the following three points. First, the gazetteer was compiled by the Jin period (265-420) scholar-official Yuan Shansong (?-401). Probably, the book was lost after Song period (960-1279), since it is largely cited in Tang period leishu Yiwen leiju (Collection of Literature Arranged by Categories, 624) and Chuxue ji (Writings for Elementary Instruction, 728) and in Song period Taiping yulan (Imperially Reviewed Encyclopaedia of the Taiping Era, 977-983). In Japan, it does not appear in Nihonkoku genzai shomokuroku (Catalogue of Books Extant in Japan, 891) and the only two existing quotations are those occurring in Wamyōruijushō. Second, the two quotations in Wamyōruijushō are not direct citations, but second-hand citations from Yiwen leiju and Chuxue ji. Third, the Yidu shanchuan ji is a gazetteer, whose contents, as known by extant fragmenta, regard place names, geographical information, and folklore
Cronache del Saikaidō
No full textIl volume presenta la traduzione e il commento di un corpus di fudoki, testi geografico-burocratici pervenuti in tradizione diretta e indiretta, che riguardano le province occidentali del regno di Yamato (attuale Kyushu) e che furono compilati nella prima metà dell’VIII secolo. I testi, frutto di una redazione stratificata tra i vari funzionari della provincia e dei distretti, hanno carattere mistilingue e illustrano la geografia dei luoghi con l’intento di informare il governo centrale su una regione periferica per meglio assoggettarla alla sovranità della dinastia. Ai dati meramente burocratici e descrittivi si affiancano passi più squisitamente narrativi in cui il mito, la storia, l’aneddotica si fondono per mostrare in dettaglio la società agricola e marinara del Giappone arcaico. La loro lettura, perciò, può restituire dignità a narrazioni “secondarie” che rivelano processi, fenomeni e fatti essenziali per la ricostruzione e la comprensione del Giappone tutto
The Law on Stables and Pastures: an Annotated Translation of the Kyūmokuryō (Sect. 23 of Yōrōryō)
No full textThis article proposes a translation of the Kyūmokuryō, or Law on Stables and Pastures, which is included in the Yōrō Era Code (718). It is the oldest extant text to systematically address only bovine and equine species, illustrating how the state protected, promoted, and enhanced their well-being. The Law provides the knowledge required to manage stables and pastures, from the allocation of tasks and duties of staff to feeding modalities (quantity, quality, and times of foraging, consumption of grass, salt, etc.), from annual animal marking and recording procedures to the treatment of illness, loss (and finding), death, mating, and calving/foaling, as well as how private animals may be exploited and the use of animals for military purposes. Historical commentaries and dictionaries have been a valuable resource in preparing the translation, and elements of animal welfare that are regarded as good practice even today are highlighted
Riflessioni sul Giappone antico e moderno. Vol. 2
No full textIl volume costituisce la naturale prosecuzione dell’omonima raccolta di saggi pubblicata nel 2014 in questa stessa collana, con l’intento comune di presentare una panoramica degli studi giapponesi in Italia che possa riferire non solo dello stato dell’arte ma anche delle tendenze di ricerca e delle riflessioni sul Giappone antico e moderno. Da qui la scelta di riprenderne il titolo e riproporne la struttura, incentrata sulle diverse aree di indagine piuttosto che su tassonomie più tradizionali: gli studi sul testo letterario, l’approccio comparativo, l’analisi dei complessi rapporti geopolitici tra Giappone e Cina, dell’arte e della performance e, infine, dei vari aspetti linguistici connessi alla didattica del giapponese
Glosses, Glossaries, Dictionaries in Ancient Japan: The Construction of the Wamyōruijushō
No full textThe Wamyōruijushō (Collection of Japanese Names in Categories, ca. 933), the dictionary that I deal with in this paper, is a turning point in the history of Japanese lexicography and scholarship in general, since it is the oldest extant dictionary that is not just a translation or re-elaboration of Chinese dictionaries, but shows a more deliberate and more developed stage of lexicographic activity based on textual criticism. Despite representing Minamoto no Shitagō’s (911–983) juvenile attempt to systematize the world into a dictionary, the construction of the Wamyōruijushō reveals certain mechanisms in the development of Japanese lexicography, particularly its transition from a predominantly glossographic activity to a more critical practice, and the changing methods of quoting source materials.
In this paper I focus on the relation between the Wamyōruijushō (Collection of Japanese Names in Categories, ca. 933) and one of its sources, the Nihongi shiki (Personal Notes on the Chronicle of Japan). In Shitagō’s dictionary, Nihongi shiki most frequently refers to a glossary compiled by Yatabe no Kinmochi (?–?) around the early 10th century, but in a larger sense, Nihongi shiki is a corpus of glossaries compiled between 812 and 904 and strictly linked to the Nihon shoki (Chronicle of Japan, 720). The Nihon shoki is one of the earliest extant texts of Japanese literature and one of the founding texts of Japanese civilization. As glossaries, the Nihongi shiki are the earliest such examples produced in Japan and related to a Japanese work. The Wamyōruijushō, in its turn, is the first dictionary to quote not only Chinese texts, but also Japanese works, among which the Nihongi shiki is afforded a prominent level of authority.
In particular, I briefly introduce the context of scholar-officials in which the Nihongi shiki and the Wamyōruijushō were produced. Then, I introduce the texts and their interactions, focusing on structure and tradition of the Wamyōruijushō and the Nihongi shiki. Finally, considering the reasons why Shitagō used the Nihongi shiki in the construction of his dictionary, I show how there is a certain discrepancy of authoritativeness between the simple glosses, that certainly compiler used, and the glossaries produced in the context of official education. Moreover, I will argue how, in the development of the Japanese lexicographic tradition, there is no straight evolutionary process from interlinear glosses, to glossaries collecting these glosses, to dictionaries
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