23 research outputs found
An Observational study on Siddha Diagnostic Tools including Line of Treatment and Dietary Regimen of Kaba Gunmam (Gastric Ulcer)
No full textThe author was interested to select this topic because now a days most of the people with Gastric ulcer are developing more complications, prevalence of gastric ulcer increases every year due to our lifestyle changes, unhealthy diet so author decided to select this topic and discussed with guide and got the information about the disease. Then this topic is submitted to the screening committee members and got approved from IEC committee members . The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of the disease Gastric ulcer with help of siddha parameters Ennvagai thervu, manikadai nool and yaakkai Elakkanam.
Gastric ulcer is quoted in the yugi vaidhya chinthamani. It is one of the Gunma disease characterized Abdominal Pain, Vomiting, early satiety, Indigestion, early, weight loss, heaviness of head, constipation.
The author had collected review of literature, definition, aetiology and classification regarding the disease from various books.
From the observational study, In O.P.D 80 cases were observed as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the informed consent were observed from the patients.
Case sheet proforma were maintained for 80 cases author took the study in her OPD under the guidance of her department faculty. Laboratory investigations also were carried out during the study.
Ennvagai Thaervu, manikkadai nool, jothidam and panchapatchi sasthiram were focused in the study.
In this study, following data were observed and discussed for the 80 cases.
Among 80 cases, 100% had Abdominal pain, 70% had early satiety, 83.75% had Vomiting, 28.75% had burning sensation, 73.75% had kabhapitha Naadi, 52.5% had Maapadithal in Naa. 66.25% had muthu in neikkuri. 37,5% had 8 fbs and 31% had 9 ½ in manikadai nool. 58.75% had Elansivappu in Vizhi, 67.5% had Normal in malam. 70% had ila manjal niram, 62% had nurai absent and 94% had enjal absent in urine. 52% had Vaadhapitha dhegi and 32% had Pithavaadha dhegi.
CONCLUSION:
The disease Kaba Gunmam was taken for clinical study from Yugi vaithiya chinthamani - 800. The study on kaba gunmam were carried out in this dissertation and observe the changes in udal thadhukkal and uyir thadhukkal. the changes in the udal thadhukkal and uyir thadhukkal were assessed by Siddha parameters such as ennvagai thervugal and Manikkadai nool.
From this study Kaba Gunmam (Gastric ulcer) cases were examined through siddha diagnostic parameters Enn vagai thervu, manikadai nool, jothidam and panchapatchi sasthiram and also with the help of modern diagnosis through Lab investigations and special investigations like endoscopy. Above methods are used to collect data and from the data collection the author concluded that through the siddha diagnostic parameters, naadi, neiikuri, manikadai nool and panjapatchi saasthiram are mainly used for the conformation of Kaba gunmam (Gastric ulcer). The results obtained from this study may be correlated with the gastric ulcer. In would be helpful in future studies with more number of cases, diagnosing a case is much more important to choose the way of treatment
A multiparametric quantitative MRI study to assess the validity of the spleen as a reference organ for evaluation of liver disease
No full textThesis (M.A.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at [email protected]. Thank you.Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common affliction linked to the incidence of diabetes and obesity. The hallmark symptom of NAFLD is liver fibrosis, a change in tissue tiber structure in response to disease. NAFLD is currently defined as a histopathologic condition requiring biopsy to diagnose. However, the significant morbidity and high sampling variability associated with biopsy make it less than ideal for clinical use. Several non-invasive, imaging based methods have been proposed to track progression of liver fibrosis and NAFLD. Quantitative MRI techniques using T2 and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) are particularly promising. The spleen is typically used as a reference organ for liver studies due to its proximity in vivo to the liver. The objective of this study is to show that the MR parameters of the spleen do not change in response to liver disease, and that the spleen is an appropriate reference organ for imaging of the liver. Volume, T2, and ADC data were reference organ for imaging of the liver. Volume, T2, and ADC data were acquired from spleens of mice at progressively more serious stages of NAFLD. Volumes of spleens showed an increase from early to late stage NAFLD. T2 and ADC remained the same throughout the course of disease. The results of this study indicate spleens experience no consistent change in liver disease sensitive MR parameters, and therefore are an appropriate reference organ for NAFLD diagnosis via MR imaging
HERBAL MONOTHERAPY OF SIDHASARASAMHITA
No full textSidhasarasamhita is one of the important texts of Indian traditional medical literature. The exact period of the work is unknown, but according to the available evidence the work may be placed in the 8th century AD. Ravigupta’s distinctive contribution to Ayurvedic literature seems to have been the arrangement of the traditional knowledge into 31 chapters, each dealing with a different subject. The author of sidhasarasamhita included many single and simple recipes useful in particular disease conditions. In total 151 single drug recipes are included in Sidhasarasamhita. After a thorough analysis of the Charakasamhita, Susruthasamhita and works of Vaghbata 16 recipes were noted, which may be considered as the contributions of Ravigupta to the Ayurvedic materia medica. It appears that medieval ayurvedic compendia have religiously followed Sidhasarasamhita in formulating various therapeutic recipes.</jats:p
An integrated spatial snap-shot monitoring method for identifying seasonal changes and spatial changes in surface water quality
No full textSummaryIntegrated catchment-scale management approaches in large catchments are often hindered due to the poor understanding of the spatially and seasonally variable pathways of pollutants. High-frequency monitoring of water quality at random locations in a catchment is resource intensive and challenging. A simplified catchment-scale monitoring approach is developed in this study, for the preliminary identification of water quality changes – Integrated spatial snap-shot monitoring (ISSM). This multi-parameter monitoring approach is applied using the isotopes of water (δ18O-H2O and δD) and nitrate (δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3−) together with the fluxes of nitrate and other solutes, which are used as chemical markers. This method involves selection of few sampling stations, which are identified as the hotspots of water quality changes within the catchment. The study was conducted in the peri-alpine Thur catchment in Switzerland, with two snap-shot campaigns (representative of two widely varying hydrological conditions), in summer 2012 (low flow) and spring 2013 (high flow). Significant spatial (varying with elevation) and seasonal changes in the sources of water were observed between the two seasons. A spatial variation of the sources of nitrate and the solute loads was observed, in tandem with the land use changes in the Thur catchment. There is a seasonal shift in the sources of nitrate, it varies from a strong treated waste water signature during the low flow season to a mixture of other sources (like soil nitrogen derived from agriculture), in the high flow season. This demonstrates the influence of other sources that override the influence of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) during high flow in the Thur River and its tributaries. This method is expected to be a cost-effective alternative, providing snap-shots, that can help in the preliminary identification of the pathways of solutes and their seasonal/spatial changes in catchments
Imperial Anarchy, Cultural Exchange and Cultural Sabotage in Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy
No full textThe present study aims at analysing three sequential novels written by Amitav Ghosh. The novels are set in the backdrop of colonized India, so the research begins by examining the imperial anarchy that leads to cultural exchange and cultural sabotage. Amitav Ghosh is an Indian born writer, famous for both his fictions and non-fictions.
Most of his works are based on colonization and its aftermath. The major focus of the novels selected for the research is also colonization especially the opium production in India. The author portrays the opium production and its evil effects on people and environment. The three sequential novels include Sea of Poppies, River of Smoke and Flood of Fire.
The novels start with the opium production in India and it ends with the opium war in China. Opium forms the predominant theme of all three novels. Many research articles published on Ibis Trilogy are collected and it is evident that most of the articles deal with opium’s influence on flora and fauna, condition of Diasporas and language of Ghosh. No work of meritable length has been published on Cultural exchange that occurs in Trilogy. Hence the research tries to fill the gap.
Chapter 1 : Deals with the introduction. It includes introduction to Indian English Literature, author, and the sequential novel Ibis Trilogy. A short introduction on the works of Amitav Ghosh is also included. Literature survey has been done on various aspects related to the research that includes Ibis Trilogy and other novels of Ghosh, British Imperialism, Culture and opium. Based on the survey, the research gap is identified.
Chapter 2 : Deals with history of colonized India and opium production during 18th century. This helps in better understanding the novel. The chapter also explains the theory of cultural exchange. So the basic elements for understanding British imperialism, cultural exchange and cultural sabotage are included in this chapter.
Chapter 3 : Includes the views of historians and critics on the British rule, and Ghosh’s opinion on colonisation. The brutal rule of Britain as narrated by the novel, is also included in this chapter.
Chapter 4 : Talks about the cultural exchange that takes place in the novel. It includes the cultural exchange between Britain and India in colonized India and Britain, China and India during the time of opium war. The reason behind the cultural exchange and the results and impacts of cultural exchange are included.
Chapter 5 : Focuses on the sabotage of culture due to the greed for money. An insight on the true cultural values is included. The way the cultural essence is spoiled is analysed.
Chapter 6 : The conclusion traces the work beyond its writing. It ends with a note of optimism though the climax of the novel seems negative
Enhancement in Photoconductivity of a-Si thin Films by Annealing and Texturing Technique with the Third Harmonic Output from a Pulsed Nd3+:YAG Laser
No full textAbstractInfluence of the third harmonic pulsed Nd3+:YAG laser on the formation of a polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) on a-Si thin film with thickness of 1000nm and 400nm in water and air ambience was investigated. In order to induce texturing of surface along with annealing, laser beam overlap technique with different percentages of spot overlap was used. Crystalline characteristics and electrical characteristics were studied to confirm the extent of crystallization. The crystalline characteristics of the film obtained with the Gaussian and the flat-top beam profiles were comparable for higher percentage of overlapping. Based on the theoretical modeling, the laser treatment without the ablation with the third output from the Nd3+:YAG laser was limited to the a-Si film thickness up to 800 nm. This was in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations
Genetic analyses uncover pleiotropic compensatory roles for Drosophila Nucleobindin-1 in inositol trisphosphate-mediated intracellular calcium homeostasis
No full textNucleobindin-1 is an EF-hand calcium-binding protein with a distinctive profile, predominantly localized to the Golgi in insect and wide-ranging vertebrate cell types, alike. Its putative involvements in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis have never been phenotypically characterized in any model organism. We have analyzed an adult-viable mutant that completely disrupts the G protein α-subunit binding and activating (GBA) motif of Drosophila Nucleobindin-1 (dmNUCB1). Such disruption does not manifest any obvious fitness-related, morphological/developmental, or behavioral abnormalities. A single copy of this mutation or the knockdown of dmnucb1 in restricted sets of cells variously rescues pleiotropic mutant phenotypes arising from impaired inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity (in turn depleting cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels across diverse tissue types). Additionally, altered dmNUCB1 expression or function considerably reverses lifespan and mobility improvements effected by IP3R mutants, in a Drosophila model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Homology modeling-based analyses further predict a high degree of conformational conservation in Drosophila, of biochemically validated structural determinants in the GBA motif that specify in vertebrates, the unconventional Ca2+-regulated interaction of NUCB1 with Gαi subunits. The broad implications of our findings are hypothetically discussed, regarding potential roles for NUCB1 in GBA-mediated, Golgi-associated Ca2+ signaling, in health and disease.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
Preclinical study of Siddha Drug VATHA SILETPANA SURA KUDINEER for Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant activities
No full textIn this dissertation work, I have selected the Siddha formulation Vatha Siletpana Sura Kudineer is a herbal formulation contains nine ingredients of Solanum xanthocarpum, Mollugo cerviana, Clerodendrum serratum, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Saussurea lappa, Piper longum, Kaempferia galangal and Alpinia officinarum are used as ingredients for the preparation which is mentioned in Siddha Literature of, Pararajasekaram- suram, sanni, vali, vikkal, sathi roga nithanankal part- III ,
Author ponniayah.I. page no. 24-25. The drug is useful for the treatment of Vatha kapha suram, hence it has been selected for its Anti inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti
oxidant activities.
❖ Collection of literature reviews regarding the ingredients of trial medicine carried out in Siddha and modern literatures to support the fact of Anti inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant activities.
❖ All the ingredients of the trial drug VSSK were purchased from M.Gopalan aasan store, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District. Each ingredient of the trial drug is verified and
authenticated by the Gunapadam experts, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai. The trial drug KC was prepared as per the procedure given in the above mentioned Literature.
❖ The Siddha Standardization of the trial drug VSSK indicates the drug is brown in colour, pleasant odour, Pungent and bitter taste, coarse powder in appearance and rough to touch. Based on the Siddha aspect, vatha kapha suram is caused by the dearrangement of vatham and kapham. The increased Kapha humor is normalized by administering
the taste which containing fire elements (theyu boodham). This trial drug VSSK is pungent and bitter taste and has hot potency which can be normalize the deranged vatha
and Kapha humor. Therefore the derangement of Vatha and Kapha humor is gradually normalized by the administration of this trial drug VSSK. Hence VSSK relieves the basic causes of Vatha Kapha suram.
❖ After the preparation of VSSK, it was screened for various standardization parameters such as the Siddha standardization methods as well as the Modern standardization methods. As per Siddha standardization methods, VSSK had all the characteristics of properly prepared kudineer chooranam.
❖ As per modern standardization methods, following parameters were followed. The Physico-chemical analysis, Bio-chemical analysis, Phyto - chemical analysis,
Microbiological Analysis, Instrumental analysis such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The chemical fingerprints are engaged by using modern analytical technique Fourier Transform Infra–Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), The chemical fingerprints are engaged by
using modern analytical technique Powder X-ray (EDAX) (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) diffraction methods and the Experimental analysis such as the Toxicological
Studies & The Pharmacological studies.
Physicochemical analysis of VSSK shows
The percentage of loss on drying at 105ºc is 1.50%. It is within the acceptable range.
The Water soluble ash value of the trial drug KC was 9.90% and acid insoluble ash is 2.75%. The Water soluble ash value is higher than the acid insoluble ash. It represents
the good quality of the drug VSSK and it is easily absorbed in the gut. Acid insoluble ash value is very small amount of the inorganic component is insoluble in acid, lower
the acid insoluble value better will be the drug quality.
❖ A water soluble extractive value of VSSK is 9.90%. Higher the Water soluble extractive value implies that the water is better solvent of the extraction.
❖ VSSK shows acidic pH 7.10. The pH level plays a role in enzyme activity by maintaining the internal environment thus regulating the homeostasis. Very high or very low pH will lead to the complete loss of the activity of most enzymes. The pH value at which the enzyme is most active is called the optimal pH value. The pH value of the trial drug VSSK falls near to the neutral pH value. Hence it has optimal enzymatic reaction.
❖ Biochemical analysis shows,
Biochemical analysis of VSSK reveals that, the trial drug consists of Calcium, Sulphate, Starch, Ferrous iron, Tannic acid, Unsaturated compounds, Reducing sugar, and Amino acids.
❖ Calcium: Calcium citrate is an effective anti inflammatory agent. There are calciumsensing receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells and on platelets, calcium plays a role in smooth muscle contraction and its role in the electrophysiology of the heart and myocardial function. Antioxidant enzyme responses depend on calcium levels. Calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and calcium gluconate have significant anti inflammatory activity.
❖ Sulphate Chondroitin sulfate (CS) prevents joint space narrowing and reduces joint swelling and effusion. To produce these effects, CS elicits an anti-inflammatory effect at the chondral and synovial levels. Sulphate important role for the anti-microbial activity.
❖ Starch It is a odourless tasteless white substance occuring widely in plant tissue. It is a polysaccharide functions as a carbohydrates store and is an important constituent of the human diet. Resistant starch is divided into five different types based on the origin and physical properties of starch. It can produce more butyrate in comparison to other prebiotics. Butyrate is the main SCFA that is produced from the fermentation of RS and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. Starch is needed during fever condition.
❖ Ferric iron and ferrous iron: Iron is an essential element for blood production. About 70 percent of the body's iron is found in the red blood cells of blood called
hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin. Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in blood from the lungs to the tissues. In the ferrous state (Fe2+), iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state (Fe3+) it acts as an acceptor.
❖ Tannic acid Tannic acid is a natural polyphenol which has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antitumor, and
antimicrobial activities.
❖ Unsaturated compounds: In other tissues and cell types, unsaturated fatty acids have well known anti-inflammatory effects, which range from the inhibition of the
lipoxygenase and cycloxigenase pathways and decrease of neutrophil adhesion to the reduction of inflammatory cytokine expression and inhibition of TLR4 signaling.
❖ Reducing sugar relaxes mucus, lessens cold and cough symptoms.
❖ Amino acids: N-acetyl cysteine for cough and other lung conditions. It is also used for flu, dry eye, and many other conditions. NAC is also useful to help fight long-term lung
damage in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Amino acids contribute to various anti-oxidant and immunological activities relevant to asthma pathogenesis, raising the possibility that differences in amino acids may be involved in asthma aetiology. Cystine reduces the risk of asthma via glutathione metabolism.
❖ The phytochemical screening of the alcoholic and aqueous extract of the VSSK reveals, Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis was carried out in crude extracts of
the MLC such as ethanol extract. The peaks in the chromatogram were integrated and were compared with the database of spectrum of known components stored in the GCMS
library. The detailed of GC-MS analysis of the extracts are given in figures. This study shows the presence of those compounds such as 1,3,12-nonadecarine, 2-propenamine, 3,1 [cyclohexanyl]-N-cyclohexanyl-N-oxide, 1-octane, 2-methoxyl, 2-carboxymethyl, 3-methyl- cyclopentano carboxylic acid, ursodeoxcholic acid.
❖ In instrumental analysis,
The SEM photographs revealed that particles were spherical in shapes and sizes were in the range from 1μm to 300 nm. Although the particle sizes of different batches showed similarity, it seems that these particles were aggregates of much smaller particles. When dispersed in an aqueous medium, these preparations form a negatively charged hydrophobic particle suspension. This hydrophobicity gave these particles a tendency to aggregate together to form micro particles. VSSK exhibited larger sizes and agglomeration of the particles. SEM analysis of the VSSK shows most of the
particles present in the sample are micro size, average particle size is 1μm - 300nm In FT-IR spectra analysis, VSSK exhibits the peak value at 2929.87, 2360.87, 1514.12,
1373.32, 1246.02,1161.15, 1024.20, 927.76, 862.18, 771.53, 572.86, 522.71, 437.84, 412.77 having O-H stretch, none, O-N-O stretch, N-O stretch, C-N stretch, C-O stretch,
None, C=C Bend, C-Cl stretch, C-Br stretch, C-I stretch respectively. This peak indicates the presence of some organic functional groups such as, Carboxylic acid,
Isothianate, nitro compounds, amine, tertiary alcohol, alkenes, alkyl halides & aryl halides.
❖ Nitro compounds has anti inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anti proliferative, it can act against infectious diseases, it has anti tubular activity, and anti parasitic activity. Carboxlic acid acts as Anti inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti pyretic and cytotoxic, Anti oxidant,It depresses cough and its symptoms. Amines has anti inflammatory, antioxidant,Anti tussive, Bronchodialator activities. Alkl and Aryl halides has anti inflammatory, Anti microbial, Anti niociceptive activities. Alcohols has
analgesic activity.
❖ In ICP – OES, the formulation contains heavy metals are in below detectable level.
This results shows Below Detectable Limit (BDL) of Al (Aluminium), As (Arsenic), C (Carbon), Cd (Cadmium), Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Hg (Mercury), K (Potassium), Mg
(Magnesium), Na (Sodium), S (Sulphur) and Zn (Zinc). So it is considered as safe and free from toxic substances.
❖ This XRD fingerprint shows both the similarities and differences of the sample successfully and is a valuable primary tool for checking the quality control of minerolo
metallic formulations. The different peaks show the presence of minerals in the samples.
❖ Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order of a solid. The Percentage of crystalinity of the VSSK is 27.5 %. Increasing the degree of crystallinity increases
hardness and density. It is a Meto – mineral preparation, hence it has the high value of cristalinity. Amorphous means, noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules
are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. The Percentage of Amorphous of the VSSK is 72.5 %.
❖ Results of microbiological study shows,
In microbiological limit, Total viable aerobic bacterial counts and total fungal count are within the normal level. Specific pathogens like Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli are Nil. Hence, the test drug VSSK is free from any microbial Contamination and it has standard quality. But the trial drug has some range of Pseudomonas sp.
❖ The results of antimicrobial activity, illustrated that the given samples had shown antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens including Proteus vulgaris and
candida albicans at higher concentrations. However, the results showed that the sample had no antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E-coli.
❖ In acute oral toxicity study,
The rats were treated with different concentration of VSSK from the range of 5mg/kg to 2000mg/kg. This dose level did not produce the signs of toxicity, functional and behavioural changes and mortality in the test groups as compared to the control when observed during 14 days of experimental period. From acute toxicity study it was
observed nsp >0.05 that the administration of VSSK at a dose of 2000 mg/kg to the rats do not produce drug-related toxicity and mortality. So No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-
Level (NOAEL) at 2000 mg/kg.
❖ In Sub - acute oral toxicity study,
Acute and sub-acute toxicity were carried out in Wister albino rats according to OECD guidelines (423 & 407). This drug has no acute toxicity as there was no mortality seen.
Sub-acute toxicity is carried by repeated dose of test drug for 28 days. Mortality, the functional observation, haemotological and biochemical investigations were done.
There were no significant changes in the biochemical and haematological profile. So the toxicological study of this test drug, VSSK establish the safety of the drug for long
time administration.
❖ In Pharmacological studies,
The Anti inflammatory activity of VSSK studied by in-vivo method shows, oedema development in carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats is generally two phases are found. The first phase, which occurs between 0 to 2.5 h of injection of the phlogistic agent, has been attributed to the release of histamine or serotonin. The edema volume reaches to its maximum approximately 3 h post treatment and then begin to decline.
The second phase of inflammatory reaction which is measured at 3h is caused by the release of bradykinin, protease, prostaglandin and lysosome. The inhibitory effect of
the extract on the carrageenan induced inflammation could be due to the inhibition of enzyme cyclooxygenase leading to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. VSSK exhibited acute anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models which was found to be the most effective at higher concentrations employed.
❖ Analgesic activity shows that VSSK found to exhibit a dose dependent increase in latency time when compared with control. At 90 minutes, the percent inhibition of two
different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was 43.06% &52.91% respectively. The results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001) . VSSK of both the plants doses showed significant analgesic action compared to the reference drug diclofenac sodium but drug 200 /kg was found to exhibit higher analgesic activity.
❖ Under this study, In - vitro Antioxident activity of Test drug VSSK VSSK shows that the test drug possesses concentration dependent scavenging activity on DPPH radicals
with the highest percentage inhibition of about 65.15%. So, the present research proposes that, the Test drug VSSK has moderate Antioxidant activity. Thus the formulation may be a source of effective herbal drug.
❖ Finally, Toxicological study of Acute, sub-acute toxicity of VSSK represent nontoxic and safe drug in rats. As per Siddha literature the primary cause of Vatha kapha suram with increased vatha and kapha dosha due to certain diets and activities.
This vadha dosha in association with kapha dosha adversely affects the respiratory function such as difficulty in breathing, chest tightness, etc. and causes the disease. The
test drug VSSK has pungent and bitter taste. Pungent taste of VSSK normalized the increased vatha and Kapha doshas.
❖ Results and discussion give the necessary and essential justification to prove the potency of test drug with scientific validation. Based on the results presented in this study, it can be concluded that Vatha Siletpana Sura Kudineer exerts significant Anti inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant activities.
CONCLUSION:
It is concluded that the trial drug VATHA SILETPANA SURA KUDINEER has significant Anti inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant activities. Anti inflammatory is a good fever reducer and also it relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
Analgesic activity helps to relieve all the pains related to fever. Anti oxidant preotect the cells against free radicals, which may play a role in heart disease and other disease.
The trial drug is scientifically validated by modern techniques and Siddha standard methods. The toxicological study of this trial drug establishes the safety of the drug for long time administration. Hence the trial drug can be safely used to human for Vatha siletpana (Kapha) Suram
Microfold Cells Actively Translocate Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Initiate Infection
No full textSummaryThe prevailing paradigm is that tuberculosis infection is initiated when patrolling alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells within the terminal alveolus ingest inhaled Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, definitive data for this model are lacking. Among the epithelial cells of the upper airway, a specialized epithelial cell known as a microfold cell (M cell) overlies various components of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. Here, using multiple mouse models, we show that Mtb invades via M cells to initiate infection. Intranasal Mtb infection in mice lacking M cells either genetically or by antibody depletion resulted in reduced invasion and dissemination to draining lymph nodes. M cell-depleted mice infected via aerosol also had delayed dissemination to lymph nodes and reduced mortality. Translocation of Mtb across two M cell transwell models was rapid and transcellular. Thus, M cell translocation is a vital entry mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of Mtb
Author Correction: Genome sequencing of 2000 canids by the Dog10K consortium advances the understanding of demography, genome function and architecture.
No full text
