1,720,982 research outputs found
A Composite Indicator of Polyvictimisation Through the Lens of the Ecological Model in Sub-Saharan Africa
Full text linkIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide issue. One of the latest developments in its theoretical framework deals with the concept of polyvictimisation – the simultaneous occurrence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. However, the literature lacks an overall measure of violence for surveys. The aim of this research is to study IPV within the framework of the ecological model. A model-based composite indicator that takes into account the relationship between domestic abuse and individual characteristics of respondents, family dynamics, and community and societal traits is built using survey data. The data are from the Demographic and Health Survey collected in eleven African countries on women aged 15–49. The employed structural equation model shows the importance of individual characteristics while community and societal factors are less relevant. The composite indicator is also used for classification and ranking purposes, allowing areas where socio-educational interventions are more urgent to be identified
Women’s Exposure to HIV in Africa: the Role of Intimate Partner Violence
No full textSub-Saharan Africa’s female population is strongly affected both by HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV). The literature has paid great attention to the association between these two phenomena. This work aims at evaluating the relationship between IPV and HIV using survey data from countries in
this region – specifically, data from the Demographic and Health Survey of currently partnered women who were tested for HIV during the survey and were administered the special module on domestic violence. We present the estimates of a logistic regression model with Firth’s adjustment, to account for the rarity of being HIV-positive. Among the explanatory variables, a composite indicator of IPV is significantly associated with HIV. This result can be interpreted in the framework of the theory of polyvictimisation
Assessing intimate partner violence in African countries through a model-based composite indicator
No full textViolence against women has been recognised to affect all dimensions of women’s lives and health, involving both the physical and mental conditions of victims and their general well-being. Intimate partner violence (IPV) – characterized by one of the partners seeking power and control over the other – can be identified as either emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Recent data show that 33% of ever-married women in Sub-Saharan Africa have survived this form of abuse. The literature lacks an overall measure of violence suitable for surveys since the Composite Abuse Scale (Revised) – Short Form captures IPV mostly in a clinical setting.
The data here used are drawn from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). They are part of fifteen surveys that include a module on domestic violence and were carried out in African countries mostly from 2015 to 2018. All women selected for this sample are married women, aged 15-64.
Three logistic regression models were previously defined to investigate the determinants of physical, emotional and sexual abuse - independently. In these models, the history of violence – defined as witnessing parental violence, rape by a man other than her partner, and number of abusers in life – turned out to be crucial in predicting violence itself. The intensity of how justified wife-beating is by women themselves and the number of control issues also resulted as significant across all models. On the other hand, the partner’s high education and higher wealth turned out to be protective factors.
On these bases, the definition and construction of a composite indicator of IPV with a Structural Equation Model (SEM) are already underway.
The possibility of ranking the units of analysis according to the level of the IPV indicator can allow governmental and non-governmental organizations to implement socio-educational interventions that are better targeted to the actual needs of each context
Refugees’ perception of their new life in Germany
No full textSince 2015, Germany has been hosting noticeable incoming flows of refugees and asylum seekers and despite the quality of life of refugees is expected to be improved in the aftermath of their arrival to Germany, refugees are still facing several problems of integration and economic deprivation. Using a sample of individuals from the first wave of the German IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we present some preliminary analyses on their life satisfaction (LS). A gamma glm was estimated to focus on the association among levels of LS and main socio-demographic characteristics as well as post-migration factors. Greater stability (both in the legal and personal sphere) in refugees’ lives is positively associated to LS; while education increases consciousness, hence decreasing LS. Interesting insights come out for policy design
Factors Promoting and Hindering Refugees’ Labour Market Integration: First Results from an Italian Survey
No full textEmployment helps foster integration, representing a form of autonomy, stability and fulfilment, particularly relevant for forcibly displaced individuals. The literature states that there might be systemic barriers that prevent from finding employment, but also socio-economic forms of support that could aid in this pursuit. Using data from a novel survey in Italy, the labour market integration of asylum seekers and refugees was studied using partially proportional odds models. The results show the positive effect of language proficiency and that of the network of friends from the hosting country. Bad health conditions, a lower legal status and a lower educational level reduce employment integration. High reliance on economic subsidies is associated with lower employment integration
Measuring tourism from demand side
No full textThis Paper proposes an analysis of tourism from the demand side, taking into account for both the total level of tourism demand produced by some European
countries (domestic and outgoing) and its general tendency, and for the seasonal fluctuations which characterize many tourism-related aggregates. Tourist flows from
the demand side at the European level are analyzed in the last decade, and a special focus on Italian tourism demand is provided, jointly with an analysis of its seasonal
fluctuations. The analysis of general tendency of tourism demand and of the impacts of seasonality is a fundamental pre-requisite for the implementation of tourism policies
Individual and contextual determinants of inter-regional mobility in cancer patients
Full text linkThis paper will present an investigation of inter-regional mobility in patients with a diagnosis of cancer. By virtue of the availability of geocoded information relating to a patient's place of residence, the effect of socio-economic status and other individual characteristics regarding inter-regional mobility will be analysed by means of multilevel logit models. The results demonstrate the influence of age and comorbidity on mobility propensity, in addition to the treatment type, which plays a role in patient mobility. As contextual determinants, patients residing in less deprived areas show greater mobility than those who reside in materially deprived areas. The extent of patient mobility, and its dependence on their socio-economic status raises issues of equity, as well as regional policy considerations
Exploring HIV hotspots in Zambia and Zimbabwe: an analysis using the INLA-SPDE approach
No full textIn 2021, 25.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS resided in Sub-Saharan Africa (1). HIV is still a relevant topic, which explains why 10 of the 17 SDGs include actions and targets which can aid the most affected populations. The literature shows that geographical factors facilitate transmission, and living in high prevalence communities significantly increases the probability of individuals to become HIV positive as well (2). The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate geographical patterns of the prevalence of HIV in Zambia and Zimbabwe, using data from the Demographic and Health Survey. Indeed, this survey provides both the HIV status of respondents – determined by ELISA-type tests – and the geolocalisation of its clusters (of households). The data were used in a Bayesian hierarchical model within the framework of INLA-SPDE
(3). These models allow to model HIV prevalence at the cluster level – which is assumed to be continuous in an underlying Gaussian field and with a Beta distribution. One model was estimated for each country, and post-
estimation results were used to investigate geographical patterns of the prevalence of HIV. These values are then represented in the maps, which show several hotspots along the borders particularly for Zambia and Zimbabwe. Relevant hotspots are found in both countries, especially along the borders.
The results may highlight the effect of seasonal migration across borders on HIV diffusion. Moreover, using these methods could allow policy-makers to create programs that are measured to the people living in those areas, thus taking ethnicities, religious backgrounds, and cultural practices of their residents into consideration
We made it to Germany … and now? Interdependent risks of vulnerability for refugees in a high-income country
No full textRefugees are perceived as a category of people that are ‘vulnerable’ per se. However, once they have arrived in (high-income) hosting countries and are supported by a welfare state, vulnerability needs to be rethought, as they face new challenges and potential sources of inequality.
In this paper, we have measured vulnerability as the probability of experiencing jointly three interdependent risks: social isolation, financial worries and poor health. For this purpose, we estimated a trivariate logit model to evaluate how individual and household characteristics are associated with vulnerability and also made inferences regarding the residual association between pairs of risks, conditionally to a set of selected covariates.
Using the 2016 wave of the IAB-BAMFSOEP survey of refugees in Germany, we demonstrated the
significant correlations between the risks experienced by refugees and assessed a ‘propagation effect’ that affects vulnerability when the three risks come together. Taking this result into account may be useful in preventing vulnerability among refugees when they are faced with even one of these risk
Assessing mental health therapeutic communities functioning
Full text linkEmpirical and clinical evidence shows that therapeutic communities produce changes in people’s mental health and well-being. Treatment in communities has effects on improving interpersonal relationships, acceptance among members, ability to recognize other people’s feelings, symptomatology, life satisfaction and self-esteem. This paper aims to investigate which factors can explain the treatment effectiveness, measured by an index which incorporates the point of view of the communities staff members, by means of a beta regression model with random intercept. The results show the influence of some organizational dimension as well as staff roles, providing a meaningful insights into the functioning of mental therapeutic communities with implications of particular interest to the mental health sector stakeholders
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